Second Barbary War
Part of Barbary Wars
Date c. 1812 - 1816 Location Mediterranean sea, Barbary states Result Decisive American victory and de facto European victory
Combatants
United States British Empire (from 1815)	Barbary states: Algiers Tripoli Tunis
Commanders
Stephen Decatur, Jr., William Bainbridge, Viscount Exmouth	Hadji Ali ben Khrelil Pasha of Tripoli Hammuda ibn Ali
Strength
10 United States Ships Anglo-Dutch fleet (in 1816)	Numerous ships of the Barbary Pirates
Casualties
10 United States prisoners (released 1815)	500 Algerian prisoners (released 1815)

The Second Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerine or Algerian War) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States. It brought to a conclusive end the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states. The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... The states along the Barbary Coast, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis, were collectively known as the Barbary States. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The states along the Barbary Coast, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis, were collectively known as the Barbary States. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... “Alger” redirects here. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Tarābulus) is the capital city of Libya. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... Stephen Decatur, Jr. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... William Bainbridge (1774-1833). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (April 9, 1757 – January 23, 1833) was a British naval officer. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... North African leader who fought an undeclared war with the United States from 1801 to 1805. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. ... “Ottoman” redirects here. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... “Alger” redirects here. ... Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Tarābulus) is the capital city of Libya. ... The states along the Barbary Coast, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis, were collectively known as the Barbary States. ...

Background

After its victory in the First Barbary War (1801–1805), the attention of the United States had been diverted to its worsening relationship with France and the United Kingdom, culminating in the War of 1812. The Barbary pirate states took this opportunity to return to their practice of attacking American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea and holding their crews and officers for ransom. Unable to devote military resources and political will to the situation, the United States quietly recommenced paying ransom for return of the prisoners. Combatants United States Barbary States (Ottoman Empire regencies) Commanders Richard Dale William Eaton Edward Preble Hassan Bey Murad Reis Strength 7 Ships 10 US Marines and Soldiers Christian Mercenaries Arab Mercenaries 4000 Casualties 2 Ships destroyed 2 Marines killed, 3 wounded Christian/Arab Mercenaries killed and wounded uncertain Unknown The... This article is about the U.S. – U.K. war. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ...

Declaration of War

The expulsion of American vessels from the Mediterranean during the War of 1812 by the British navy further emboldened the pirate nations. Umar ben Muhammad, the "Omar Bashaw" of the 1815 treaty, Dey of Algiers, expelled the US consul general Tobias Lear and declared war on the United States for failing to pay its required tribute. Since there were no American vessels in the region at this time, the challenge went unanswered. The American Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey, circa 1800. ... Tobias Lear V (1762 - 1816) was an American who served as President George Washingtons personal secretary. ...

United States' response

At the conclusion of the War of 1812, however, America could once again turn its sights on North Africa. On March 3, 1815, the US Congress authorized deployment of naval power against Algiers, and a force of ten ships was dispatched under the command of Commodores Stephen Decatur, Jr. and William Bainbridge, both veterans of the First Barbary War. Decatur's squadron departed for the Mediterranean on May 20, 1815. Bainbridge's command was still assembling, and did not depart until July 1, thereby missing the military and diplomatic initiatives which Decatur swiftly and decisively handled. is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... Stephen Decatur, Jr. ... William Bainbridge (1774-1833). ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Negotiations

Shortly after departing Gibraltar en route to Algiers, Decatur's squadron encountered the Algerian flagship Meshuda, and, after a sharp action, captured it. Not long afterward, the American squadron likewise captured the Algerian brig Estedio. By the final week of June, the squadron had reached Algiers and had initiated negotiations with the Dey. After persistent demands for recompensation mingled with threats of destruction, the Dey capitulated. By terms of the treaty signed aboard the Guerriere in the bay of Algier, 3 July 1815 Decatur agreed to return the captured Meshuda and Estedio while the Algerians returned all American captives, estimated to be about ten, and a significant proportion of European captives were exchanged for about five hundred subjects of the Dey^[1] along with $10,000 in payment for seized shipping. The treaty guaranteed no further tributes^[2] and granted the United States full shipping rights.

Defeat of the Dey

Shortly after Decatur set off for Tunis to negotiate a similar agreement with the Bey of Tunis and enforce prior agreements with the Pasha of Tripoli, the Dey repudiated the treaty. The next year an Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of British admiral Viscount Exmouth, delivered a punishing nine-hour bombardment of Algiers. The attack immobilized many of the Dey's corsairs and coerced from him a second treaty which reaffirmed the conditions imposed by Decatur. In addition, the Dey agreed to end the practice of enslaving Christians. The Bey of Tunis is the title of the Head of state of Tunisia. ... North African leader who fought an undeclared war with the United States from 1801 to 1805. ... Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (April 9, 1757 – January 23, 1833) was a British naval officer. ... The Bombardment of Algiers took place on August 27, 1816. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is...

Aftermath

The Barbary states decline in power after the Second Barbary war. Algiers and Tunis became colonies of France in 1830 and 1881 respectively, while Tripoli returned to the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1835 and became a colony of Italy in 1911. Europeans remained in control of the government there until the mid-twentieth century. By then the Iron-clads of the late 19th century and destroyers of the early 20th century ensured European and American dominance of the Mediterranean sea. “Ottoman” redirects here. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

See also

• Military history of the United States
• Barbary treaties
• Decatur's Squadron in the Second Barbary War

The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries. ... The Barbary Treaties refer to several treaties between the United States of America and the semi-autonomous North African city-states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, known collectively as the Barbary States. ... The United States Navy squadron commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur in the Second Barbary War consisted of the following vessels: Guerriere - (Decaturs flagship) 50 guns Macedonian 38 guns Constellation 36 guns Ontario 18 guns Epervier 16 guns Firefly Flambeau Spark Spitfire Torch Categories: | | ...

Notes

Further reading

• Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson. Originally published 1891; Library of America edition 1986. ISBN 0-940450-34-8.
• Lambert, Frank The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World New York: Hill and Wang, 2005.
• London, Joshua E.Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

Henry Adams Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918) was an American historian, journalist and novelist. ... Volumes in the Library of America series The Library of America (LoA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. ...

External links

• Treaties with The Barbary Powers: 1786-1836
• http://www.victoryintripoli.com/
• http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/hl940.cfm
• http://tripolibook.com
• Text of the treaty signed in Algiers June 30 And July 3, 1815, between the United States of America and his Highness Omar Bashaw Dey of Algiers.