In biology, Cestoda is the class of parasitic flatworms, called tapeworms, that live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates as adults and often in the bodies of various animals as juveniles. As adults absorb food predigested by the host, they have no need for a digestive tract or a mouth. Large tapeworms are made almost entirely of reproductive structures with a small "head" for attachment. Symptoms vary widely, depending on the species causing the infection. The largest tapeworms can be 20 m or longer. Biology is the science of life (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = reasoned account). ... Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living tissue of a host organism at the expense of it. ... Classes Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda Turbellaria The flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek platy: flat; helminth: worm) are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate animals. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and... Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...

There are two subclasses in class Cestoda, the Cestodaria and the Eucestoda. By far the most common and widespread are the Eucestoda, with only a few species of unusual worms in subclass Cestodaria. The cyclophyllideans are of the most importance to humans because they infect people and livestock. Different types of tapeworms have radically different larval stags, which will not be discussed here. In biology, a subclass is one level below a class. ... Tapeworms of the order Cyclophyllidea (the cyclophyllid cestodes) are the most important cestode parasites of humans and domesticated animals. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...

Adult morphology

Adult tapeworms share a basic body plan. All have a scolex, sometimes colloquially referred to as the "head," a "neck," and one or more proglottids, which are sometimes called "segments," and which are the source of the name "tapeworm," because they look like a strip of tape. The picture at right shows all three components of an adult worm. All cestodes have a nerve ring in the scolex with lateral trunks passing through the rest of the body. Tapeworm can mean: Tapeworm, parasitic flatworms that live as adults in the digestive tracts of vertebrates. ...

Scolex

The Scolex or "head" of the worm attaches to the intestine of the definitive host. In some groups, the scolex is dominated by bothria, which are sometimes called "sucking grooves," and which function like suction cups. Other groups have hooks and suckers that aid in attachment. Cyclophyllid cestodes can be identified by the presence of four suckers on their scolex, though they may have other structures as well.

While the scolex is often the most distinctive part of an adult tapeworm, it is often unavailable in a clinical setting, as it is inside the patient. Thus, identifying eggs and proglottids in feces is important.

Neck

The Neck of a tapeworm is a relatively undifferentiated mass of cells that divide to form new proglottid "segments." This is where all growth in an adult tapeworm occurs.

Proglottids

Posterior to the scolex, they have one or more proglottids that hold the reproductive structures. The sum of the proglottids is called a strobilla. It is shaped thin like a strip of tape, which is the source of the common name tapeworm. Like some other flatworms, cestodes use flame cells (protonephridia) for excretion, which are located in proglottids. Tape could refer to any of these : Adhesive tape Sticky tape Gaffer tape Duct tape Masking tape Magnetic tape Cassette tape Punched tape Tape drive Tape measure Tape (movie) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Mature or gravid proglottids are released from the mature tapeworm and leave the host in its feces. Feces (also spelled faeces or fæces) are the waste products from the digestive tract expelled through the anus during defecation. ...

Because each proglottid can reproduce independently, it has been suggested by some biologists that each should be considered a single organism, and that the tapeworm is actually a colony of proglottids.

Reference

• Campbell, Reece, and Mitchell, Biology, 1999