NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Second Chechen War

The Second Chechen War, in a later phase better known as the War in the North Caucasus,^[9] was launched by the Russian Federation starting August 26, 1999, in which Russian federal forces largely re-took control of the separatist region of Chechnya. Motto: none Anthem: Hymn of the Russian Federation Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) Russian Government Semi-presidential Federal republic - President of Russia Vladimir Putin - Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov Independence From the Soviet Union - Declared June 12, 1991 - Finalized December 25, 1991 Area - Total 17,075,400 km... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Political separatism is a movement to obtain sovereignty and split a territory or group of people (usually a people with a distinctive national consciousness) from one another (or one nation from another; a colony from the metropolis). ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ...

The Second Chechen War was started in response to the Invasion of Dagestan by the IIPB, and the Russian apartment bombings which Russia blamed on Chechen separatists, although no evidence linking Chechens with the bombings has been released to the public. The campaign largely reversed the outcome of the First Chechen War, in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Although it is regarded by many as an internal conflict within the Russian Federation, the war attracted a large number of Jihadist foreign fighters. The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and led the country into the Second Chechen War. ... // Geography The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. ... Official language Chechen Capital Grozny (Dzhokharabad, after 1996) President Doku Umarov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Russia â€“ November 1, 1991 â€“ Georgian Republic National anthem Death or Freedom The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria IPA: (ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ñ‡Ð¾ÑŒ) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. ... Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Konstantin Pulikovsky Anatoliy Romanov Vyacheslav Tikhomirov Gennady Troshev Dzhokhar Dudayev â€ Aslan Maskhadov Strength (December 11, 1994) Up to 50,000 soldiers and Interior Ministry (MVD) (December 11, 1994) 3,000 to 15,000[1] Casualties Military: At least... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Official language Chechen Capital Grozny (Dzhokharabad, after 1996) President Doku Umarov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Russia â€“ November 1, 1991 â€“ Georgian Republic National anthem Death or Freedom The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria IPA: (ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ñ‡Ð¾ÑŒ) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. ... For other uses, see Jihad (disambiguation). ...

During the initial campaign, Russian military and pro-Russian Chechen paramilitary faced Chechen separatists in open combat, and seized the Chechen capital Grozny after a winter siege that lasted from late 1999 to the following February. Russia established direct rule of Chechnya in May 2000 and after the full-scale offensive, Chechen guerrilla resistance throughout the North Caucasus region continued to inflict heavy Russian casualties and challenge Russian political control over Chechnya for several more years. Some Chechen rebels also carried out terrorist attacks against civilians in Russia. These terrorist attacks, as well as widespread human rights violations by Russian and rebel forces, drew international condemnation. This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic group, not Chechen meaning citizens of Chechnya. ... Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... For other uses of Grozny, see Grozny (disambiguation). ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... Offensive may relate to In sports or combat, the team which is attacking, pitching or moving forwards In language or morals, terms and concepts which are unacceptable to some people, such as swearing and profanity. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ... The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...

Russia has severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.^[10] Large-scale fighting has been replaced by guerrilla warfare and bombings targeting federal troops and forces of the regional government, with the violence more often spilling over into adjacent regions since 2005. The exact death toll from this conflict is unknown. Unofficial estimates range from 25,000 - 50,000 dead or missing, mostly civilians in Chechnya. No clear figures for Russian losses are known to the public. In spite of the large amount of casualties, both Chechen wars remain largely unpublicized abroad. Guerrilla redirects here. ... A death toll is the number of dead as a result of war, violence, accident, natural disaster, extreme weather, or disease. ...

Historical basis of the conflict

Ancient Christian caves of Vardzia Chechen society has traditionally been organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips. ...

Russian Empire

Chechnya is a region in the Northern Caucasus which has constantly fought against foreign rule, including the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century. The Russian Terek Cossack Host was established in lowland Chechnya in 1577 by free Cossacks who were resettled from the Volga to the Terek River. In 1783 Russia and the Georgian kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, under which Kartl-Kakheti became a Russian protectorate. To secure communications with Georgia and other regions of the Transcaucasia, the Russian Empire began spreading its influence into the Caucasus region, starting the Russian Invasion of the Caucasus in 1817. Russian forces first moved into highland Chechnya in 1830, and the conflict in the area lasted until 1859, when a 250,000 strong army under General Baryatinsky broke down the mountaineers' resistance. However, many troops from the annexed states of the Caucasus also fought unsuccessfully against Russia in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Chechnya Second Chechen War Ichkeria User:Kbh3rd/Images Categories: Caucasus maps ... File links The following pages link to this file: Chechnya Second Chechen War Ichkeria User:Kbh3rd/Images Categories: Caucasus maps ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Terek Cossack Host (Russian: ) was a Cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks resettled from Volga to Terek River. ... In physical geography, a lowland is any broad expanse of land with a general low level. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... This article needs cleanup. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Terek River in North Georgia. ... The Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti was created in 1762 by unification of two Eastern Georgian kingdoms, which existed independently since the disintegration of Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century. ... The Treaty of Georgievsk established the protectorate of the Russian Empire on the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (in the eastern Georgia) and an alliance between the two countries in 1783. ... Transcaucasia is the name given to a region south of the Caucasus Mountains that covers Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success. ... The term highland is used to denote any mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau. ... Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky (Александр Иванович Барятинский in Russian) (1814-1879), Russian General and Field Marshal (since 1859), Prince, governor of the Caucasus. ... Annexation is the legal merging of some territory into another body. ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and dominating Constantinople (Istanbul) and the adjacent Turkish Straits. ...

Soviet Union

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Chechens established a short-lived Caucasian Imamate^{[citation needed]} which included parts of Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia; there was also secular pan-Caucasian Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. The Chechen states were opposed by both sides of the Russian Civil War and most of the resistance was crushed by Bolshevik troops by 1922. Then, months before the creation of the Soviet Union, the Chechen Autonomous Oblast of RSFSR was established. It annexed a part of territory of the former Terek Cossack Host. Chechnya and neighbouring Ingushetia formed the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. In 1941, during World War II, a Chechen revolt broke out, led by Khasan Israilov. Chechens were accused by Stalin of aiding Nazi forces. In February 1944 Stalin deported nearly all the Chechens and Ingushs to Kazakh SSR and Kirghiz SSR, and Siberia. Up to a quarter of these people died during the "resettlement."^{[citation needed]}^[11] The European Parliament has recognized this as an act of genocide.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev allowed the Chechens to return and the Chechen republic was reinstated. Although the population of the republic experienced widespread political and religious repression, the authority of the Soviet government gradually eroded. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Caucasian Imamate in 1854 The Caucasian Imamate was the state established by the imams of Dagestan during the early and middle of the nineteenth century in the Eastern Caucasus, especially in Chechnya and Dagestan, to fight against the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ; Avar: , ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: ; Ingush: Ð“Ó€Ð°Ð»Ð³Ó€Ð°Ð¹ ÐœÐ¾Ñ…Ðº) is a federal subject of Russia. ... Flag Capital Temir-Khan-Shura Language(s) Chechen, Ingush, Ossetic, Dagestani languages Government Republic Historical era Interwar period - Independence March, 1917 - Incorporated by the Soviet Union June, 1920 Currency Ruble The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers... Combatants Local Soviet powers led by Russian SFSR and Red Army Chinese mercenaries White Movement Central Powers (1917-1918): Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire German Empire Allied Intervention: (1918-1922) Japan Czechoslovakia Greece United States Canada Serbia Romania UK France Foreign volunteers: Polish Italian Local nationalist movements, national states, and decentralist... This article is about the Bolshevik faction in the RSDLP 1903-1912. ... An oblast (Russian, Ukrainian: о́бласть) is a name for the subnational entity of Russian Federation, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union. ... State motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None (Russian in practice) Capital Moscow Chairman of the Supreme Council Boris Yeltsin Area - Total - % water Ranked 1st in former Soviet Union 17,075,200 km² 0,5% Population - Total (1989) - Density Ranked 1st in the former... Terek Cossack Host (Russian: ) was a Cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks resettled from Volga to Terek River. ... Chechen-Ingush Aautonomous Soviet Socialist Rrepublic, or Chechen-Ingush ASSR (Russian: ) was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR. Its capital was Grozny. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Combatants Chechen, Ingush and other mountaineer rebels German parachutists Soviet Union (NKVD) Commanders Hasan Israilov Mairbek Sheripov Lavrenty Beria Strength 5,000 (November 1941) 6,540-18,000 (February 1943)[1] Several dozen Germans [2][3] 110,000 (Operation Lentil) Casualties At least 4,368 killed (combatants)[2] 12,000... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... Not to be confused with Nasi. ... Operation Lentil (Chechevitsa) was a Soviet organized mass expulsion of the native Chechen and Ingush populations of North Caucasus to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan during Second World War. ... The Ingush are a people of the northern Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. ... State motto: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ñ‹Ò› ÐµÐ»Ð´ÐµÑ€Ð´Ñ–Ò£ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹, Ð±Ñ–Ñ€Ñ–Ð³Ñ–Ò£Ð´ÐµÑ€! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... State motto: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð´Ñ‹Ðº Ó©Ð»ÐºÓ©Ð»Ð¾Ñ€Ð´Ò¯Ð½ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹, Ð±Ð¸Ñ€Ð¸ÐºÐºÐ¸Ð»Ðµ! Official language None. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert PÃ¶ttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) GÃ©rard Onesta (Greens â€“ EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel MartÃnez MartÃnez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

The First Chechen War

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared independence. In 1992, Chechen and Ingush leaders signed an agreement splitting the joint Chechen-Ingush republic in two, with Ingushetia joining the Russian Federation and Chechnya remaining independent. The debate over independence ultimately led to a small-scale civil war since 1992, in which the Russians supported the opposition forces against Dzhokhar Dudayev. Thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity (mostly Russians) fled the Chechen Republic and Chechnya's industrial production began failing after Russian engineers and workers fled or were expelled. The First Chechen War began in 1994, when Russian forces entered Chechnya to "restore constitutional order". Following nearly two years of brutal fighting, in which an estimated tens of thousands to more than 100,000 people died, and the 1996 Khasavyurt ceasefire agreement, the defeated Russian troops were withdrawn from the devastated republic. Image File history File links Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down. ... Image File history File links Evstafiev-helicopter-shot-down. ... For other uses of Grozny, see Grozny (disambiguation). ... Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Konstantin Pulikovsky Anatoliy Romanov Vyacheslav Tikhomirov Gennady Troshev Dzhokhar Dudayev â€ Aslan Maskhadov Strength (December 11, 1994) Up to 50,000 soldiers and Interior Ministry (MVD) (December 11, 1994) 3,000 to 15,000[1] Casualties Military: At least... Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Konstantin Pulikovsky Anatoliy Romanov Vyacheslav Tikhomirov Gennady Troshev Dzhokhar Dudayev â€ Aslan Maskhadov Strength (December 11, 1994) Up to 50,000 soldiers and Interior Ministry (MVD) (December 11, 1994) 3,000 to 15,000[1] Casualties Military: At least... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or NoxÃ§iyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states. ... This article is about the definition of the specific type of war. ... Dzhokhar Dudayev and his son (killed few days after the invasion of Chechnya) Dzhokhar Dudayev and his family Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Chechen: ; Cyrillic: Ð”ÑƒÐ´Ð¸Ð½ ÐœÑƒÑÐ° ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð–Ð¾Ð²Ñ…Ð°Ñ€, Russian: Ð”Ð¶Ð¾Ñ…Ð°Ñ€ ÐœÑƒÑÐ°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð”ÑƒÐ´Ð°ÐµÐ²) (February 1944 â€“ April 21, 1996) was a Soviet Air Force general and a Chechen leader, the first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an unrecognized... Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Pavel Grachev Anatoly Kulikov Konstantin Pulikovsky Anatoliy Romanov Vyacheslav Tikhomirov Gennady Troshev Dzhokhar Dudayev â€ Aslan Maskhadov Strength (December 11, 1994) Up to 50,000 soldiers and Interior Ministry (MVD) (December 11, 1994) 3,000 to 15,000[1] Casualties Military: At least... A ceasefire agreement that marked the end of the First Chechen War was signed in Khasav-Yurt on August 30, 1996 between Alexander Lebed and Aslan Maskhadov. ...

Prelude to the Second Chechen War

Chaos in Chechnya

Following the first war, the separatist government's grip on the chaotic republic was weak, especially outside the ruined capital Grozny. The areas controlled by extremist groups grew larger and the country became increasingly lawless.^[12] The war ravages and lack of economic opportunities left large numbers of heavily armed and brutalized former guerrillas with no occupation but further violence. The authority of the government in Grozny was opposed by the unruly warlords like Arbi Barayev and Salman Raduyev. Abductions and raids into other parts of the Northern Caucasus by various Chechen warlords had been steadily increasing.^{[citation needed]} In lieu of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over $200 million during the three year independence of the chaotic fledgling state.^[13] It has been estimated that up to 1,300 people were kidnapped in Chechnya between 1996 and 1999,^[12] and in 1998 a group of four Western hostages were executed. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on "Wahhabism", was rife as well. In 1998, a state of emergency was declared by the authorities in Grozny. Tensions led to the open clashes like the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes in which some 50 people died in the fight between Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants. Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ... A warlord is a person with power who has de facto military control of a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. ... Arbi Barayev with his gunmen Arbi Alautdinovich Barayev (Chechen: ÐÑ€Ð±Ð¸ ÐÐ»Ð°ÑƒÑ‚Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐµÐ²) (Russian: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐµÐ², ÐÑ€Ð±Ð¸ ÐÐ»Ð°ÑƒÑ‚Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (1973 - June 23, 2001), nicknamed Terminator, was a Chechen warlord and renegade leader of Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR), a militant Chechen rebel group. ... Salman Raduyev (or Raduev, Russian: Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ð½ Ð Ð°Ð´ÑƒÐµÐ²; February 13, 1967 â€” December 14, 2002) was a Chechen rebel leader. ... Wahhabism (Arabic: Al-WahhÄbÄ«yya Ø§Ù„ÙˆÙ‡Ø§Ø¨ÙŠØ©) or Wahabism is a conservative 18th century reform movement of Sunni Islam founded by Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, after whom the movement is named. ... For other uses, see State of emergency (disambiguation). ...

Russian-Chechen relations 1996–1999

The 1997 election brought to power the separatist president Aslan Maskhadov. In 1998 and 1999 President Maskhadov survived several assassination attempts,^{[citation needed]} blamed on the Russian intelligence services. In March of 1999, General Gennady Shpigun, the Kremlin's envoy to Chechnya, was kidnapped at the airport in Grozny, and ultimately found dead in 2000 during the war. Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÑÑ…Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²) (September 21, 1951 â€“ March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... General Gennady Shpigun was the Russian Interior Ministrys special representative in Chechnya. ... This article is about Russian citadels. ...

Within the Russian government, there was a concern that allowing Chechnya substantial autonomy might lead to a domino effect — other regions within the already-fragmented former Soviet Union might choose to follow suit. The political tensions were fueled in part by allegedly Chechen or pro-Chechen terrorist activity in Russia, as well as border clashes. Former Russian Prime Minister Sergei Stepashin claimed in an interview in January 2000 that the autumn invasion in Chechnya had been planned since March 1999: "As to Chechnya, I can say the following. A plan for active operations has been shaped since March. And we were going to reach Terek in August or September."^[14] The domino effect refers to a small change which will cause a similar change nearby, which then will cause another similar change, and so on in linear sequence, by analogy to a falling row of dominoes standing on end. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð’Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°ÌÑˆÐ¸Ð½) (born March 2, 1952, in Port Arthur, China) is a Russian politician. ... An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ... Terek River in North Georgia. ...

Terrorist incidents and border clashes

On November 16, 1996, in Kaspiysk (Dagestan) a bomb destroyed an apartment building housing Russian border guards; 68 people died. The cause of the blast was never determined, but many in Russia blamed it on Chechen rebels.^[15] Three people died on April 23, 1997, when a bomb exploded in the Russian railway station of Armavir (Krasnodar Krai), and two on May 28, 1997, when another bomb exploded in the Russian railway station of Pyatigorsk (Stavropol Krai). is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Kaspiysk is a city in Dagestan, Russian Federation, on the coast of Caspian Sea. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Passengers bustle around the typical grand edifice of Londons Broad Street Station in 1865. ... Armavir (ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ€ in Russian) is city in the Krasnodar Krai in Russia. ... Krasnodar Krai (Russian: , Krasnodarsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Southern Federal District. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Pyatigorsk (Russian: ÐŸÑÑ‚Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑÐº) is a city of a population of over 200,000 (2002) located in Stavropol Krai on the Podkumok River in the Northern Caucasus Federal District of Russia about twenty kilometers from Mineralnye Vody, at 44Â°2â€²N 43Â°4â€²E. The name Pyatigorsk means five mountains in Russian... Stavropol Krai (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). ...

On December 22, 1997, forces of Dagestani militants and Chechnya-based Arab warlord Ibn al-Khattab raided the base of the 136th Motor Rifle Brigade of the Russian Army in Buynaksk, Dagestan, inflicting severe losses on the men^[16] and equipment of the unit. On April 16, 1998, a Russian army convoy was ambushed in Ingushetia near the Chechen border; among the dead was a general and two colonels, and the local Ingush militants were blamed.^{[citation needed]} On April 7, 1999, four Russian policemen patrolling the border were killed near Stavropol.^{[citation needed]} In late May Russia announced that it was closing the Russian-Chechnya border in an attempt to combat terrorist and criminal activity; border guards were ordered to shoot suspects on sight. On June 18, 1999, seven servicemen were killed when Russian border guard posts were attacked in Dagestan. On July 29, 1999, the Russian Interior Ministry troops destroyed a Chechen border post and captured a 800 meter-section of strategic road. On August 22, 1999, 10 Russian policemen were killed by an anti-tank mine blast in North Ossetia, and on August 9, 1999 six servicemen were kidnapped in the Ossetian capital Vladikavkaz. On several occasions, Russian special forces raided deep inside the Chechen territory.^{[citation needed]} is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ; Avar: , ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Ibn al-Khattab (Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¨), more commonly known as Amir Khattab (also transliterated as Emir Khattab and Ameer Khattab), and also known as Habib Abdul Rahman, was a warlord, terrorist organizer, and financier working with Chechen rebels in the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War. ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ... In russian, word army means armed forces in general. ... Buynaksk, known as Temir-Khan-Shura before 1922 (Russian: Ð‘ÑƒÐ¹Ð½Ð°ÐºÑÐº, Ð¢ÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€-Ð¥Ð°Ð½-Ð¨ÑƒÑ€Ð°), is a town in Dagestan, Russia, located at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus on the Shura-Ozen River. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Colonel (disambiguation). ... The word militant can refer to any individual engaged in warfare, a fight, combat, or generally serving as a soldier. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... For the band, see The Police. ... Stavropol (Russian: ) is a city located in south-western Russia. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... A Norwegian soldier (a Corporal, armed with an MP-5) A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... An Anti-tank mine, or AT mine is similar to a Landmine except generally designed with a less sensitive trigger and more explosive power so as to be able to take out an armored vehicle, and not go off until such a vehicle comes along. ... The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Russian: Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия-Ала́ния; Ossetic: Цæгат Ирыстоны Аланийы Республикæ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Photo of Vladikavkaz cathedral mosque in 1912. ... For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ...

Planning of the war by Russian government

Former FSB director and prime minister of Russia Sergei Stepashin said in an interview to Novaya gazeta that "the decision to invade Chechnya was made in March 1999... I was prepared for an active intervention. We were planning to be on the north side of the Terek River by August-September of 1999". ^[17] But the operation was apparently accomplished later. Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð’Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°ÌÑˆÐ¸Ð½) (born March 2, 1952, in Port Arthur, China) is a Russian politician. ... Novaya Gazeta (Russian: ) is a Russian newspaper. ... Terek River in North Georgia. ...

Conflict in Dagestan

In August and September of 1999, Shamil Basayev (in association with the Saudi born Khattab, Commander of the Mujahedeen) led two armies of up to 1,400 Chechen, Dagestani, Arab and Kazakh militants from Chechnya into the neighbouring Republic of Dagestan. The purpose was to help local separatist rebels who were attacking Russian Federation forces in the villages of Kadar, Karamakhi, and Chabanmakhi^{[citation needed]}. This conflict saw the first use of aerial-delivered fuel air explosives (FAE) in populated areas, notably in the village of Tando. By mid-September 1999, the militants were routed from the villages and pushed back into Chechnya. At least several hundred people were killed in the fighting; the Federal side reported 279 servicemen killed and approximately 900 wounded. Combatants Russian Federation Daghestani militia Chechen rebels Shura of Dagestan Commanders Viktor Kazantsev Shamil Basayev Ibn al-Khattab Strength 17,000 unknown Casualties At least 279 dead and 987 wounded 2,500 dead The Dagestan War (in Russia called by the name Chechen invasion of Dagestan) began when Chechnya-based... Shamil Basayev (Russian: ) (January 14, 1965 â€“ July 10, 2006) was a militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen separatist movement. ... The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. ... Language(s) Kazakh, Russian (and/or languages in country of residence) Religion(s) Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò›Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ IPA: ; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ…Ð¸; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of... Motto: none Anthem: Hymn of the Russian Federation Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) Russian Government Semi-presidential Federal republic - President of Russia Vladimir Putin - Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov Independence From the Soviet Union - Declared June 12, 1991 - Finalized December 25, 1991 Area - Total 17,075,400 km... JÃ¡nos KÃ¡dÃ¡r JÃ¡nos KÃ¡dÃ¡r, nÃ© JÃ¡nos Csermanek (May 26, 1912â€“July 6, 1989), was the leader of Hungary from 1956 to 1988, and twice served as Prime Minister of Hungary, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1965. ... Thermobaric weapons distinguish themselves from conventional weapons by using atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying an oxidizer in their explosives. ... Tando (Russian: ) is a village (selo) in Botlikhsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. ...

Bombings in Russia

Before the wake of the Dagestani invasion had settled, a series of bombings took place in Russia (in Moscow and in Volgodonsk) and in the Dagestani town of Buynaksk. On September 4, 1999, 62 people died in an apartment building housing members of families of Russian soldiers. Over the next two weeks, the bombs targeted three other apartment buildings and a mall; in total nearly 300 people were killed. The Russian government, including then-President Boris Yeltsin, blamed Chechen separatists for the attacks; accused Khattab and Basayev however denied involvement in the bombings. Some high-profile individuals, including the self-exiled Russian tycoon Boris Berezovsky^[18] and U.S. Senator John McCain,^[19] as well as FSB officer turn defector Alexander Litvinenko, have suggested that the FSB staged the bombings to provide a pretext for an invasion of Chechnya.^[20] On September 29, Russia demanded that Chechnya extradite the criminals responsible for the bombings in Russia; a day later, Russian troops began their ground offensive. The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed nearly 300 people and led the country into the Second Chechen War. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Volgodonsk (Волгодонск in Russian) is a town in the Rostov Oblast in Russia. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... A red brick apartment block in central London, England, on the north bank of the Thames An apartment building, block of flats or tenement is a multi-unit dwelling made up of several (generally four or more) apartments (US) or flats (UK). ... Look up Mall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Government headquarters in Moscow The Government of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is an executive governmental body that brings together the principal officers of the Executive Branch of the Russian government. ... Oligarch may refer to one of the folowing. ... This article is about the Russian businessman. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... McCain redirects here. ... The FSB (ФСБ) is a state security organisation in Russia. ... Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Russian: ) (30 August 1962[1][2] â€“ 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, alleged agent of MI6[3] , and later a Russian dissident and writer. ... An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. ...

On January 12, 2004, in a hearing at Moscow City Court closed to the public and the press, Adam Dekushev and Jusuf Krymshankhalov were sentenced to life sentences for delivering explosives to the residential buildings. Both were the members of Karachay-based pro-Chechen Wahhabi group, trained by emir Khattab in Chechnya. The alleged mastermind of the bombings, Achemez Gochiyaev, has never been apprehended.^[21] The bombing trial, however, has raised questions by observers.^[22]^[23] is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment. ... Karachays are Turkic people of Karachay-Cherkessia. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ...

1999–2000 Russian offensive

Air war

In late August and September 1999, Russia mounted a massive air campaign over Chechnya, with the stated aim of wiping out militants who invaded Dagestan the previous month. On August 26, 1999 Russia acknowledged bombing raids in Chechnya.^[24] The Russian air strikes were reported to have killed hundreds of civilians^{[citation needed]} and forced at least 100,000 Chechens to flee their homes to the safety; the neighbouring region of Ingushetia was reported to have appealed for United Nations aid to deal with tens of thousands of refugees.^[25] On October 2, 1999, Russia's Ministry of Emergency Situations admitted that 78,000 people have fled the air strikes in Chechnya; most of them were heading for Ingushetia, where they were arriving at a rate of 5,000 to 6,000 a day. The 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya was Russian Air Forces military operation against the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria that was a prelude to the main part of the Second Chechen War. ... The following is an uncomplete list of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War. ... Aerial warfare is the use of aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of warfare. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... UN redirects here. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Flag of the Russian Ministry of Extraordinary Situations The Ministry of Extraordinary Situations of the Russian Federation (EMERCOM) was established on January 10, 1994 by President Boris Yeltsin. ... The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: ; Ingush: Ð“Ó€Ð°Ð»Ð³Ó€Ð°Ð¹ ÐœÐ¾Ñ…Ðº) is a federal subject of Russia. ...

As of September 22, 1999 Deputy Interior Minister Igor Zubov said that Russian troops had surrounded Chechnya and were prepared to retake the region, but the military planners were advising against a ground invasion because of the likelihood of heavy Russian casualties. By the end of September Russian forces made repeated incursions onto Chechen soil, and had captured some territory.^{[citation needed]} is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... The Interior Minister is a member of a Cabinet in a Government. ...

Land war

The Chechen conflict entered a new phase on October 1, 1999, when Russia's new Prime Minister Vladimir Putin declared the authority of Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov and his parliament illegitimate. At this time, Vladimir Putin announced that Russian troops would initiate a land invasion but progress only as far as the Terek River, which cuts the northern third of Chechnya off from the rest of the republic. Putin's stated intention was to take control of Chechnya's northern plain and establish a cordon sanitaire against further Chechen aggression; however, later recalled that the cordon alone was "pointless and technically impossible," apparently because of Chechnya's rugged terrain. According to Russian accounts, Putin accelerated a plan for a major crackdown against Chechnya that had been drawn up months earlier.^[26] is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Russian pronunciation: ) (born October 7, 1952, in Leningrad, U.S.S.R., now Saint Petersburg, Russia) is a Russian politician who was the 2nd President of the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2008. ... Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÑÑ…Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²) (September 21, 1951 â€“ March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ... This article is about the legislative institution. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Russian pronunciation: ) (born October 7, 1952, in Leningrad, U.S.S.R., now Saint Petersburg, Russia) is a Russian politician who was the 2nd President of the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2008. ... Terek River in North Georgia. ... Cordon sanitaire is a French phrase that, literally translated, means quarantine line. ...

The Russian army moved with ease in the wide open spaces of northern Chechnya and on October 5, 1999, reached the Terek River. On this day, a bus filled with refugees was reportedly hit by a Russian tank shell, killing at least 11 civilians;^[27] two days later, Russian Su-24 fighter bombers dropped cluster bombs on the village of Elistanzhi, killing some 35 people.^[28] On October 10, 1999, Maskhadov outlined a peace plan offering a crackdown on renegade warlords;^[28] the offer was rejected by the Russian side. He also appealed to NATO to help end fighting between his forces and Russian troops, without effect.^[29] For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Terek River in North Georgia. ... Shells of WWI. From left to right: 90 mm fragmentation shell - 120 mm pig iron incendiary shell 77/14 model - 75 mm high explosive shell model 16 - 75 mm fragmentation shell A shell is a payload-carrying projectile, which, as opposed to a bullet, contains an explosive or other filling... Su-24 Fencer of the Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name Fencer) was the Soviet Unions most advanced all-weather interdiction and attack aircraft in the 1970s and 1980s. ... A ground attack aircraft is an aircraft that is designed to operate very close to the ground, supporting infantry and tanks directly in battle. ... A US B-1 Lancer releasing its payload of cluster bombs Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions (bomblets). The most common types are intended to kill enemy personnel and destroy vehicles. ... Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack occurred on October 7, 1999, when two Russian Su-24 fighter bombers dropped eight to ten cluster bombs on the undefended Chechen village of Elistanzhi. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... This article is about the military alliance. ...

On October 12, 1999, the Russian forces crossed the Terek and began a two-pronged advance on the capital Grozny to the south. Hoping to avoid the significant casualties which plagued the first Chechen War, the Russians advanced slowly and in force, making extensive use of artillery and air power in an attempt to soften Chechen defences. Many thousands of civilians fled the Russian advance, leaving Chechnya for neighbouring Russian republics. Their numbers were later estimated to reach 200,000 to 350,000, out of the approximately 800,000 residents of the Chechen Republic. The Russians appeared to be taking no chances with the Chechen population in its rear areas, setting up "filtration camps" in October in northern Chechnya for detaining suspected members of bandformirovaniya ("bandit formations"). is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... Aerial warfare is the use of aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of warfare. ...

On October 15, 1999, Russian forces took control of a strategic ridge within artillery range of the Chechen capital Grozny after mounting an intense tank and artillery barrage against Chechen fighters. In response, President Maskhadov declared a gazavat (holy war) to confront the approaching Russian army. Martial law was declared in Ichkeria and reservists were called; but no martial law or state of emergency had been declared in Chechnya or Russia by the Russian government.^[30] The next day, Russian forces captured strategic Tersky heights within sight of Grozny, dislodging 200 entrenched Chechen fighters. After heavy fighting, Russia seized the Chechen base in the village of Goragorsky, west of the city.^[31] is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Holy war may refer to: Jihad, war fought to spread the religion of Islam. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... The Military Reserves are an organization that is associated with the military but is not in active duty. ... For other uses, see State of emergency (disambiguation). ...

On October 21, 1999, a Russian short-range ballistic missile strike on the central Grozny killed more than 140 people, including many women and children, and left hundreds more wounded. A Russian spokesman said the busy market place was targeted because it was used by rebels as an arms bazaar.^[32] Eight days later Russian aircraft carried out a rocket attack on a large convoy of refugees heading into Ingushetia, killing at least 25 civilians including Red Cross workers and journalists.^[33] Two days later the Russian forces conducted a heavy artillery and rocket attack on Samashki. Some claimed that civilians were killed in Samashki in revenge for the heavy casualties suffered there by Russian forces during the first war.^[34] is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... SRBM is a military acronym for Short-Range Ballistic Missile. ... Main article: Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism On October 21, 1999, a Russian short-range ballistic missile strike on the central Grozny killed more than 140 people, including many women and children, and left even more wounded. ... The Grand Timcheh of Qoms Bazaar. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Samashki is a large village on the western plains of the Chechen Republic, Russia. ...

On November 12, 1999, the Russian flag was raised over Chechnya's second largest city, Gudermes, when the local Chechen commanders, the Yamadayev brothers, defected to the federal side; the Russians also entered the bombed-out former Cossack village of Asinovskaya. Two days later, 30 Russian solders were killed during a Chechen counterattack on the outskirts of the village of Kulary;^{[citation needed]} the fighting in and around Kulary continued until January 2000. On November 17, 1999, Russian soldiers dislodged rebels in Bamut, the symbolic rebel stronghold in the first war; dozens of Chechen fighters and many civilians were reported killed, and the village was leveled in the FAE bombing. Two days later, after a failed attempt five days earlier, Russian forces managed to capture the village of Achkhoy-Martan. is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Flag of Russia The flag of Russia is a tricolour. ... Gudermes (Russian: ) is a town in the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the Sunzha River 36 km east of Grozny. ... For other uses, see Counterattack (disambiguation). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Rebel may mean: A participant in a rebellion, see Rebellion. ... A stronghold is a strongly fortified defensive structure. ... The abbreviation FAE may refer to: fetal alcohol effects Field Applications Engineer fuel-air explosive fundamental attribution error The F-A-E Sonata, jointly written by Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, and Albert Dietrich The IATA code for VÃ¡gar Airport on the Faroe Islands Fae is also a name for... Achkhoy-Martan (Russian: ) is a village in the Chechen Republic, Russia. ...

On November 26, 1999, Deputy Army Chief of Staff Valery Manilov said that phase two of the Chechnya campaign was just about complete, and a final third phase was about to begin. According to Manilov, the aim of the third phase was to destroy "bandit groups" in the mountains. A few days later Russia's Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev said Russian forces might need up to three more months to complete their military campaign in Chechnya, while some generals said the offensive could be over by New Year's Day. The next day the Chechens briefly recaptured the town of Novogroznensky.^[35] is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... The chief of staff is the chief aide to the commander of larger military formations and units. ... This article is about the date January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On December 1, 1999, after weeks of heavy fighting, Russian forces under Major General Vladimir Shamanov took control of Alkhan-Yurt, a village just south of Grozny. The Chechen and foreign fighters inflicted heavy losses on the Russian forces, reportedly killing more than 70 Russian soldiers before retreating^[36], suffering heavy losses of their own.^[37] During the two weeks that followed, Russian forces went on a rampage, looting and burning the village and executing at least 17 civilians.^{[citation needed]} On the same day, Chechen separatist forces began carrying out a series of counterattacks against federal troops in several villages as well as in the outskirts of Gudermes. Chechen fighters in Argun, a small town five kilometers east of Grozny, put up some of the strongest resistance to federal troops since the start of Moscow's military offensive.^{[citation needed]} The rebels in the town of Urus-Martan also offered fierce resistance, employing guerrilla tactics Russia had been anxious to avoid; by December 9, 1999, Russian forces were still bombarding Urus-Martan, although Chechen commanders said their fighters had already pulled out.^{[citation needed]} is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Vladimir Shamanov was a general in the Russian military and a governor of the Ulyanovsk region. ... The pillage of Alkhan-Yurt was the December 1999 nearly three-week drunken rampage in the village of Alkhan-Yurt near the Chechen capital Grozny by the Russian troops under command of general Vladimir Shamanov. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... Argun may refer to Argun, Chechnya, a city in Chechnya Argun River, Caucasus Argun River, Asia an alternative spelling of Arghun, an Ilkhan (Mongol ruler of a Persia-baded empire). ... Urus-Martan(Chechen: Halha-Marta) is the third town of Chechen Republic, located on the river Martan (Chechen: Marta). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ...

On December 4, 1999, the commander of Russian forces in the North Caucasus, General Viktor Kazantsev, claimed that Grozny was fully blockaded by Russian troops. The Russian military's next task was the seizure of the town of Shali, 20 kilometers southeast of the capital, one of the last remaining separatist-held towns apart from Grozny. Russian troops started by capturing two bridges that link Shali to the capital, and by December 11, 1999, Russian troops had encircled Shali and were slowly forcing rebel forces out. On December 13, 1999, two Russian helicopters were destroyed while searching for an Su-25 attack plane that crashed near the village of Bachi-Yurt earlier.^{[citation needed]} An ultimatum issued by General Gennady Troshev ordered Shali to surrender or face "destruction".^{[citation needed]} By mid-December the Russian military was concentrating attacks in southern parts of Chechnya and preparing to launch another offensive from Dagestan. is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Viktor Kazantsev was an envoy of the Russian president who performed primary negotiations between the Russian government and the Chechen oppostion. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... Su-25 of the Russian Air Force The Su-25 (NATO reporting name Frogfoot) is a battlefield attack, close air support, and anti-tank aircraft designed by the Soviet Union. ... An ultimatum (Latin: ) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. ... Gennday Torshev is a general in the Russian military and was a formerly the commander of the North Caucasus Military District, covering the Chechnya region. ... Look up surrender in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Siege of Grozny

Meanwhile, the assault on Grozny started in early December. The battle accompanied by the struggle for the neighbouring settlements ended when the Russian army seized the city on February 2, 2000. Combatants Russian Federation Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Commanders Viktor Kazantsev Aslambek Ismailovâ€ Strength Estimated at 50,000 to 100,000 Estimated at 3,000 to 6,000 Main article: Second Chechen War The 1999-2000 battle of Grozny was the siege and assault of the Chechen capital Grozny by the... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

According to the official Russian figures, at least 368 federal troops and an unknown number of pro-Russian militiamen died in Grozny. The rebel forces too suffered heavy losses, including losing several top commanders. Russian Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev said that 1,500 rebels were killed trying to leave Grozny. The rebels said they lost at least 400 fighters in the mine field at Alkhan-Kala.^[38] Igor Dmitriyevich Sergeyev (Russian: Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑŒ Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐµÐ²) (April 20, 1938 â€” November 10, 2006) was the Defense Minister of the Russian Federation from May 22 of 1997 until March 28 of 2001. ... U.S. Army soldier removes fuse from a Russian-made mine to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq. ...

The siege and fighting left the capital devastated like no other European city since World War II; in 2003 the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth.^[39] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... UN redirects here. ...

The Russians suffered heavy losses also as they advanced elsewhere, and from the series of Chechen counter attacks and convoy ambushes. On January 26, 2000, the Russian government announced that 1,173 servicemen had been killed in Chechnya since October^[40] - a more than double rise from 544 killed reported just 19 days earlier.^[41] On February 4, 2000, in an attempt to stop the Chechen retreat, Russian forces bombed the village of Katyr-Yurt and then a civilian convoy under white flags, killing at least 170 civilians in the action later proven in the court to be a war crime. is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... A Norwegian soldier (a Corporal, armed with an MP-5) A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The bombing of Katyr-Yurt (Chechnya) occured on February 4, 2000, in an attempt to stop the Chechen rebel retreat from Grozny, Russian Federation forces bombed the village, and then a civilian convoy under white flags. ... German troops after surrendering to the U.S. Third Army carry the white flag (WW2 photo). ...

Battle for the mountains

Heavy fighting accompanied by a massive shelling and bombing continued through the winter of 2000 in the mountainous south of Chechnya, particularly in the areas around Argun, Vedeno and Shatoy, where the fighting involving Russian paratroopers raged since the late 1999. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Ibn al-Khattab (Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¨), more commonly known as Amir Khattab (also transliterated as Emir Khattab and Ameer Khattab), and also known as Habib Abdul Rahman, was a warlord, terrorist organizer, and financier working with Chechen rebels in the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War. ... Vedeno (Russian: ) is a village in the Chechen Republic, Russia. ... Shatoy (Russian: ) is a village in the Chechen Republic, Russia. ... An American Paratrooper using a T-10C series parachute Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and formed into an airborne force. ...

On February 9, 2000 a Russian tactical missile hit a crowd of people who had came to the local administration building in Shali, a town previously declared as one of the "safe areas", to collect their pensions. The attack was a response to a report that a group of fighters had entered the town. The missile is estimated to have killed some 150 civilians, and was followed by an attack by combat helicopters causing further casualties.^[42] Human Rights Watch has called on the Russian military to stop using FAE, known in Russia as "vacuum bombs", in Chechnya, concerned about the large number of civilian casualties caused by what it calls "the widespread and often indiscriminate bombing and shelling by Russian forces".^[43] On February 18, 2000, a Russian army transport helicopter was shot down in the south, killing 15 men aboard, Russian Interior Minister Vladimir Rushailo said in a rare admission by Moscow of losses in the war.^[44] is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Thermobaric weapons distinguish themselves from conventional weapons by using atmospheric oxygen, instead of carrying an oxidizer in their explosives. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Vladimir Rushailo Vladimir Rushailo (born 1953 in Tambov) is a Russian politician. ...

On February 29, 2000, United Army Group commander Gennady Troshev said that "the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya is over. It will take a couple of weeks longer to pick up splinter groups now." Russia's Defense Minister, Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeyev, evaluated numerical strength of the rebels at between 2,000 and 2,500 men, "scattered all over Chechnya." On the same day, a Russian VDV paratroop company from Pskov was attacked by Chechen and Arab fighters near the village of Ulus-Kert in Chechnya's southern lowlands; at least 84 Russian soldiers were killed in the especially heavy fighting. The official newspaper of the Russian Ministry of Defense reported that at least 400 rebels were killed, figures which they said were based on radio-intercept data, intelligence reports, eyewittnesses, local residents and captured Chechens.^[45] On March 2, 2000, a unit of OMON from Podolsk opened fire in Grozny on another OMON unit from Sergiyev Posad; at least 24 servicemen were killed in the incident. February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Gennday Torshev is a general in the Russian military and was a formerly the commander of the North Caucasus Military District, covering the Chechnya region. ... Marshal of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is the highest military rank of Russia, created in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ... Igor Dmitriyevich Sergeyev (Russian: Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑŒ Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐµÐ²) (April 20, 1938 â€” November 10, 2006) was the Defense Minister of the Russian Federation from May 22 of 1997 until March 28 of 2001. ... VDV flag. ... Pskov (Russian: , ancient Russian spelling ÐŸÐ»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑŠ (Plescow)) is an ancient city, located in the north-west of Russia about 20 km east from the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River. ... The Battle of Hill 776, also known as the Battle of Ulus-Kert, was a controversial battle in the Second Chechen War that saw a company of Russian paratroopers wiped out near the Argun Gorge, over the course of several days. ... The Russian Federation Ministry of Defence (Russian: ) exercises operational leadership of the armed forces of Russia. ... -1... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The OMON insignia OMON (Russian: ÐžÑ‚Ñ€ÑÐ´ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ‡ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ; Otryad Militsii Osobogo Naznacheniya, Special Purpose Detachment of Militsiya) is a generic name for the system of special units of militsiya (state police) within the Russian and earlier the Soviet, Ministerstvo Vnutrennih Del (MVD; Ministry of Internal Affairs). ... Podolsk (ÐŸÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑÐº in Russian) is a city and industrial and administrative center in the Podolsk district of the Moscow Oblast in Russia. ... On March 1, 2000 a unit of OMON (Russian special police) from Podolsk opened fire on an OMON unit from Sergiyev Posad, who had arrived in Chechnya to replace them. ... Monument to St. ...

In March a large group of more than 1,000 Chechen fighters led by field commander Ruslan Gelayev, pursued since their withdrawal from Grozny, entered the village of Komsomolskoye in the Chechen foothills; they held off a full-scale Russian attack on the town for over two weeks, but suffered hundreds of casualties in the process;^{[citation needed]} the Russians also admitted more than 50 killed. On March 29, 2000, a total of about 52 Russian soldiers were killed as a result of the rebel ambush on the OMON convoy from Perm.^{[citation needed]} Ruslan Gelayev (Russian: ) (1964 â€“ February 28, 2004) also known as Hamzat Gelayev, radio callsign Black Angel, was a Chechen field commander in the Chechen separatist movement against Russia. ... Combatants Russian Federation Ichkeria (Gelayev) Commanders Mikhail Revenko â€ Ruslan Gelayev Strength N/A 1,000-1,500 Casualties More than 350 killed and wounded (March 20, 2000) 800 killed, according to the Russian government [1] Battle of Komsomolskoye was a March 2000 large-scale battle between the Russian forces and... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Combatants Perm OMON Other Russian forces Chechen militia Foreign mujahideen Commanders Valentin Simonov â€ Ibn al-Khattab (area) Strength [1] First column: 49 [2] Second column: 107 Gunship helicopters [1] 200 (est. ... Location Position of Perm in Russia Government Country Federal district Federal subject Russia Volga Federal District Perm Krai Mayor Igor Nikolayevich Shubin Geographical characteristics Area - City - Land - Water 799. ...

On April 23, 2000, a 22-vehicle convoy carrying ammunition and other supplies to the airborne unit was ambushed near Serzhen-Yurt in the Vedeno Gorge, by an estimated 80 to 100 "bandits" according to General Troshev; in the ensuing 4-hour battle the federal side lost 15 government soldiers, according to the Russian defense minister. General Troshev told the press that the bodies of four rebel fighters were found. The Russian Airborne Troops headquarters later stated that 20 rebels were killed and 2 taken prisoner.^[46] Soon, the Russian forces seized last populated centres of the organized resistance. (Another offensive against the remaining mountain strongholds was launch by the Russian forces in December 2000.) is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Airborne Military parachuting form of insertion. ...

Restoration of federal government

Russian President Vladimir Putin established direct rule of Chechnya in May 2000. The following month, Putin appointed Akhmad Kadyrov interim head of the pro-Moscow government. This development met with early approval in the rest of Russia, but the continued deaths of Russian troops dampened public enthusiasm. On March 23, 2003, a new Chechen constitution was passed in a controversial referendum which international observers described as deeply flawed. The 2003 Constitution granted the Chechen Republic a significant degree of autonomy, but still tied it firmly to Russia and Moscow's rule, and went into force on April 2, 2003. The referendum was strongly supported by the Russian government but met a harsh critical response from Chechen separatists; many citizens chose to boycott the ballot.^{[citation needed]} Since December 2005, Ramzan Kadyrov, leader of the pro-Moscow militia leader known as kadyrovites, had been functioning as the Chechnya's de-facto ruler. Kadyrov, whose irregular forces are accused of carrying out many of the abductions and atrocities, has become Chechnya's most powerful leader and on February 2007, with support from Putin, Ramzan Kadyrov replaced Alu Alkhanov as president. // Russian President Vladimir Putin established direct rule of Chechnya in May 2000. ... Direct Rule is the term given to the running of the day-to-day administration of Northern Ireland directly from Westminster. ... Akhmad Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (Chechen: ÐÑ…Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ñ…Ð°Ð¼Ð¸Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð´Ñ‹Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (August 23, 1951 â€“ May 9, 2004) was the Chief Mufti of Chechnya in the 1990s and later the President of the Chechen Republic from October 5 2003 (acting as head of administration from July 2000) to his death. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A referendum (plural referendums or referenda), ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... For other uses, see Autonomy (disambiguation). ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ramzan Akhmadovich Kadyrov (Russian: Ð Ð°Ð¼Ð·Ð°Ð½ ÐÑ…Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð´Ñ‹Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (born 5 October 1976, Tsentoroi, Chechnya) is the President of Chechnya and a former Chechen rebel. ... Kadyrovites (Russian: ) also Kadyrovtsy and Kadyrovs Spetsnaz (Russian: ) is a term used by the population of Chechnya â€“ as well as members of the groups themselves - for former members of the former so-called Presidential Security Service of the President of the Chechen Republic, headed by Ramzan Kadyrov, current President... Look up irregular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Alu Dadashevich Alkhanov was the president of Russias Chechen Republic. ...

Insurgency

Guerrilla war in Chechnya

Although large-scale fighting within Chechnya had ceased, daily attacks continued particularly in the southern portions of Chechnya, spilling into nearby territories of the caucasus as well, especially since the Caucasian Front (Chechen War) was established. Typically small rebel units target Russian and pro-Russian officials, security forces, and military and police convoys and vehicles. The rebel units employ IEDs and sometimes group up for larger raids. Russian forces then retaliate with artillery and air strikes, as well as counter-insurgency operations. Most soldiers in Chechnya are now kontraktniki (contract soldiers) as opposed to the earlier conscripts. While Russia continues to maintain military presence within Chechnya, Russia's federal forces play less of a direct role in Chechnya. Pro-Kremlin Chechen forces under the command of the local strongman Ramzan Kadyrov, known as the kadyrovtsy now dominate law enforcement and security operations, with many members (including Kadyrov himself) being former Chechen rebels who have defected since 1999. Since 2004, the Kadyrovtsy were partly incorporated into two Interior Ministry units North and South (Sever and Yug). Two other units of the Chechen pro-Moscow forces, East and West (Vostok and Zapad), are commanded by Sulim Yamadayev (Vostok) and Said-Magomed Kakiyev (Zapad) and their men.^[47] Caucasian Front may have one of the following meanings Caucasian Front (Russian Civil War) Soviet Caucasian Front during World War II Caucasian Front (Chechen War), a front announced by Chechen guerilla in 2005 This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... An official is, in the primary sense, someone who holds an office in an organisation, of any kind. ... For the band, see The Police. ... Munitions rigged for an IED discovered by Iraqi police in Baghdad, November 2005. ... Counter-insurgency is the combating of insurgency, by the government (or allies) of the territory in which the insurgency takes place. ... The Russian Ground Forces (Russian: ) are the land forces of the Russian Federation, formed from parts of the collapsing Soviet Army in 1992. ... Ramzan Kadyrov together with some of his men in 2006. ... Sulim Yamadayev, a former Chechen rebel commander who switched sides in 1999, now leads the Special Battalion East of the pro-Moscow forces in Chechnya. ...

Suicide attacks

Between June 2000 and September 2004 Chechen insurgents added suicide attacks to their tactics. During this period there have been 23 Chechen related suicide attacks in and outside Chechnya. The profiles of the Chechen suicide bombers have varied just as much as the circumstances surrounding the bombings, most of which targeted military or government-related targets. Between June 2000 and September 2004 Chechen insurgents added suicide attacks to their weaponry. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Grozny bombing in insurgent video 2002 Grozny suicide bombing happened on December 27, 2002, when three Chechen suicide bombers ran vehicles into the heavily guarded republics government headquarters in the regional capital Grozny. ... A suicide attack is an attack on a military or civilian target, in which an attacker intends to kill others, knowing that he or she will either certainly or most likely die in the process (see suicide). ...

Assassinations

Both sides of the war carried out multiple assassinations. The most prominent of these included the February 13, 2004, killing of exiled former separatist Chechen President Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev in Qatar, and the May 9, 2004, killing of pro-Russian Chechen President Akhmad Kadyrov during the parade in Grozny. This is a list of assassinations connected to the Second Chechen War, conducted by the Russian Federation secret agents and the Chechen separatist and North Caucasian rebels, as well as by an unknown assailants. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yandarbiyev (Chechen: Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°, Russian: Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ÐµÐ²) (September 12, 1952 â€“ February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1996-1997). ... is the 129th day of the year (130th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Caucasus Front

While the anti-Russian local insurgencies in the North Caucasus started even before the war, in May 2005, two months after Maskahdov's death, the Chechen separatists officially announced that they had formed a Caucasus Front within the framework of "reforming the system of military-political power." Along with the Chechen, Dagestani and Ingush "sectors," the Stavropol, Kabardin-Balkar, Krasnodar, Karachai-Circassian, Ossetian and Adyghe jamaats were included in it. This, in essence, means that practically all the regions of the Russia's south are involved in the hostilities. Caucasian Front is a structural unit of the rebel Chechen Republic of Ichkeria armed forces, formally established in May 2005 by the decree of the new Chechen rebel President, Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev. ... Caucasian Front may have one of the following meanings Caucasian Front (Russian Civil War) Soviet Caucasian Front during World War II Caucasian Front (Chechen War), a front announced by Chechen guerilla in 2005 This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Stavropol (Russian: ) is a city located in south-western Russia. ... Kabarda, Kabard or Kabarid are simply alternative ways of referring to the Kabar people of the northern Caucasus more commonly known by the plural term Kabardin (or Kebertei as they term themselves). ... The Balkar (малкъар /malqar/) people are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, thet titular population of Kabardino-Balkaria. ... 19th century photo depicting Kuban Cossacks obelisk in Krasnodar Tram in Krasnodar Krasnodar (Russian: ) is a city in Southern Russia on the Kuban River. ... Karachays are Turkic people of Karachay-Cherkessia. ... Circassian language is used in a number of ways: as a synonym for the Adyghe language; as a synonym for the Kabardian language; as a term for a distinct language that includes both Adyghe and Kabardian. ... Map of Ossetia Ossetia is a region in the northern Caucasus Mountains, inhabited by the Ossetians. ... The Adyghe or Adygs are a people of the northwest Caucasus region, principally inhabiting Adygeya (23 %) (now a constituent republic of the Russian Federation) and Karachay-Cherkessia (11 %) (where they are named as Cherkess). Shapsigh Autonomous District, an autonomous district founded for Shapsigh (or Shapsugh) tribe living on the Black...

The Chechen separatist movement has taken on a new role as the official ideological, logistical and, probably, financial hub of the new insurgency in the North Caucasus.^[48] Increasingly frequent clashes between federal forces and local militants continue in Dagestan, while sporadic fighting erupts in the other southern Russia regions, most notably in Ingushetia, but also elsewhere, notably in Nalchik on October 13, 2005. Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy and information. ... Combatants Russian security forces Mostly local Islamic militants Commanders N/A Ilias Gorchkhanov (killed) Strength several thousand 80 - 300 Casualties at least 33 at least 41 The October 2005 Nalchik attack was a raid by a large group of militants on Nalchik, in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic of southern Russia... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Human rights and terrorism

The article details some of the most notorious human rights violations commited by the warring sides of the ongoing second war in Chechnya. ...

Human rights and war crimes

Russian officials and Chechen rebels have regularly and repeatedly accused the opposing side of committing various war crimes including kidnapping, murder, hostage taking, looting, rape, and assorted other breaches of the laws of war. International and humanitarian organizations, including the Council of Europe and Amnesty International, have criticized both sides of the conflict for "blatant and sustained" violations of international humanitarian law. Samashki massacre was the April 7-8, 1995, incident in the border village of Samashki, Chechnya, which resulted in the death of numerous villagers killed by the Russian paramilitary troops under the command of Gen. ... Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack occurred on October 7, 1999, when two Russian Su-24 fighter bombers dropped eight to ten cluster bombs on the undefended Chechen village of Elistanzhi. ... The Grozny ballistic missile attack was a series of a devastating Russian ballistic missile strikes on the Chechen capital Grozny on October 21, 1999. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Grozny safe corridor shooting incident happened on December 3, 1999, when at least 40 people fleeing the besieged Chechen capital Grozny were killed by a Russian troops, leaving only seven wounded survivors. ... The pillage of Alkhan-Yurt was the December 1999 nearly three-week drunken rampage in the village of Alkhan-Yurt near the Chechen capital Grozny by the Russian troops under command of general Vladimir Shamanov. ... In the Staropromyslovski executions Russian federal soldiers summarily executed at least 38 confirmed[1] civilians during an apparent spree in Staropromyslovsky city district of Grozny, the Chechen capital, according to survivors and eyewitnesses. ... Novye Aldi massacre was a February 5, 2000 incident in which Russian federal forces summarily executed at least 60 civilians in the Novye Aldi suburb of Grozny, the capital of Chechnya. ... The bombing of Katyr-Yurt (Chechnya) occured on February 4, 2000, in an attempt to stop the Chechen rebel retreat from Grozny, Russian Federation forces bombed the village, and then a civilian convoy under white flags. ... Combatants Spetsnaz and OSNAZ Chechen rebels Casualties At least 2 killed and 11 wounded At least 3 killed At least 5 civilians killed, 11 dissappeared The Tsotsin-Yurt operation was a four-day cleansing operation (zachiska, Russian: ) accompanied by armed clashes in the large village of Tsotsin-Yurt (2002 pop. ... The Borozdinovskaya operation was cleansing raid (zachiska, Russian: ) by the ethnic Chechen unit battalion of the GRU Spetsnaz on the ethnic Avar border village of Borozdinovskaya on 4 June 2005. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... A hostage is a person (sometimes another entity) which is held by a captor in order to compel another party to act or refrain from acting in a particular way. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ... The two parts of the laws of war (or Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)): Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called jus ad bellum. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience... International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the law of war, the laws and customs of war or the law of armed conflict, is the legal corpus comprised of the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law. ...

Russian rights groups estimate there have been about 5,000 forced disappearances in Chechnya since 1999.^[49] They say Russian troops have used abduction, rape and torture as weapons there and that the government has done too little to punish those responsible.^{[citation needed]} Disappear redirects here. ... Look up abduction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In logic, abduction is a method of reasoning; see abductive reasoning. ... For other uses, see Torture (disambiguation). ...

Secretary of State Madeleine Albright noted in her March 24, 2000, speech to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights: The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana KorbelovÃ¡ on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... United Nations Commission on Human Rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

According to the 2001 annual report by Amnesty International: Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to due process and humane treatment). ...

In 2001 the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has placed Chechnya on its Genocide Watch List: Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ...

The Russian government failed to pursue any accountability process for human rights abuses committed during the course of the conflict in Chechnya. Unable to secure justice domestically, hundreds of victims of abuse have filed applications with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In March 2005 the court issued the first rulings on Chechnya, finding the Russian government guilty of violating the right to life and the prohibition of torture with respect to civilians who had died or forcibly disappeared at the hands of Russia's federal troops.^[53] Many similar claims were ruled since against Russia. This article is about the military strategy. ... Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person either obtains money, property or services from another through coercion or intimidation or threatens one with physical harm unless they are paid money or property. ... A public utility is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. ... A human rights abuse is abuse of people in a way that violates any fundamental human rights. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Republic of North Ossetia in Russia The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan massacre)[2][3][4] began when a group of a attackers demanding an end to the Second Chechen War took more than 1,100 schoolchildren and adults hostage...

Terrorist attacks

Between May 2002 and September 2004, the Chechen and Chechen-led militants, mostly answering to Shamil Basayev, lauched a campaign of terrorism directed against civilian targets in Russia. About 200 people were killed in a series of bombings (most of them suicide attacks), most of them in the 2003 Stavropol train bombing (46), the 2004 Moscow metro bombing (40), and the 2004 Russian aircraft bombings (89). Terrorist redirects here. ... 2003 Stavropol train bombing was a December 5, 2003 suicide bomber blast which ripped through the commuter train in Stavropol Krai, Russia, which killed at least 46 people and injured more than 170. ... The Russian aircraft bombings of August 2004 was a terrorist attack on two domestic Russian passenger aircraft at around 23:00 on August 24, 2004. ...

Two large-scale hostage takings, the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis (850 hostages) and the 2004 Beslan school siege (about 1,200), resulted in the deaths of more than 386 civilians when the FSB OSNAZ forces stormed the buildings on the third day of each standoff, using a lethal chemical agent in Moscow and indiscriminate firepower in Beslan. Some 20 Beslan hostages were also executed by their captors. The Moscow theater hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege,[1] was the seizure of a crowded Moscow theatre on October 23, 2002 by about 40-50 armed Chechen rebel fighters who claimed allegiance to the separatist movement in Chechnya. ... The Republic of North Ossetia in Russia The Beslan school hostage crisis (also referred to as the Beslan school siege or Beslan massacre)[2][3][4] began when a group of a attackers demanding an end to the Second Chechen War took more than 1,100 schoolchildren and adults hostage... OSNAZ (Russian: [voiska] osobogo naznacheniya, ÐžÐ¡ÐÐÐ— = [Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ÑÐºÐ°] Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ‡ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, special purpose [detachments]) or ChON (Russian: chasti osobogo naznacheniya, Ð§ÐžÐ= Ð§Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ‡ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ were special forces troops within the KGB (its predecessors and its successor, Federal Security Service) and the MVD. OSNAZ has always been shrouded in a veil of mystery and remains so even to this day. ... It was reported that efforts to treat victims were complicated because the Russian government refused to inform doctors what type of gas had been used. ...

Other issues

Pankisi crisis

Russian officials have accused the bordering republic of Georgia of allowing Chechen rebels to operate on Georgian territory and permitting the flow of guerrillas and materiel across the Georgian border with Russia. In February 2002, the United States began offering assistance to Georgia in combating "criminal elements" as well as alleged Arab mujahideen activity in Pankisi Gorge as part of the War on Terrorism. Without resistance, Georgian troops have detained an Arab man and six criminals, and declared the region under control.^[54] In August 2002, Georgia accused Russia of a series of secret air strikes on purported rebel havens in the Pankisi Gorge in which a Georgian civilian was reported killed. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Material (from the French matÃ©rial for equipment or hardware, related to the word material) is a term used in English to refer to the equipment and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: â€Ž, , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ... The Pankisi Gorge is a valley region in the former Soviet republic of Georgia, northeast of Tbilisi, which is being used as a base for transit, training and shipments of arms and financing by Islamic militants, many of whom follow Khattab. ... The Pankisi Gorge is a region of the former Soviet republic of Georgia, near the border with the breakaway Russian province of Chechnya. ... A military strike is a limited attack on a specified target. ...

On October 8, 2001, a UNOMIG helicopter was shot down in Georgia in Kodori Valley gorge near Abkhazia, amid fighting between Chechens and Abkhazians, killing nine including five UN observers.^[55] Georgia denied having troops in the area, and the suspicion fell on the armed group headed by Chechen warlord Ruslan Gelayev, who was speculated to have been hired by the Georgian government to wage proxy war against separatist Abkhazia. On March 2, 2004, following a number of cross-border raids from Georgia into Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan, Gelayev was killed in a clash with Russian border guards while trying to get back from Dagestan into Georgia. is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) was established on 24 August 1993 by Security Council Resolution 858 to verify compliance with the 27 July 1993, ceasefire agreement between the Republic of Georgia and forces in Abkhazia with special attention given to the situation in the city of Sukhumi... The Kodori Gorge of Upper Abkhazia The Kodori Valley (also known as the Kodori Gorge; Georgian: ) is a river valley in Abkhazia, Georgias breakaway autonomous republic which serves as the de facto boundary between the Georgian government and the secessionist-controlled territories. ... Ruslan Gelayev (Russian: ) (1964 â€“ February 28, 2004) also known as Hamzat Gelayev, radio callsign Black Angel, was a Chechen field commander in the Chechen separatist movement against Russia. ... A proxy war is a war where two powers use third parties as a supplement or a substitute for fighting each other directly. ... Abkhazia (pronounced or , Apsny, Georgian: Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti, Russian: Abhazia) is an autonomous region of Georgia in the Caucasus. ... -1... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Unilateral ceasefire of 2005

On February 2, 2005, Chechen rebel president Aslan Maskhadov issued a call for a ceasefire lasting until at least February 22 (the day preceding the anniversary of Stalin's deportation of the Chechen population). The call was issued through a separatist website and addressed to President Putin, described as a gesture of goodwill. On March 8, 2005, Maskhadov was killed in an operation by Russian security forces in the Chechen community of Tolstoy-Yurt, northeast of Grozny. is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Goodwill in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Shortly following Maskhadov's death, the Chechen rebel council announced that Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev had assumed the leadership, a move that was quickly endorsed by Shamil Basayev (Basayev himself died in July 2006). On February 2, 2006, Sadulayev made large-scale changes in his government, ordering all its members to move into Chechen territory. Among other things, he removed First Vice-Premier Akhmed Zakayev from his post (although later Zakayev was appointed a Foreign Minister^[56]). Sadulayev was killed in June 2006, after which he was succeeded as the rebel leader by the veteran guerrilla commander Doku Umarov. Sheikh Abdul-Halim (Шейх Абдул-Халим) (born 1967) was designated by Aslan Maskhadov to be his successor as president of the self_proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Vanessa Redgrave and Akhmed Zakayev Akhmed Zakayev (ÐÑ…Ð¼ÐµÐ´ Ð—Ð°ÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²; born April 26, 1956) is the Foreign Minister of Chechen republic government-in-exile, appointed by the President Aslan Maskhadov shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by Abdul Halim Sadulayev. ...

Amnesties

As of November 2007, there were at least seven amnesties for separatist guerrillas, as well as federal servicemen who committed crimes, declared in Chechnya by Moscow since the start of the second war. The first one was announced in 1999 when about 400 Chechen switched sides. (However, according to Putin's advisor and aide Aslambek Aslakhanov most of them were since killed, both by their former comrades and by the Russians, who by then perceived them as a potential "fifth columnists".^[57] Some of the other amnesties included one during September 2003 in connection with the adoption of the republic's new constitution, and then another between mid-2006 and January 2007. According to Ramzan Kadyrov, himself former rebel, more than 7,000 separatist fighters defected to the federal side ("returned to the peaceful life") by 2005. In 2006 more than 600 militants in Chechnya and adjacent provinces reportedly surrendered their arms in response to a six-month amnesty "for those not involved in any serious crimes".^[58] In 2007, the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights published a report entitled Amnestied People as Targets for Persecution in Chechnya, which documents the fate of several persons who have been amnestied and subsequently abducted, tortured and killed. Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Aslambek Aslakhanov is the State Duma deputy from Chechnya, advisor and aide for the Russian president Vladimir Putin. ... For other uses, see Fifth Column (disambiguation). ... In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state or political entity in exchange for allegiance to another. ... The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights is a self-governing group of non-governmental, not-for-profit organizations that act to protect human rights throughout Europe, North America and Central Asia. ...

Government censorship of the media coverage

The first war, with its extensive and largely unrestricted coverage (despite deaths of many journalists), convinced the Kremlin more than any other event that it needed to control national television channels, which most Russians rely on for news, to successfully undertake any major national policy. By the time the second war began, federal authorities had designed and introduced a comprehensive system to limit the access of journalists to Chechnya and shape their coverage.^[59] The first war, with its extensive and largely unrestricted coverage (despite deaths of many journalists), convinced the Kremlin more than any other event that it needed to control national television channels, which most Russians rely on for news, to successfully undertake any major national policy. ... Coverage has a number of meanings: It can be the state of being covered, by insurance, cell phone connectivity(more accurately and generic - radio frequency(RF)) or other service that is selectively available, depending on a factor such as location. ...

The Russian government's control of all Russian television stations and its use of repressive rules, harassment, censorship, intimidation^[60] and attacks on journalists almost completely deprived the Russian public of the independent information on the conflict. Practically all the local Chechen media are under total control of the pro-Moscow government, Russian journalists in Chechnya face intense harassment and obstruction^[61] leading to widespread self-censorship, while foreign journalists and media outlets too are pressured into censoring their reports on the conflict.^[62] In some cases Russian journalists reporting on Chechnya were jailed (Boris Stomakhin) or kidnapped by the federal forces (Andrei Babitsky), and foreign media outlets (American Broadcasting Company) banned from Russia.^[63] The Russian-Chechen Friendship Society was shut down on "extremism and national hatred" charges. According to a 2007 poll only 11 percent of Russians said they were happy with media coverage of Chechnya.^[64] For other uses, see Censor. ... Intimidation is generally used in the meaning of criminal threatening. ... Self-censorship is the act of censoring and/or classifying ones own book(s), film(s), or other kind of art to avoid offending others without an authority pressuring them to do so. ... Boris Vladimirovich Stomakhin (Russian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ…Ð¸Ð½), (born August 24, 1974, Moscow), is a Russian politician, journalist, and dissident. ... Andrei Babitsky (ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€ÐµÐ¹ Ð‘Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ : Moscow, 26 September 1964) is a Russian journalist and war correspondant for Radio Free Europe. ... The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network. ... Russian-Chechen Friendship Society (RCFS) is a non-governmental organization that monitors situation with human rights violations in Chechnya and other parts of the North Caucasus. ...

Effects

Civilian losses

Civilian casualty estimates vary widely. According to the pro-Moscow government, 160,000 combatants and non-combatants died or have gone missing in the two wars, including 30,000–40,000 Chechens and about 100,000 Russians;^[65]^[66] while rebel leader Aslan Maskhadov (deceased) repeatedly claimed about 200,000 ethnic Chechens died as a consequence of the two conflicts.^[67] As in the case of military losses, these claims can not be independently verified. According to a count by the Russian human rights group Memorial in 2007, up to 25,000 civilians have died or disappeared since 1999.^[68] According to Amnesty International in 2007, the second war killed up to 25,000 civilians since 1999, with up to another 5,000 people missing.^[69] However, the Russian-Chechen Friendship Society set their estimate of the total death toll in two wars at about 150,000 to 200,000 civilians.^[70] The following figures are not confirmed by serious academic sources or researches. ... Memorial (Russian: ÐœÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ð°Ð») is an international historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-USSR states with the following missions stated in its charter: To promote mature civil society and democracy based on the rule of law and thus to prevent a return to totalitarianism; To assist... Russian-Chechen Friendship Society (RCFS) is a non-governmental organization that monitors situation with human rights violations in Chechnya and other parts of the North Caucasus. ... A death toll is the number of dead as a result of war, violence, accident, natural disaster, extreme weather, or disease. ...

Environmental damage

Environmental agencies warn that the Russian republic of Chechnya, devastated by war, now faces ecological disaster. A former aide to Boris Yeltsin believes Russian bombing has rendered Chechnya an "environmental wasteland."^[71] There is a special concern over widespread oil spills and pollution from sewers damaged by war (the water is polluted to a depth of 250 m^[72]), and chemical and radioactive pollution, as a result of the bombardment of chemical facalities and storages during the conflict.^[73] Chechnya's wildlife also substained heavy damage during the hostilities, as animals that had once populated the Chechen forests have moved off to seek safer havens.^[74] In 2004, Russian government has designated one-third of Chechnya a "zone of ecological disaster" and another 40% "a zone of extreme environmental distress".^[75] An ecological crisis occurs when the environment of a species or a population changes in a way that destablizes its continued survival. ... A beach after an oil spill An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. ... Air pollution Pollution is the introduction of pollutants (whether chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light) into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment. ... Sewers transport wastewater from buildings to treatment facilities. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... Nuclear waste locations in USA Radioactive waste is waste type containing radioactive chemical elements that does not have a practical purpose. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Land mines

Chechnya is the most land mine-affected region worldwide.^[76] Since 1999 there have been widespread use of mines, by both sides (Russia is a party to the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons but not the 1996 protocol on land mines and other devices). The most heavily mined areas of Chechnya are those in which rebels continue to put up resistance, namely the southern regions, as well as the borders of the republic.^[77] No humanitarian mine clearance has taken place since the HALO Trust was evicted by Russia in December 1999. In June 2002, Olara Otunnu, the UN official, estimated that there were 500,000 land mines placed in the region. UNICEF has recorded 2,340 civilian land mine and unexploded ordnance casualties occurring in Chechnya between 1999 and the end of 2003. Chechnya is the most land mine-affected region worldwide. ... â€œMinefieldâ€ redirects here. ... The United Nations Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), concluded at Geneva on October 10, 1980, seeks to prohibit or restrict the use of certain conventional weapons which are considered excessively injurious or that have indiscriminate effects. ... The HALO Trust is a registered British charity and registered American non-profit organization whose purpose is to remove the debris left behind by war, in particular, landmines and unexploded ordinance that might present a danger to local civilians. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... UXO redirects here. ...

Military losses

Military casualty figures from both sides are impossible to verify and are generally believed to be higher. In September 2000, the National Endowment for Democracy compiled the list of casualties officially announced in the first year of the conflict, which, although incomplete and with little factual value, provide a minimum insight in the information war. According to the figures released by the Russian Ministry of Defence on in August 2005, at least 3,450 Russian Armed Forces soldiers have been killed in action 1999-2005.^[78] This death toll did not include losses of Internal Troops, the FSB, police and local paramilitaries, all of whom at least 4,720 were killed by October 2003.^[70] The independent Russian and Western estimates are much higher; the Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia for instance estimated about 11,000 Russian Army servicemen have been killed between 1999 and 2003. In 2007, Memorial estimated about 15,000 Russian soldiers have died in two wars, while others estimate up to 40,000.^[68] The following figures are not confirmed by serious academic sources or researches. ... The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a U.S. non-profit organization that was founded in 1983, to promote democracy by providing cash grants funded primarily through an annual allocation from the U.S. Congress. ... The Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation exercises operational leadership of the armed forces of Russia. ... // Organization The Russian military is divided into the following branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force. ... Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ... A death toll is the number of dead as a result of war, violence, accident, natural disaster, extreme weather, or disease. ... Internal Troops (full name Internal Troops of the MVD), now called the Federal Guard are the 250,000 strong uniformed military mobile force of the Russian security forces (MVD) and are used to deal with major disturbances and internal security matters. ... The Union of the Committees of Soldiers Mothers of Russia (Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ· ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð² Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð´Ð°Ñ‚ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ… ÐœÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¹ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸) works to expose human rights violations within the Russian military. ...

Political radicalization of the rebel movement

The Chechens had become increasingly radicalized. Former Soviet Army officers Dzhokhar Dudayev and Aslan Maskhadov have been succeeded by people who rely more on religious ideology, rather than the nationalistic feelings of the population. While Dudayev and Maskhadov were seeking from Moscow recognition of the independence of the Chechen Republic Ichkeria, other leaders spoke out more about the need to expel Russia from the territory of the whole North Caucasus, an impoverished mountain region inhabited mostly by Muslim, non-Russian ethnic groups.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

In April 2006, asked whether negotiations with Russians are possible, the top rebel commander and future president Doku Umarov answered: "We offered them many times. But it turned out that we constantly press for negotiations and it's as if we are always standing with an extended hand and this is taken as a sign of our weakness. Therefore we don't plan to do this any more." In the same month, the new rebel spokesman Movladi Udugov said that attacks should be expected anywhere in Russia: "Today, we have a different task on our hands -- total war, war everywhere our enemy can be reached. (...) And this means mounting attacks at any place, not just in the Caucasus but in all Russia." Reflecting growing radicalization of the Chechen-led guerrillas, Udugov said their goal was no longer Western-style democracy and independence, but the Islamist "North Caucasian Emirate".^{[citation needed]} Shaykh Doku Khamatovich Umarov (Chechen: Ð£Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ð¸ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð”Ð¾ÐºÐºÐ°, Russian Ð”Ð¾ÐºÑƒ Ð¥Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð£Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (b. ... Negotiation is the process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, and/or attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. ... Movladi Udugov (Russian: ÐœÐ¾Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ Ð£Ð´ÑƒÐ³Ð¾Ð²) (born 1962) is one of the main ideologues of the Chechen rebels. ... Total war is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nations ability to engage in war. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Etymologically an emirate or amirate (Arabic: Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ø±Ø© Imarah, plural: Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ø±Ø§Øª Imarat) is the quality, dignity, office or territorial competence of any Emir (prince, governor etc. ...

This trend ultimately resulted in the October 2007 declaration of Caucasus Emirate by Doku Umarov where he also urged for a global Jihad, and the political schism between the moderates, and the radical Islamists fighting in Chechnya and the neighbouring regions with ties in the Middle East.^[79] Some commanders, still fighting along with Doku Umarov, like Anzor Astemirov, have publicly denounced the idea of a global Jihad, but keep fighting for the independence of Caucasus states.^[80] Shaykh Doku Khamatovich Umarov (Chechen: Ð£Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ð¸ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð”Ð¾ÐºÐºÐ°, Russian Ð”Ð¾ÐºÑƒ Ð¥Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð£Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (b. ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek ÏƒÏ‡Î¹ÏƒÎ¼Î±, schisma (from ÏƒÏ‡Î¹Î¶Ï‰, schizo, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

The struggle has garnered support from Muslim sympathizers around the world nonetheless, and some of them have been willing to take up arms. Many commentators think it is likely that Chechen fighters have links with international Islamist rebel groups. The BBC said in an online Q&A on the conflict: "It has been known for years that Muslim volunteers have traveled to Chechnya to join the fight, reportedly after attending training camps in Afghanistan or Pakistan."^[68] For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ...

Impact on the Chechen population

According to a 2006 report by Doctors Without Borders, "the majority of Chechens still struggle through lives burdened by fear, uncertainty and poverty." A survey conducted by MSF in September 2005 showed that 77% of the respondents were suffering from "discernible symptoms of psychological distress".^[81] Médecins Sans Frontières (abbreviated MSF; known as Doctors Without Borders in the United States, as Médicos Sin Fronteras in the Spanish language and as Médicos Sem Fronteiras in Portuguese language) is a nonprofit private organisation created in 1971 by a small group of French doctors led... A boy from Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ...

As of 2005, infant mortality may have been as high as 50 per 1,000, more than double that of the rest of Russia; ^[82] as of 2004, WHO said it was 29.4 per 1,000.^[83] There are reports of growing a number of genetic disorders in babies and unexplained illnesses among schoolchildren.^[73] One child in 10 is born with some kind of anomaly that requires treatment. Some children whose parents can afford it are sent to the neighbouring republic of Dagestan, where treatment is better; Chechnya lacks sufficient medical equipment in most of its medical facilities.^[84] According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), since 1994 to 2008 about 25,000 children in Chechnya have lost one or both parents.^[85] A whole generation of Chechen children is showing symptoms of psychological trauma. In 2006, Chechnya's pro-Moscow deputy health minister, said the Chechen children had become "living specimens" of what it means to grow up with the constant threat of violence and chronic poverty.^[86] In 2007, the Chechen interior ministry has identified 1,000 street children involved in vagrancy; the number was increasing.^[87][3] is the death of infants in the first year of life. ... A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Look up anomaly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... UNICEF Logo Org type: Fund Acronyms: UNICEF Head: Ann Veneman Status: Active Established: 1946 Website: http://www. ... Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. ... For other uses, see Violence (disambiguation). ... Afghan street urchin smiles for the camera in downtown Kabul, Afghanistan (June 2003). ... John Everett Millais The Blind Girl: vagrant musicians See also vagrancy (biology) for an alternative use of the term. ...

According to official statistics Chechnya's unemployment rate in 2007 was 61.5%, the highest percentage among Russian regions.^[88] Many people remain homeless because so much of Chechnya's housing was destroyed by the Russian federal forces and many people have not yet been given compensation.^[89] Not only the social (such as housing and hospitals) and economic infrastructure but also the foundations of culture and education, including most of educational and cultural institutions, were destroyed over the course of the two wars in Chechnya.^[90] However ongoing reconstruction efforts have been rebuilding the region at a quick pace over the past few years, including new housing, facilities, paved roads and traffic lights, a new mosque and restoration of electricity to much of the region.^[91] Governmental, social and commercial life remain hobbled by bribery, kidnapping, extortion and other criminal activity; reports by the Russian government estimate that the organized crime sector is twice the Russian average and the government is widely perceived to be corrupt and unresponsive.^[92] Unemployment rates in the United States. ... Bag lady redirects here. ... Compensation has several different meanings as indicated below. ... Social refers to human society or its organization. ... For the town in the Republic of Ireland, see Hospital, County Limerick. ... This article is about the human activity. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Commercial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ... Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person either obtains money, property or services from another through coercion or intimidation or threatens one with physical harm unless they are paid money or property. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ...

Hundreds of thousands of Chechens were displaced by the conflict, including 300,000 at the height of the conflict in 2000.^[68] Most of them were displaced internally in Chechnya and in neighbouring republic of Ingushetia, but thousands of refugees also went into exile, as of 2008 most of them residing in the European Union countries. In the early 1990s,the Soviet Union broke up creating a mass frenzy in newly created states. ... Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ...

Impact on the Russian population

The start of the war bolstered the domestic popularity of Vladimir Putin as the campaign was started one month after he had become Russian prime minister. However, the war eventually became less popular; according to a March 2007 poll 70% of Russians believe there should be negotiations with the separatists, and only 16% believe the military campaign should continue.^[64] The conflict greatly contributed to the deep changes in the Russian politics and society.^[93] // The rights and liberties of the citizens of the Russian Federation are granted by the 2nd Chapter of the Constitution adopted in 1993. ... Anti-national sentiment in Russia as a negative attitude to non-Slavic persons can be traced far back into the history of Russia. ... The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, (Russian: ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ´ÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒ ÐŸÑ€Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÑÑ‚Ð²Ð° Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸) unofficially called the Prime-Minister (though such term is not present in the Russian Constitution) is the current Head of Government of the Russian Federation. ... Look up poll in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Since the Chechen conflict began in 1994, cases of young veterans returning embittered and traumatized to their home towns have been reported all across Russia. Psychiatrists, law-enforcement officials and journalists have started calling the condition of psychologically scarred soldiers "Chechen syndrome" (CS), drawing a parallel with the post-traumatic stress disorders suffered by Soviet soldiers who fought in Afghanistan. According to Yuri Alexandrovsky, deputy director of the Moscow Serbsky Institute in 2003, at least 70% of the estimated 1.5 million Chechnya veterans suffered CS.^[94] Many of the veterans came back alcoholic, unemployable and antisocial.^[93] Thousands were also physically disabled for life and left with very limited help from the government ^[95]. Former crewmembers of the battleship Missouri pose for photos shortly after the Anniversary of the End of World War II ceremony, held aboard the famous ship. ... Psychological science redirects here. ... In medicine, the term syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Moscow Serbsky Institute for Social and Forensic Psychiatry (Russian: ) is a psychiatric hospital and the main center for the forensic psychiatry of the Soviet Union and Russia. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a mental disorder defined by the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: The essential feature for the diagnosis is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. ... Disabled redirects here. ...

According to the 2007 study by Memorial and Demos human rights organisations, Russian policemen lose their qualifications and professional skills during their duty tours in Chechnya.^[96] This conflict was linked to the rising brutality and general criminalisation of the Russian police forces. According to human rights activists and journalists, tens of thousands of police and security forces have been to Chechnya learned patterns of brutality and impunity and brought them to their home regions, often returning with disciplinary and psychological problems. Reliable numbers on police brutality are hard to come by, but in a statement released in 2006, the internal affairs department of Russia's Interior Ministry said that the number of recorded crimes committed by police officers rose 46.8% in 2005. In one nationwide poll in 2005, 71% of respondents said they didn't trust their police at all; in another, 41% Russians said they lived in fear of police violence.^[97]^[98] According to Amnesty International, torture of detainees in Russia is now endemic.^[93] Since 2007, police officers from outside Caucasus are now not only being sent to Chechnya, but to all the region's republics.^[96] Memorial (Russian: ÐœÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ð°Ð») is an international historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-USSR states with the following missions stated in its charter: To promote mature civil society and democracy based on the rule of law and thus to prevent a return to totalitarianism; To assist... In the military, a tour of duty is a period of time spent at sea or assigned to service in a foreign country. ... Criminalization or criminalisation is the process by which an act which was previously legal becomes a criminal offense by the passing of legislation or by increased enforcement of legislation when the act was previously condoned. ... For other uses, see Discipline (disambiguation). ... January 31 1919: David Kirkwood on the ground after being struck by batons of the Glasgow police Police brutality is a term used to describe the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats by police officers and other law enforcement officers. ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ...

The wars in Chechnya, and the associated Caucasian terrorism in Russia, were a major factors in the grow of intolerance, xenophobia and racist violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from Caucasus.^[93] A 2004 poll found 33% of Russians would support banning all Chechens from entering Russian cities.^{[citation needed]}^[99] The Russian authorities were unlikely to label random attacks on people of non-Russian ethnicity as racist, preferring calling it "hooliganism". The number of murders officially classified as racist more than doubled in Russia between 2003 and 2004. The violence included an acts of terrorism such as the 2006 Moscow market bombing which killed 13 people.^[100]^[101] In 2007, 18-year old Artur Ryno claimed responsibility for over 30 racially-motivated murders in the course of one year, saying that "since school [he] hated people from the Caucasus."^[102] On June 5, 2007, an anti-Chechen riot involving hundreds of people took place in the town of Stavropol in southern Russia. Rioters demanded the eviction of ethnic Chechens following the murder of two young Russians who locals believed were killed by Chechens. The event revived memories of a recent clash between Chechens and local Russians in Kondopoga over an unpaid bill, when two Russians were killed.^[103] The Caucasians also face ethnic-related violence in the ranks of Russian Army.^[104] Intolerance is the lack of ability or willingness to tolerate something. ... Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... Ban could be: Look up ban in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hooligan redirects here. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Stavropol (Russian: ) is a city located in south-western Russia. ... Dormition Church. ...

Status

In 2005 there were about 60,000 Russian troops in Chechnya, but that number has since decreased significantly. Tony Wood, a journalist and author who's written extensively about Chechnya, estimated there were about 8,000 pro-Moscow security forces remaining in the region as of 2007. Independent analysts say there are no more than 2,000 armed separatist combatants still fighting, while Russia says only a few hundred remain. There is still some sporadic fighting in the mountains and south of the republic, but Russia has scaled down its presence significantly leaving the pro-Moscow government to stabilize things further.^[68] In February 2008 the President of the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Dokka Umarov, spoke of "thousands of fighters" when he addressed a speech to all his fighters in the mountains.^[105] 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language Chechen Capital Grozny (Dzhokharabad, after 1996) President Doku Umarov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Russia â€“ November 1, 1991 â€“ Georgian Republic National anthem Death or Freedom The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria IPA: (ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ° ÐÐ¾Ñ…Ñ‡Ð¸Ð¹Ñ‡Ð¾ÑŒ) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. ...

Most of the more prominent past Chechen separatist leaders have died or have been killed, including former president Aslan Maskhadov and leading warlord and terrorist attack mastermind Shamil Basayev. Meanwhile, the fortunes of the Chechen independence movement sagged, plagued by the internal disunity between Chechen moderates and Islamist radicals and the changing global political climate after September 11, 2001, as well as the general war weariness of the Chechen population. Large-scale fighting has been replaced by guerrilla warfare and bombings targeting federal troops and forces of the regional government, with the violence often spilling over into adjacent regions. Since 2005, the insurgency has largely shifted out of Chechnya proper and into the nearby Russian territories, such as Ingushetia and Dagestan; the Russian government, for its part, has focused on the stabilization of the North Caucasus. For other uses, see President (disambiguation). ... Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÑÑ…Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²) (September 21, 1951 â€“ March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ... A warlord is a person with power who has de facto military control of a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. ... Shamil Basayev (Russian: ) (January 14, 1965 â€“ July 10, 2006) was a militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen separatist movement. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: ; Ingush: Ð“Ó€Ð°Ð»Ð³Ó€Ð°Ð¹ ÐœÐ¾Ñ…Ðº) is a federal subject of Russia. ... The Republic of Dagestan IPA: (Russian: ; Avar: , ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in a framework of a federal presidential republic, whereby the President of Russia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ...

Throughout the years Russian officials have often announced that the war is over. In April 2002 President Vladimir Putin's declared that the war in Chechnya was over.^[106] The Russian government maintains the conflict officially ended in April 2002,^[107]^[106] and since then has continued largely as a peacekeeping operation. In a July 10, 2006, interview with the BBC, Sergei Ivanov, Russia's then-prime minister and former minister of defense, said that the "the war is over," and that "the military campaign lasted only 2 years,"^[108] Ramzan Kadyrov, the current president of the Chechnya, has also stated the war is over.^[109] Others believe the war ended in 2003 with the passage of a Moscow-backed constitutional referendum and the election of pro-Moscow president Akhmad Kadyrov, while some consider the conflict on-going.^[110] Some independent observers, including Álvaro Gil-Robles, the human rights envoy for the Council of Europe, and Louise Arbour, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, have said that the war has largely concluded as of 2006.^[111]^[112] is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... For other people known as Sergei Ivanov, see Ivanov. ... The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is responsible for the army and navy of the Russian Federation and presents the President and Prime Minister with information on the condition and requirments of the army and navy. ... Ramzan Akhmadovich Kadyrov (Russian: Ð Ð°Ð¼Ð·Ð°Ð½ ÐÑ…Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð´Ñ‹Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (born 5 October 1976, Tsentoroi, Chechnya) is the President of Chechnya and a former Chechen rebel. ... The President of the Chechen Republic, known commonly as the President of Chechnya, is the highest office within the Government of Chechnya. ... Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden... Louise Arbour (born February 10, 1947 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is the current UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and a former Supreme Court of Canada Justice. ... The purpose of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights involves the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide through direct contact with individual governments and the provision of technical assistance where appropriate. ...

The separatists, however, deny that the war is over, and guerrilla warfare continues throughout the entire North Caucasus. Colonel Sulim Yamadayev, Chechnya's second most powerful loyalist warlord after Kadyrov, also denies that the war is over. In March 2007, Yamadayev claimed there were well over 1,000 separatist rebels and foreign Islamic militants entrenched in the mountains of Chechnya alone: "The war is not over, the war is far from being over. What we are facing now is basically a classic partisan war and my prognosis is that it will last two, three, maybe even five more years."^[113] According to the CIA's factbook, Russia has severely disabled the Chechen rebel movement, although sporadic violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.^[114] The overall security situation in Chechnya remains exceedingly difficult to accurately report due to the near monopoly the Russian government has on media covering the issue.^[115] In May 2007 Amnesty International refuted claims by the government that the conflict has ended, stating "while large-scale military operations have been reduced, the conflict continues."^[116] The strength of the rebels has for many years been unknown. Although Russia has killed a lot of rebels throughout the war, many young fighters have joined the rebels.^[117] Sulim Yamadayev, a former Chechen rebel commander who switched sides in 1999, now leads the Special Battalion East of the pro-Moscow forces in Chechnya. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amnesty international Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization which defines its mission as to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience...

An estimation, based on the war reports, shows that in the past three years Federal casualties are higher than the amount of coalition casualties of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present).^[118]^[119]^[120] With the abolition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the proclamation of the Caucasus Emirate by the president of the rebel movement Dokka Umarov, the conflict in Chechnya and the rest of the North Caucasus is often referred to as the "War in the North Caucasus". The Russian government has has given no new name to the conflict while most international observers still refer to it as a continuation of the Second Chechen War.^[121] For other uses of War in Afghanistan, see War in Afghanistan. ... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ...

In late April, 2008, the Human Rights Commissioner for the Council of Europe, Thomas Hammarberg, visited Russia's Caucasian republics. After wrapping up the week long visit, he said he observed a number of positive developments in Chechnya, and that there was "obvious progress". He also noted that the judicial system in Chechnya was functioning properly. According to Hammarberg, missing people and the identification of missing bodies were still the two biggest human rights issues in the region, and he expressed his wish that further efforts be done to clarify the issue. President Putin responded to his comments, saying that the visit was of "great significance", and that Russia will take into account what the council had to say.^[122]^[123]^[124] Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral) ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders - Secretary General Terry Davis - President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden... Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Thomas Hammarberg, Copyright Â© Council of Europe Thomas Hammarberg (born 1942 in Ã–rnskÃ¶ldsvik) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights activist. ... This article is about law in society. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐŸÑƒÑ‚Ð¸Ð½ pronunciation?; born October 7, 1952) is a Russian politician and the current President of the Russian Federation. ...

People of the Second Chechen War

Russian political leaders and commanders

â€œYeltsinâ€ redirects here. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Russian pronunciation: ) (born October 7, 1952, in Leningrad, U.S.S.R., now Saint Petersburg, Russia) is a Russian politician who was the 2nd President of the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2008. ... Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (Russian: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ð¹ ÐŸÐ»Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐŸÐ°Ñ‚Ñ€ÑƒÑˆÐµÐ²) (born July 11, 1951) is the current director of the Russian FSB, the successor organization of the KGB. He was born in Leningrad and graduated from Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute, where worked as an engineer at his department until 1974. ... Valentin Vladimirovich Korabelnikov (in Russian: , b. ... General of the Army Anatoly Kvashnin was the Chief of the Russian General Staff until 2004, when he was dismissed by President Vladimir Putin. ... General Yury Nikolayevich Baluyevsky (Ð®Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°Ð»ÑƒÐµÐ²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹), born 9 January, 1947 at Truskavets in the Ukrainian SSR, is the First Deputy Minister of Defense and, since July 2004, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. ... ... Valery Baranov is a Russian Colonel General and former commander of Joint Group of Forces in the Chechen Republic during the Second Chechen War. ... Viktor Kazantsev was an envoy of the Russian president who performed primary negotiations between the Russian government and the Chechen oppostion. ... Gennday Torshev is a general in the Russian military and was a formerly the commander of the North Caucasus Military District, covering the Chechnya region. ... Colonel General Alexander Baranov is a Russian Army commanding general in North Caucasus. ... Igor Dmitriyevich Sergeyev (Russian: Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑŒ Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐµÐ²) (April 20, 1938 â€” November 10, 2006) was the Defense Minister of the Russian Federation from May 22 of 1997 until March 28 of 2001. ... For other people known as Sergei Ivanov, see Ivanov. ... Anatoliy Eduardovich Serdyukov (Russian: ) (b. ... Vladimir Rushailo Vladimir Rushailo (born 1953 in Tambov) is a Russian politician. ... Boris Gryzlov Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov or Boris Grizlov (Russian: Ð‘Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ñ Ð’ÑÑ‡ÐµÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð“Ñ€Ñ‹Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð²) (b. ... Rashid Gumarovich Nurgaliyev (Ð Ð°ÑˆÐ¸Ð´ Ð“ÑƒÐ¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÑƒÑ€Ð³Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÐµÐ²) is the minister of the interior of Russia. ... Akhmad Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (Chechen: ÐÑ…Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ñ…Ð°Ð¼Ð¸Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð´Ñ‹Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (August 23, 1951 â€“ May 9, 2004) was the Chief Mufti of Chechnya in the 1990s and later the President of the Chechen Republic from October 5 2003 (acting as head of administration from July 2000) to his death. ... Alu Dadashevich Alkhanov was the president of Russias Chechen Republic. ... Ramzan Akhmadovich Kadyrov (Russian: Ð Ð°Ð¼Ð·Ð°Ð½ ÐÑ…Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð´Ñ‹Ñ€Ð¾Ð²) (born 5 October 1976, Tsentoroi, Chechnya) is the President of Chechnya and a former Chechen rebel. ... Aslambek Aslakhanov is the State Duma deputy from Chechnya, advisor and aide for the Russian president Vladimir Putin. ... Movladi Baisarov was a Chechen warlord and former FSB special-task unit commander who was killed in Moscow on November 18, 2006. ... Ibragim Khultygov is a former counter-intelligence chief for the separatist government in Chechnya [1] and one of the Kadyrovtsy commanders. ... Malik Saidullayev (ÐœÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ðº ÐœÐ¸Ð½Ð³Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð»Ð°ÐµÐ²) (born October 5, 1964, a Chechen politician and businessman, was disqualified from elections in September 2003 and August 2004 election in Chechnya. ... Dzhabrail Yamadayev was a former Chechen rebel field commander and then the commander of Chechen Spetznaz unit. ... Sulim Yamadayev, a former Chechen rebel commander who switched sides in 1999, now leads the Special Battalion East of the pro-Moscow forces in Chechnya. ... Sergei Abramov - Former Minister of Finance and current Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic since his inaguration on March 18, 2004. ... Mukhu Aliyev Mukhu Gimbatovich Aliyev (Russian: ) (born August 6, 1940) is the President of Dagestan, a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Aslambek Aslakhanov is the State Duma deputy from Chechnya, advisor and aide for the Russian president Vladimir Putin. ... In December of 2002, a Russian court tried Russian Colonel Yuri Budanov on war crimes charges. ... Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan Born June 15, 1930 in Levashi, Levashinsky district, Republic of Dagestan. ... Magomed Omarov (died February 2, 2005) was the deputy Interior Minister for the Russian republic of Dagestan. ... Vladimir Shamanov was a general in the Russian military and a governor of the Ulyanovsk region. ... Georgy Shpak (right) with Vladimir Putin. ... German Alexeyevich Ugryumov (Russian: ; October 10, 1948, Astrakhan, Soviet Union â€“ May 31, 2001, Khankala, Chechnya) was a Soviet and Russian navy and security services official. ... Murat Magometovich Zyazikov (Russian: Мура́т Магоме́тович Зя́зиков) (born September 10, 1957) is the president of the southern Russian republic of Ingushetia. ...

Separatist political leaders and commanders

Aslan Maskhadov Aslan Aliyevich Maskhadov (Russian: ÐÑÐ»Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÑÑ…Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²) (September 21, 1951 â€“ March 8, 2005) was a leader of the separatist movement in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya. ... Sheikh Abdul Halim Sheikh Abdul-Halim Abu-Salamovich Sadulayev (Ð¨ÐµÐ¹Ñ… ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»-Ð¥Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð¼) (1967 â€“ 17 June 2006) was the fourth Chechen rebel president to be killed in 11 years of separatist warfare in the southern Russian region. ... General Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev (d. ... Ilyas Akhmadov Ilyas Khamzatovich Akhmadov (Ильяс Хамзатович Ахмадов) served as foreign minister of Chechnya before its reabsorption into Russia in the Second Chechen War. ... Vakha Arsanov was a former vice president in the Aslan Maskhadovs inter-war government of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. ... Turpal-Ali Atgeriev. ... Akhmed Avtorkhanov was a former head of security for Ichkerian President Aslan Maskhadov. ... Arbi Barayev with his gunmen Arbi Alautdinovich Barayev (Chechen: ÐÑ€Ð±Ð¸ ÐÐ»Ð°ÑƒÑ‚Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐµÐ²) (Russian: Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐµÐ², ÐÑ€Ð±Ð¸ ÐÐ»Ð°ÑƒÑ‚Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (1973 - June 23, 2001), nicknamed Terminator, was a Chechen warlord and renegade leader of Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR), a militant Chechen rebel group. ... Movsar Barayev in October 2002 (NTV) Movsar Barayev (ÐœÐ¾Ð²ÑÐ°Ñ€ Ð‘Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐµÐ²; died October 26, 2002), earlier known as Suleimanov, was a Chechen terrorist and militia leader who led the seizure of a Moscow theater (see Moscow theater hostage crisis) that led to the deaths of over 120 civilians. ... Shamil Basayev (Russian: ) (January 14, 1965 â€“ July 10, 2006) was a militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen separatist movement. ... Rizvan Chitigov was a Chechen rebel field commander. ... Ruslan Gelayev (Russian: ) (1964 â€“ February 28, 2004) also known as Hamzat Gelayev, radio callsign Black Angel, was a Chechen field commander in the Chechen separatist movement against Russia. ... Sultan Geliskhanov is a former field commander in the Chechen resistance against Russia and head of the State Security Service in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. ... Ibragim Khultygov is a former counter-intelligence chief for the separatist government in Chechnya [1] and one of the Kadyrovtsy commanders. ... Salman Raduyev (or Raduev, Russian: Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ð½ Ð Ð°Ð´ÑƒÐµÐ²; February 13, 1967 â€” December 14, 2002) was a Chechen rebel leader. ... Movladi Udugov (Russian: ÐœÐ¾Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ Ð£Ð´ÑƒÐ³Ð¾Ð²) (born 1962) is one of the main ideologues of the Chechen rebels. ... Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yandarbiyev (Chechen: Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ‚ Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°, Russian: Ð—ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ñ…Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ±Ð´ÑƒÐ¼ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¯Ð½Ð´Ð°Ñ€Ð±Ð¸ÐµÐ²) (September 12, 1952 â€“ February 13, 2004) was an acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1996-1997). ... Vanessa Redgrave and Akhmed Zakayev Akhmed Zakayev (ÐÑ…Ð¼ÐµÐ´ Ð—Ð°ÐºÐ°ÐµÐ²; born April 26, 1956) is the Foreign Minister of Chechen republic government-in-exile, appointed by the President Aslan Maskhadov shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by Abdul Halim Sadulayev. ... Rappani Khalilov is the militant leader of the Shariat Jamaat Islamist group in the volatile Russian republic of Dagestan who are thought to be responsible for the death of over 200 policemen and high profile politicians over the past five years. ... Ibn al-Khattab (Ø§Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¨), more commonly known as Amir Khattab (also transliterated as Emir Khattab and Ameer Khattab), and also known as Habib Abdul Rahman, was a warlord, terrorist organizer, and financier working with Chechen rebels in the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War. ... Rasul Makasharipov Rasul Makasharipov was a Dagestani Islamist rebel leader. ... Muhannad (Ù…Ù‡Ù†Ø¯) is a Mujahid Amir (commander) fighting in Chechnya. ... Abu Hafs al-Urduni (Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØÙØµ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ù†ÙŠ) (born Jordan, 1973, died November 26, 2006), also transliterated as Abu Hafs al-Urdani or Abu Hafs al-Ordni, was a Mujahid Amir (commander) fighting in Chechnya. ... Abu al-Walid (Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„ÙˆÙ„ÙŠØ¯) (born Saudi Arabia, date unknown, died April 16, 2004), also transliterated as Abu al-Waleed and also called Abu al-Walid al-Ghamdi or simply Abu Walid, was an Arab Mujahid of the Ghamid tribe who fought in both Chechen Wars. ... Akhmed Yevloyev (Amir Magas), also known as Magomet Yevloyev, was the Ingushetia-based deputy of the Chechen warlord Shamil Basayev. ...

Other associated people

Andrei Babitsky (ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€ÐµÐ¹ Ð‘Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ†ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ : Moscow, 26 September 1964) is a Russian journalist and war correspondant for Radio Free Europe. ... Supian Ependiyev was a veteran correspondent and editor-in-chief for the independent Chechen weekly Groznensky Rabochy, who was killed in a Russian army short-range ballistic missile attack on the Chechen capital, Grozny. ... Adlan Khasanov Adlan Khasanov (born 1970 â€” died 9 May 2004) â€” was a Chechen, Russian journalist and photographer, killed during a terrorist act in Grozny. ... Ramzan Mezhidov, 32, was a freelance cameraman working for the Moscow-based Centre TV. On October 29, 1999, together with Shamil Gigayev, a cameraman for independent Nokh Cho television in Grozny, he was killed during a Russian air strike on refugees fleeing Chechnya. ... Robert Young Pelton Â©Spencer Mandell. ... Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (Russian: ; 30 August 1958 â€“ 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist and human rights activist well known for her opposition to the Chechen conflict and the Putin administration. ... Roddy Scott, 31, was a British freelance cameraman working for Britains Frontline television news agency. ... Malika Umazheva was the former head of the of the pro-Moscow administration of the Chechen village Alkhan-Kala, who was murdered by a Russian servicemen on the night of November 29-30, 2002. ... General Alexander Baranov (left) ordering a summary execution of Khadzhi-Murat Yandiyev (right). ... Ruslan Aushev is the former Ingushetia president (March 1993 to December 2001). ... Aleksey Viktorovich Galkin is a former GRU officer who became well known in connection with Russian apartment bombings controversy. ... Kulayev following raid A native of Engenoi, Chechnya, Nur-Pashi Kulayev is thought to be the sole survivor of the 32 hostage-takers in the 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis, although Shamil Basayev denies the claim, stating that one other escaped[1] 24, and an unemployed carpenter at the time... Sergei Lapin (known as Kadet) is a former Russian police officer who had served in Grozny, Chechnya as a member of the special police detachment (OMON) from the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation. ... Timur Mucuraev (Chechen: Ð¢Ð¸Ð¼ÑƒÑ€ ÐœÑƒÑ†ÑƒÑ€Ð°ÐµÐ²) (born July 25, 1976 in Grozny, Chechnya) is a popular Chechen nasheed singer and bard. ... Lida Yusupova, Coordinator of Memorial - Grozny Office Lidia Muhtarovna Yusupova (Chechen: Ð›Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÐœÑƒÑ…Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð° Ð®ÑÑƒÐ¿Ð¾Ð²Ð°) (born September 15, 1961 in Grozny, Chechnya) is the Coordinator of the law office of the Moscow-based human rights organization Memorial. ...

Contents

Historical basis of the conflict var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};