Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв) (December 30, 1906– January 14, 1966) was the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the space race, known only as "the chief designer" during his lifetime. He is regarded as the Soviet Union's counterpart to Wernher von Braun. Sergei Korolev File links The following pages link to this file: Sergei Korolev ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... State motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (transliteration: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian, Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None; Russian (de facto) Capital Moscow Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km²  ?% Population  - Total  - Density 3rd before collapse 293,047,571 (July 1991) 13. ... Titan II rockets launched U.S. spacecraft from the 1960s through the 1980s. ... In May 1964, Wernher von Braun stands at his Marshall Space Flight Center desk in Huntsville, Alabama with models of rockets developed and in progress. ...

He grew up in Ukraine and was trained as an aircraft designer. However his professional strengths proved to be in organization, design integration, and strategic planning. He was caught up in the Stalinist purges of 1938, and spent some time in a Siberian gulag. After his release he went on to become a rocket designer, and was a key figure in the development of Russia's ICBM program. As the chief designer of the Soviet space program, he then oversaw the Sputnik and Vostok programs, and the plans to send a man to the Moon. He died unexpectedly at age 59 due to a botched surgical procedure. 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Gulag (Russian: ГУЛАГ   listen?) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно— Трудовых Лагерей и колонии, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp Administration. ... A Minuteman III missile soars after a test launch. ... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik program was a series of unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s to demonstrate the viability of artificial satellites. ... Vostok (Russian: , translated as East) may refer to one of the following. ... Crust composition Oxygen 43% Silicon 21% Aluminium 10% Calcium 9% Iron 9% Magnesium 5% Titanium 2% Nickel 0. ... A typical modern surgery operation For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia - lit. ...

Early life

He was born in Zhytomyr, a small city near Kiev in Ukraine, part of Imperial Russia. His parents, Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko and Pavel Yakovlevich, had wed in an arranged marriage and the union was not a happy one. Three years after his birth the couple separated due to financial difficulties. Sergei was informed by his mother that his father had died at the time, and only later learned that Pavel had lived until 1929. The two never met after the family break-up, although Pavel later wrote to Maria to request a meeting of his son. Zhytomyr (Ukrainian, Russian Житомир, Polish: Żytomierz) is the capital of the Zhytomyrska oblast in Ukraine. ... A monument to St. ... Big Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, adopted in 1882 Central element from the Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Sergei grew up in Nezhin, under the care of his grandparents. His mother had wanted an advanced education, and so was frequently away taking courses in Kiev. Sergei grew up a lonely child with few friends, but he proved a good student, especially in mathematics. In 1916 his mother married Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, an electrical engineer, and Grigory proved a good influence on the child. Grigory moved the family to Odessa in 1917, after getting a job with the regional railway. A monument to St. ... Hi dustin ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Odessa (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) is a city in the southwestern Ukraine, major port on the Black Sea and the administrative center of countrys Odessa Oblast (province). ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

The year 1918 was tumultuous in Russia, with the close of the World War and the Russian Revolution. The internecine struggles in continued until the Soviets assumed power in 1920. During this time period the local schools were closed and young Sergei had to continue his studies at home. In 1919 there were severe food shortages, and Sergei suffered from a bout of typhus. Even after this the family suffered through hard times, as did much of the remainder of the nation. 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia. ... Soviet redirects here. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This is about the disease Typhus. ...

Education

Korolev continued his schooling at the Odessa construction professional (Stroyprofshkola No. 1) where he received vocational training in carpentry as well as various academics. However his primary interest was in aviation, perhaps due to the influence of an air show he had enjoyed back in 1913. He made an independent study of flight theory, and also worked in the local glider club. A detachment of military seaplanes had been stationed in Odessa, and Sergei took a keen interest in their operations. A carpenter is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry -- a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing buildings, furniture, and other large objects out of wood. ... ... Link title1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for un-powered flight. ...

In 1923 he joined the Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation of Ukraine and the Crimea (OAVUK). Even this small group was a Communist Party organization, and as a member Sergei underwent indoctrination. By joining the Odessa hydroplane squadron he had his first flying lesson, and also had many opportunities to fly as a passenger. In 1924 he personally designed a glider called the K-5, which was accepted by the OAVUK as a construction project. At about the same time he also trained to become accomplished as a gymnast, but his academic work began to suffer from his distractions with these other interests. To pursue his interests, he decided in 1924 to attend the Kiev Polytechnical Institute as they had an aviation branch. In Kiev he lived with his uncle Yuri, and he earned money to pay for his courses by performing odd jobs. His curriculum was technically-oriented, and included various engineering, physics and mathematics classes. 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... In modern usage, a Communist party is a political party which promotes communism, a sociopolitical philosophy based on the particular interpretation of Marxism put forth by Vladimir Lenin. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1925 he was accepted into a limited class on glider construction. He was allowed to fly the training glider on which he worked, but ended up with two broken ribs. He continued with his courses, completing his second year in 1926. In July of that year he was accepted into the Moscow Bauman Highest Technical School (MVTU). 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bauman Moscow State Technical University is one of the oldest and biggest Russian educational institutions offering M.S. and Ph. ...

Korolev sitting in cockpit of the glider "Koktebel"

Until 1929, Korolev studied specialized topics in aviation at the school. He lived with his family, who had moved to Moscow, in what were typical but crowded conditions. In addition to his studies, Korolev had more opportunities to fly gliders and powered aircraft, and he reveled in the experience. He also designed a glider in 1928, and flew it in a competition the next year. During 1929 the Communist Party had decreed that the education of engineers be accelerated to meet the country's urgent need for their skills. Korolev could obtain a diploma by producing a practical aircraft design, and had the design completed and approved by the end of the year. His advisor was none other than Andrei Tupolev. Description: Sergei Korolev sitting in the cockpit of the Koktebel glider that he co-designed with Savva Lyushin in 1929. ... Description: Sergei Korolev sitting in the cockpit of the Koktebel glider that he co-designed with Savva Lyushin in 1929. ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA:   listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (Russian: ; November 10, 1888 – December 23, 1972) was a pioneering Russian aircraft designer. ...

Early career

Having graduated, Korolev began work at an aircraft design bureau designated OPO-4, or 4th Experimental Section. It was headed up by a Frenchman named Paul Richard and included a number of Russia's best designers. He did not stand out in this group, but while so employed he also worked privately on a pair of personal design projects. One of these was a glider design that was capable of performing acrobatics. By 1930 he became a lead engineer on Tupolev's TB-3 heavy bomber The borders of modern France closely align with those of the ancient territory of Gaul, inhabited by Celts known as Gauls. ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

In 1930, Korolev finally earned his pilot's license. The next year, on August 6, he was wed to Xenia Vincentini, a woman he had been courting since 1924. He had proposed marriage to her back then, but she declined as she wanted a higher education. It was during 1930 that Korolev became interested in the possibilities of liquid rocket engines. As his interest was primarily in aircraft, he saw the potential for use of these engines to propel airplanes. In 1931, together with Friedrich Zander, a space travel enthusiast, he participated in the creation of the Jet Propulsion Research Group (GIRD), one of the earliest state-sponsored centers for rocket development in the USSR. In May 1932 Korolev was appointed chief of the group. 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Friedrich Zander (August 23, 1887 - March 28, 1933), often referred to as Fridrikh Tsander (transliterated from the Russian version of his name: Фридрих Артурович Цандер) or Fridrihs Canders (the Latvian version of it) was a Soviet pioneer of rocketry and spaceflight. ... Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer-Earth objects and generally anything that involves the technologies, science, and politics regarding space endeavors. ...

During the following years the GIRD group developed three different propulsion systems, each more successful than the last. In 1932 the military became interested in the efforts of this group, and began providing some funding. In 1933 the group accomplished their first launch of a liquid-fueled rocket, which was called GIRD-09. This was just seven years after Robert Goddard's first little-publicized launch in 1926. In 1934 Korolev published the work "Rocket Flight in Stratosphere". 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Robert Goddard is the name of several notable individuals, including: Robert Goddard (scientist) (1882-1945), one of the pioneers of modern rocketry. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

With growing military interest in this new technology, it was decided by the government in 1933 to merge the GIRD organization with the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) in Leningrad. The merger created the Jet Propulsion Research Institute (RNII), headed up by the military engineer Ivan Kleimenov. However this merged group contained a number of people who were enthusiastic proponents of space travel, including Valentin Glushko. Korolev became the Deputy Chief of the institute. He led the development of cruise missiles and of a manned rocket-powered glider. Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. ... Valentin Petrovich Glushko (born September 2, 1908 in Odessa, Ukraine, died January 10, 1989) was a Russian engineer and rocketry pioneer. ... A Tomahawk cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile which uses a lifting wing and most often a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. ... Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for un-powered flight. ...

On April 10, 1935, Sergei's wife gave birth to their daughter, Natasha. In 1936 they were able to move out of Sergei's parent's home and into their own apartment. Both parents had careers, and Korolev always spent long hours at his design office. By now he was chief engineer at RNII. The RNII team continued their development work on rocketry, with particular focus on the area of stability and control. They developed automated gyroscope stabilization systems that allowed stable flight along a programmed trajectory. Korolev was a charismatic leader who served primarily as a engineering project manager. He was a demanding, hard-working man, with a disciplinary style of management. Korolev personally monitored all key stages of the programs and paid meticulous attention to detail. 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Acrobatic bicycle is possible thanks to gyroscopic effects A gyroscope is a device which demonstrates the principle of conservation of angular momentum. ...

Gulag

On June 22, 1938, during the Great Purge, men from the NKVD entered his apartment and summarily took him away. He was accused of subversion, apparently due to his desire to work on liquid-rocket powered aircraft rather than solid rockets. Supposedly he had spent too much money on a project that the RNII did not consider a top priority. Korolev was not given a trial, but was beaten by his captors and a "confession" was thus extracted. He was sentenced to imprisonment for ten years. Korolev later learned that he had been denounced by Glushko, and this resulted in a life long animosity between the two men as well as Korolev's constant suspicion of the other Chief Designers. June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Black Ravens by Boris Vladimirski, a depiction of the cars used by NKVD agents. ...

After months of transport and abuse, he finally arrived at the notorious Kolyma gulag camp in Siberia. The conditions in the camp were brutal, with harsh treatment, poor food and lack of adequate clothing and shelter against the elements. His camp is known to have produced a death rate in the tens of thousands per year, killing roughly 30 percent of the prison population per annum. The Kolyma River (Колыма́) is a river in Russia that empties into the East Siberian Sea. ... Gulag (Russian: ГУЛАГ   listen?) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно— Трудовых Лагерей и колонии, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp Administration. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ...

Other members of the RNII had also been arrested and the group's military leader was executed. Every person of significance who worked at the institute was executed during 1937-8, leaving Korolev very fortunate to have even survived. The program was set back for years and fell far behind the rapid progress taking place in Germany. Stalin's purges during this period left his military nearly decapitated, and gravely weakened the army just prior to the Nazi invasion in 1941. Look up Nazi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Sergei survived the gulag experience, but he lost all of his teeth, suffered a broken jaw, and developed a heart condition. He stayed five months in the camp (actually a surface gold mine) and spent his time there performing manual labor. Back in Moscow, however, they had decided to re-investigate his case. As a result he was to be shipped back west. On the train trip home, however, he suffered a case of scurvy and nearly died. Scurvy is a disease that results from insufficient intake of vitamin C and leads to the formation of livid spots on the skin, spongy gums and bleeding from almost all mucous membranes. ...

Following the reinvestigation, Korolev's sentence was reduced to eight years. At this point a number of notable Russians interceded on his behalf, and he was kept from returning to the gulag. Instead he was assigned to a "sharashka", a type of penitentiary for intellectuals and the educated. These were effectively a slave-labor camp for scientists and engineers to work on projects assigned by the communist party leadership. Sharashka (sometimes Sharaga or Sharazhka, Russian: шара́шка) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system. ...

The Central Design Bureau 29 (KB-29, ЦКБ-29) of the NKVD, served as Tupolev's engineering facility, and Korolev was brought here to work for his old mentor. During World War II, this sharashka designed both the Tupolev Tu-2 bomber and the Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft. The group was moved several times during the war, the first time to avoid capture by advancing German forces. Black Ravens by Boris Vladimirski, a depiction of the cars used by NKVD agents. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that engulfed much of the globe... The Tupolev Tu-2 (Development names ANT-58 and 103, NATO reporting name Bat) was a twin-engine Soviet light bomber aircraft of WW2 vintage. ... An Ilyushin Il-2 The Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik was one of the most formidable ground attack aircraft of World War II, and was produced by the Soviet Union in huge numbers; a total of 36,163 according to one source. ...

In 1942 Korolev managed to be moved to another "sharashka" under the rocket engine designer Glushko. The sharashka designed rocketry plane busters. Korolev was kept in this sharashka and isolated from his family until 1944. He lived under constant fear of being shot for the military secrets he possessed, and was deeply affected by his time in the gulag, becoming reserved and cautious. On June 27, 1944, Korolev (along with Tupolev, Glushko and others) was finally discharged by special government decree and his prior convictions were dismissed. The design bureau was handed over from NKVD control to the government's aviation industry commission. Still Korolev continued working with the bureau for another year, serving as deputy designer under Glushko and studying various rocket designs. This article is about the year. ... Sharashka (sometimes Sharaga or Sharazhka, Russian: шара́шка) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system. ... Valentin Petrovich Glushko (born September 2, 1908 in Odessa, Ukraine, died January 10, 1989) was a Russian engineer and rocketry pioneer. ... A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust from within a rocket engine. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Ballistic missiles

In 1945 Korolev was awarded the Badge of Honor, his first decoration, for his work on the development of rocket motors for military aircraft. The same year he was commissioned into the Red Army, with a rank of colonel. Along with other rocketry experts, he was flown to Germany to gather information on the German V-2 rocket. The soviets placed a priority in reproducing lost documentation on the V-2, and studying the various parts and captured manufacturing facilities. In 1946 it was decided by the Soviet government to ship some 5,000 German rocket workers back to Russia, effectively kidnapping them, although they were treated relatively decently. 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Colonel is both a military rank and civilian title, used by nearly every country in the world. ... German test launch. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Stalin had decided to make missile development a national priority, and the German "recruits" were placed into a new institute created for the purpose, the NII-88. Development of ballistic missiles was put under the military control of Dimitri Ustinov, with Korolev serving as chief designer of long-range missiles. Korolev demonstrated his organizational abilities in this new facility, keeping a dysfunctional and highly-compartmentalized organization operating. The Germans at the facility were held in what was effectively a prison workshop, surrounded by barbed wire and armed female guards. Polish missile wz. ... Dimitri Fyodorovich Ustinov (October 17, 1908–December 20, 1984) was Defense Minister of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death. ...

Sergei Korolev at the Kapustin Yar firing range in 1953.

With the documents reproduced, thanks in part to disassembled V-2 rockets, the team now began producing a working replica of the rocket. This was designated the R-1, and was first tested in October, 1947. A total of eleven were launched, with five landing on target. This was comparable to the German success rate, and demonstrated the unreliability of the rocket. The Russians continued to utilize the expertise of the Germans on their rocket designs until about 1952 when the first groups began to return home. (The last group returned in 1954.) Description: The caption on the Centennial of Flight web page reads: Chief Designer Sergey Korolev stands at the Kapustin Yar firing range in 1953, the same year that he joined the Communist Party and was elected a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. ... Description: The caption on the Centennial of Flight web page reads: Chief Designer Sergey Korolev stands at the Kapustin Yar firing range in 1953, the same year that he joined the Communist Party and was elected a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. ... The R-1 rocket (SS-1) (and its evolved version R-2 or SS-2) was a copy of the German V-2 rocket manufactured by the Soviet Union. ... 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1947 the NII-88 group under Korolev began working on more advanced designs, with improvements in range and throw weight. The R-2 doubled the range of the V-2, and was the first design to utilize a separate warhead. This was followed by the R-3, which had a range of 3,000 kilometers, and thus could target bases in England. However Glushko couldn't get the engines to develop the required thrust, and the project was canceled in 1952. 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The R-1 rocket (SS-1) (and its evolved version R-2 or SS-2) was a copy of the German V-2 rocket manufactured by the Soviet Union. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

That same year work began on the R-5 (code-named SS-3 Shyster by NATO) which had a more modest 1,200 km range. This completed a successful first flight by 1953. The first true ICBM, however, would be the R-7 (code-named SS-6 Sapwood). This was a two-stage rocket with a maximum payload of 5.4 tons, sufficient to carry the Soviet's bulky nuclear bomb a distance of 7,000 km. After several test failures, the R-7 successfully launched on August, 1957, sending a dummy payload to Kamchatka. The R-5 (also known as the 8K51 and by the NATO reporting name SS-3 Shyster) was a Soviet IRBM designed by the Korolev Design Bureau. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... A Minuteman III missile soars after a test launch. ... R-7 with Sputnik 2 The R-7 (Semyorka) was the worlds first ICBM and was deployed by the Soviet Union. ... R-7 with Sputnik 2 The R-7 (Semyorka) was the worlds first ICBM and was deployed by the Soviet Union. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kamchatka is the land of volcanoes. ...

It was in 1952 that Korolev joined the Soviet Communist Party, a tactical necessity if he was to request money from the government for his future projects. It would not be until April 19, 1957, however that he would be fully "rehabilitated", and the government acknowledged that his sentence was unjust. In modern usage, a Communist party is a political party which promotes communism, a sociopolitical philosophy based on the particular interpretation of Marxism put forth by Vladimir Lenin. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Personal life

The Soviet emigre Leonid Vladimirov relates the following description of Korolev by Glushko at about this time:

"Short of stature, heavily built, with head sitting awkward on his body, with brown eyes glistening with intelligence, he was a skeptic, a cynic and a pessimist who took the gloomiest view of the future. 'We will all vanish without a trace' was his favorite expression."

Korolev was rarely known to drink vodka or other alcoholic beverages, and chose to live a fairly basic lifestyle. He remained a handsome and solidly built man, and was fond of women and they of him.

About 1946 the marriage of Sergei and Xenia began to break up. Xenia was heavily occupied with her own career, and at about this time Sergei had an affair with a younger, pretty woman named Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova. Xenia, who still loved Sergei and was angry over the infidelity, was divorced in 1948. Sergei and Nina then were wed in 1949, but he was known to have had affairs even after his remarriage to Nina. 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

Space program

Korolev was key in the design and launch of Sputnik 1, the first ever artificial satellite

In spite of the Soviet progress on ICBM technology, Korolev was preoccupied with the use of rockets for space travel. In 1953 he first proposed the use of the R-7 design for launching a satellite into orbit. He pushed his ideas with the Russian Academy of Sciences, including a concept for sending a dog into space. He also had to overcome resistance in the military and among party members. Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Sputnik 1 Space Race Sergei Korolev Satcom 1 ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Sputnik 1 Space Race Sergei Korolev Satcom 1 ... Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be launched into orbit, on October 4, 1957. ... For other uses, please see Satellite (disambiguation) A satellite is an object that orbits another object (known as its primary). ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

In 1957, during the International Geophysical Year, the concept of launching a satellite began to appear in the American press. The U.S. government were not well disposed toward the idea of spending millions of dollars on this concept, and so it was effectively frozen for a period. However Korolev's group followed the western press, and they thought it possible to beat the U.S. to the punch. He was finally able to win over support because of competition with the U.S. by suggesting that the USSR should try to be the first country to launch a satellite. 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Geophysical Year or IGY was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...

The actual development of Sputnik was performed in less than a month. This was a very simple design, consisting of little more than a polished metal sphere, a transmitter, thermal measuring instruments, and batteries. Korolev personally managed the assembly, and the work was very hectic. Finally on October 4th, 1957, launched on a rocket that had only successfully launched once, the satellite was placed in orbit. Sputnik 1 The Sputnik program was a series of unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s to demonstrate the viability of artificial satellites. ...

The effect of this launch was electric, and produced many political ramifications for the future. Khrushchev was pleased with this success, and decided that it should be followed up by a new achievement in time for the 40th anniversary of the Russian revolution. This was less than a month away, on November 3rd. The result was Sputnik 2. Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia. ... Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, at 19:12:00 on November 3, 1957, and was the first spacecraft to carry biological material. ...

R-7 with Sputnik 2

This new spacecraft would weigh six times the mass of the Sputnik 1, and would include as a payload the dog Laika. The entire vehicle was designed from scratch within four weeks, with no time for testing or quality checks. It was successfully launched on November 3rd, and the dog was placed in orbit and still alive though it died soon after due to heat exhaustion. Download high resolution version (782x1200, 659 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (782x1200, 659 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Laika, shown here in a harness, died from stress and overheating several hours after being launched into space. ...

Alas this string of successes ran out with the launch of Sputnik 3. This instrument-laden spacecraft was sent into orbit on May 15th the following year. However the tape recorder that was to store the data failed after launch. As a result the discovery and mapping of the Van Allen radiation belts were left to the American's Explorer 4 in July. What the Sputnik 3 did do, however, was to leave little doubt with the American government about the Soviet's pending ICBM capability. Mission profile Sputnik 3 was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM. It was a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space. ... Van Allen radiation belts The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (ie. ... Explorer 4 was a US satellite launched on July 26, 1958. ...

Moon

Korolev now turned his attention to reaching the Moon. A modified version of the R-7 launch vehicle would be used, with a new upper stage. The engine for this final stage was the first designed to be fired in outer space. The first three probes sent to the Moon in 1958 failed. The Luna 1 mission in 1959 was intended to impact the surface, but missed by about 6,000 km. Another probe failed and then the Luna 2 successfully impacted the surface, giving the Soviets another first. This was followed by an even greater success with Luna 3. It was launched only two years after Sputnik 1, and was the first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the Moon. Crust composition Oxygen 43% Silicon 21% Aluminium 10% Calcium 9% Iron 9% Magnesium 5% Titanium 2% Nickel 0. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and the first of the Luna programme of Soviet automatic interplanetary stations successfully launched in the direction of the Moon. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Luna 2 was the second of the Soviet Unions Luna program spacecraft launched in the direction of the Moon. ... Luna 3, an automatic interplanetary station of the Luna program, was the third spacecraft successfully launched to the Moon and the first to return images of the lunar far side. ... Far side of the Moon. ...

Korolev's group was also working on ambitious programs for missions to the Mars and Venus, putting a man in orbit, launching communication, spy and weather satellites, and making a soft-landing on the Moon. A radio communication center needed to be built in the Crimea to control the spacecraft. Mars, with polar ice caps visible. ... (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9. ... The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Russian transliteration: Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, , pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ...

Manned flight

Korolev's planning for the manned mission had begun back in 1958, when design studies were made on the future Vostok spacecraft. It was to hold a single passenger in a space suit, and be fully automated. The capsule had an escape mechanism for problems prior to launch, and a soft-landing and ejection system during the recovery. 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Vostok (Восток, translated as East) was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Unions space program for human spaceflight. ... Apollo 15 space suit A spacesuit is a complex system of garments, equipment, and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space. ...

On May 15, 1960 an unmanned prototype performed 64 orbits of the Earth, but failed to return. Four tests were then sent into orbit carrying dogs, of which the last two were fully successful. After gaining approval from the government, a modified version of the R-7 was used to launch Yuri Alexeevich Gagarin into orbit on April 12, 1961, the first man in space. He returned to Earth via a parachute after ejecting at an altitude of 7 km. 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; YOO-ree a-lek-SE-ye-veech ga-GA-reen; March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968), was a Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 became the first human to travel into space. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969.

This was followed up by additional Vostok flights, culminating with 81 orbits completed with Vostok 5 and the launch of the first woman cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6. Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Tyura-Tam in early July 1969. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Tyura-Tam in early July 1969. ... The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Russian: Космодром Байконур, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest working space launch facility. ... Like Vostoks 3 and 4, Vostok 5 and 6 were joint missions in the Soviet space program, and like the previous pair, came close to one another in orbit and established a radio link. ... Valentina Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Russian: ; born March 6, 1937), Soviet cosmonaut, flew on Vostok 6 in 1963 to become the first woman in space. ... A joint flight with Vostok 5, Vostok 6 carried the first woman into space, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova. ...

Following Vostok Korolev planned to move forward with Soyuz craft that would be able to dock with other craft in orbit and exchange crews. However he was directed by Khruschev to cheaply produce more 'firsts' for the manned programme. Korolev was reported to have resisted the idea, since he currently lacked a rocket of sufficient capability to lift a three-man capsule into space. However Khruschev was not interested in technical excuses and let it be known that if Korolev couldn't do it, he would hand the work off to his rival Chalomei. Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching International Space Station Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England Soyuz (Soyus, Союз, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolev for the Soviet... Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Voskhod

To complete this task his group designed the Voskhod, an incremental improvement on the Vostok. One of the difficulties in the design of the Voskhod was the need to land it via parachute. The three-person crew could not bail out and land by parachute, since the altitude would not be survivable. So the craft would need much larger parachutes in order to land safely. However some tests with the craft resulted in failures, causing the death of some test animals. This gave Korolev pause, but the problem was solved through the use of new parachute material. The Voskhod (Восход, translated as Sunrise) was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Unions space program for human spaceflight (see Voskhod programme). ...

The resulting Voskhod was a stripped-down vehicle from which any excess weight had been removed. Even the crew were placed on a special diet to reduce their weight. The vehicle was launched into space at close to the maximum launch weight of the Vostok rocket, requiring the consumption of the entire fuel supply.

This spacecraft made one unmanned test flight, then on October 12, 1964 a crew of three cosmonauts was launched into space and made sixteen orbits. This craft was designed to perform a soft landing, thus eliminating a need for the ejection system. The crew was also sent into orbit without space suits, another risky move. 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit. ...

With the Americans planning a space walk with their Gemini program, the soviets decided to trump them again by performing a space walk on the second Voskod launch. After rapidly adding an airlock, the Voskhod 2 was launched on March 18, 1965, and Alexei Leonov performed the world's first space walk. The flight very nearly ended in disaster and plans for further Voskhod missions were shelved. In the meantime the change of Soviet leadership with the fall of Kruschev meant that Korolev was back in favour and given charge of beating the US to landing a man on the moon. In mythology, the Gemini are Castor and Polydeuces. ... Voskhod 2 was a Soviet manned space mission. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... Aleksei Leonov Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov (Cyrillic: Алексе́й Архи́пович Лео́нов; born May 30, 1934 in Listvyanka) is a retired cosmonaut who, on March 18, 1965 became the first person to walk in space. ...

For the moon race, Korolev's staff designed the immense N1 rocket. He also had in work the design for the Soyuz manned spacecraft, as well as the Luna vehicles that would soft landed on the Moon and unmanned missions to Mars and Venus. But, unexpectedly, he was to die before he could see his various plans brought to fruition. N1 rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching International Space Station Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England Soyuz (Soyus, Союз, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolev for the Soviet...

Death

On December 3, 1960, Korolev suffered his first heart attack. During his convalescence it was also discovered that he was suffering from a kidney disorder, a condition brought on by his detention in the Soviet prison camps. He was warned by the doctors that if he continued to work as intensely as he had, he would not live long. However Korolev reasoned that once the Soviets lost their leadership in space, the capricious Khruschev would likely cut off the funding for his programs. So he continued to work even more intensely than before. Sergei Korolev, from http://www. ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ...

By 1962 Sergei Korolev's health problems were beginning to accumulate and he was suffering from numerous ailments. He had a bout of intestinal bleeding that led to him being taken to the hospital in the ambulance. In 1964 doctors diagnosed him with cardiac arrhythmia. In February he spent ten days in the hospital after a heart problem. Shortly after he was suffering from inflammation of the gallbladder. The mounting pressure of his schedule was also taking a toll, and he was suffering from fatigue. He was also growing deaf, perhaps due to noise from rocket engine tests. 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Cardiac arrhythmia is a group of conditions in which muscle contraction of the heart is irregular for any reason. ... Gall bladder The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...

The actual circumstances of his death are somewhat uncertain. In December of 1965 he was supposedly diagnosed with a bleeding polyp in his large intestine. He entered the hospital on January 5, 1966 for routine surgery. Nine days later he died, apparently due to a botched operation. It was stated by the government that he had what turned out to be a large, cancerous tumor in his gut. But Glushko later reported that he actually died due to a poorly performed operation for haemorrhoids. His weak heart then contributed to his demise following the operation. 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... In zoology, a polyp is one of two forms of individuals found in many species of cnidarians. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the colon is the part of the intestine from the cecum to the rectum. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... See the article about cancer for the main article about malignant tumors. ...

Under a policy initiated by Stalin then continued by his successors, the identity of Korolev was never revealed until his death. The purported reason was to "protect" him from foreign agents from the U.S.. As a result the Russian people didn't become aware of his accomplishments until after his death. His obituary was published in Pravda on January 16, showing a photograph of Korolev with all his medals. He was buried with state honors in the Kremlin wall. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... An obituary is a notice of the death of a person, usually published in a newspaper, written or commissioned by the newspaper (rather than written by relatives), and usually including a short biography. ... This article treats the Soviet/Russian newspaper. ... A view of the Moscow Kremlin Kremlin Wall refers to the defense wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its Kremlin towers. ...

Korolev is often compared to Wernher von Braun as the leading architect of Space Race. Unlike Von Braun, Korolev had to compete continually with rivals such as Vladimir Chelomei who had their own plans for flights to the moon. He also had to work with less advanced technology than was available in the U.S. In May 1964, Wernher von Braun stands at his Marshall Space Flight Center desk in Huntsville, Alabama with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... Titan II rockets launched U.S. spacecraft from the 1960s through the 1980s. ... Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomei (Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й) (June 30, 1914—December 8, 1984) was a Soviet mechanics scientist and rocket engineer. ...

Korolev's successor in the Soviet space program was Vassily Mishin. Mishin was a highly competent engineer who served as Korolev's deputy and right-hand man. After Korolev died he became Chief Designer and inherited what turned out to be a flawed N-1 program. In 1972 Mishin was fired and replaced by the rival Valentin Glushko after four N-1 launches failed. By that time the rival Americans had already made it to the Moon, and so the program was cancelled by Leonid Brezhnev. 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Valentin Petrovich Glushko (born September 2, 1908 in Odessa, Ukraine, died January 10, 1989) was a Russian engineer and rocketry pioneer. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev   listen? (Russian: ) (December 19 (O.S. December 6) 1906 – November 10, 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ...

Awards and honors

Among his awards, he was twice bestowed the Hero of Socialist Labor in 1956 and 1961. He was also a Lenin Prize winner in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Lenin three times. In 1958 he was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor (Герой Социалистического Труда in Russian, or Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorary title in the Soviet Union and the highest degree of distinction for exceptional achievements in national economy and culture. ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lenin Prize (Russian: Ле́нинская пре́мия) was one of the highest awards in the Soviet Union. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Order of Lenin (ru: Орден Ленина), named after the leader of the Russian Revolution, was the second highest national order of the Soviet Union (Highest was the Order of Victory). ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

A street in Moscow was named after Sergei Korolev in 1966 and is now called Ulitsa Akademika Koroleva (Academician Korolev Street). The memorial home-museum of akademician S.P.Korolev was established in 1975 in the house where Korolev lived since 1959 till 1966 (Moscow, 6th Ostankinsky Lane,2/28). [1] In 1976 he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame. [2] In 1986 the USSR produced a 10k postage stamp to honor Sergei Korolev. [3] 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA:   listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1986 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The town of Kalingrad (formerly Podlipki) is the home of RSC Energia, the largest space company in Russia. In 1996, Boris Yeltsin renamed the town to Korolev. There is now an oversized statue of SP Korolev located in the town square. RSC Energia was also renamed to S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia. S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (also known as RKK Energiya) is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. ... 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin   listen? (Борис Николаевич Ельцин, b. ... Korolev (in Russian, Королёв), is an industrial city near to Moscow, well-known as the cradle of space exploration. ... S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (also known as RKK Energiya) is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. ...

There are some astronomical features named after Korolev, including Korolev crater on the far side of the Moon and another crater on Mars. The asteroid 1855 Korolev is also named for him. In ancient Greece and other early civilizations, astronomy consisted largely of astrometry, measuring positions of stars and planets in the sky. ... Korolev is a large lunar crater of the form commonly termed a walled-plain. ... Far side of the Moon. ... This article is about impact craters, also known as meteor craters. ... Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ... An asteroid is a small, solid object in our Solar System, orbiting the Sun. ...

Bibliography

• S. P. Korolev, Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere, Moscow, 1934.
• S. P. Korolev, The Practical Significance of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's Proposals in the Field of Rocketry, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1957.

The Stratosphere is also a major hotel and casino resort in Las Vegas. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA:   listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Konstanty CioÅ‚kowski), (Константин Эдуардович Циолковский; September 5, 1857 new style – September 19, 1935) was a Russian rocket scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics who spent most of his life in a log-house at the outskirts of the Russian town of Kaluga. ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon, 1997, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-14853-9.
• Leonid Vladimirov, The Russian Space Bluff, (trans. David Floyd), 1971, The Dial Press, ISBN 0854680233.
• Vassily P. Mishin, Why Didn't We Fly to the Moon?, JPRS-USP-91-006, November 12, 1991, pg. 10.
• A fictionalized but historically plausible account of Korolev's last days can be found in the short story The Chief Designer by Andy Duncan.

See also: 1996 in literature, other events of 1997, 1998 in literature, list of years in literature. ... See also: 1970 in literature, other events of 1971, 1972 in literature, list of years in literature. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Soviet Moonshot
• Space Race
• Vostok
• Voskhod
• Soyuz
• Vasily Mishin
• Wernher von Braun

This article deals only with preparations for manned flight to the Moon by the USSR. For the Moon research by Soviet automatic interplanetary stations see Luna program. ... Titan II rockets launched U.S. spacecraft from the 1960s through the 1980s. ... The Vostok program (Восто́к, translated as East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project that succeeded in putting a person into Earth orbit for the first time. ... Voskhod (Russian: Восход, translated as Sunrise) is the name of: The Soviet Voskhod programme of human spaceflight The spacecraft used in that programme The rocket that was used to launch those spacecraft It is also: A brand of camera A brand of motorcycle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational... Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching International Space Station Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England Soyuz (Soyus, Союз, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolev for the Soviet... In May 1964, Wernher von Braun stands at his Marshall Space Flight Center desk in Huntsville, Alabama with models of rockets developed and in progress. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

Sergei Korolev

• Biography, on the official website of administration of Korolev town.
• Phil Delnon about Korolev life and work: http://www.axiomatic.org.uk/phoenix/korolev.htm
• PBS Red Files
• Korolev, Mastermind of the Soviet Space Program
• Korolev - detailed biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
• Detailed biography at Centennial of Flight website