Preceded by: Twosret	Pharaoh of Egypt 20th Dynasty	Succeeded by: Ramesses III
Setnakhte
Also written Setnakht
Reign	1186 BC–1183 BC
Nomen	Setnakht Meryamunra (stX-nxt mrr-imnra) Seth Is Victorious ; Beloved Of Amon-Re[1]
Praenomen	Userkhaure-setepenre (wsr-xaw-ra stp.n-ra) Powerful are the forms of Re, Chosen of Re
Golden Horus	Sekhemkhepeshder(kher)uef
Nebty name	Tutkhaumitatjenen
Horus name	Kanakht Werpehti
Died	1183 BC
Burial	KV14

Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte (also Setnakht) was the first Pharaoh (1186 BC–1183 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and the father of Ramesses III. He was originally believed to have enjoyed a reign of only 2 Years based upon his Year 2 Elephantine stela but his Third Regnal Year is now attested in Inscription No.271 on Mount Sinai^[2] If his theoretical accession date is assumed to be II Shemu 10 based on the date of his Elephantine stela, Setnakhte would have ruled Egypt for at least 2 Years and 11 Months before he died, or nearly 3 Full Years. This date is only 3 months removed from Twosret's Highest known date of Year 8, III Peret 5 and is based upon a calculation of Ramesses III's known Accession date of I Shemu 26. Pharaoh (Arabic فرعون ; Hebrew פַּרְעֹה ; Geez ፈርዖን FärÊ»on) is a title used to refer to the rulers of Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Queen Twosret Sitre Meryamun was a Queen of Egypt and the last Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... Pharaoh (Arabic فرعون ; Hebrew פַּרְעֹה ; Geez ፈርዖን FärÊ»on) is a title used to refer to the rulers of Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twentieth Dynasty. ... Osirid statues of Ramses III at his temple at Medinet Habu. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Centuries: 13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC Decades: 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC 1140s BC 1130s BC Events and trends April 24 1184 BC - Traditional date of the fall of Troy. ... Centuries: 13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC Decades: 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC 1140s BC 1130s BC Events and trends April 24 1184 BC - Traditional date of the fall of Troy. ... The Fivefold Titulary of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The Fivefold Titulary of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The Fivefold Titulary of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The Fivefold Titulary of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... The Fivefold Titulary of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt. ... Image File history File links Srxtail2. ... Centuries: 13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC Decades: 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC 1140s BC 1130s BC Events and trends 1186 BC - End of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Twentieth Dynasty. ... Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb, used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte. ... Pharaoh (Arabic فرعون ; Hebrew פַּרְעֹה ; Geez ፈርዖን FärÊ»on) is a title used to refer to the rulers of Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. ... Centuries: 13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC Decades: 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC 1140s BC 1130s BC Events and trends April 24 1184 BC - Traditional date of the fall of Troy. ... Centuries: 13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC Decades: 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC 1140s BC 1130s BC Events and trends April 24 1184 BC - Traditional date of the fall of Troy. ... History of Ancient Egypt, Twentieth Dynasty The Twentieth Dynasty was founded by Setnakhte, but its only important member was Rameses III, who modelled his career after Rameses II the Great. ... The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Osirid statues of Ramses III at his temple at Medinet Habu. ... Stele is also a concept in plant biology. ... Queen Twosret Sitre Meryamun was a Queen of Egypt and the last Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ...

While his reign was brief, it was just long enough for him to stabilize the political situation in Egypt, and to establish his son, Rameses III onto the throne of Egypt. Setnakhte started work on a tomb, KV11, in the Valley of the Kings, but stopped it when the tombcarvers accidentally broke into the tomb of the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Amenmesse. Setnakhte then appropriated the tomb of Queen Twosret (KV14) for his own use. Setnakhte's origins are not known, and he may have been a commoner, although some Egyptologists believe that he was related to the previous dynasty, the Nineteenth, through his mother and may thus have been a grand-son of Ramesses II. His son, Ramesses III, is regarded as the last great king of the New Kingdom, was named after Rameses II and took on many of this kings attributes. The beginning of the Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which documents the reign of Ramesses III, provides some details about Setnakhte's rise to power. An excerpt of Breasted's 1906 translation of this document is provided below: Located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings, tomb KV11 was originally started by Setnakhte, but abandoned when it broken into another tomb (KV10), then restarted and extended by Ramesses III. Categories: Ancient Egypt stubs | Valley of the Kings ... View over the East Valley The Valley of the Kings, or Wadi el-Muluk (وادي الملوك) in Arabic, is a valley in Egypt where tombs were built for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. ... History of Ancient Egypt, Nineteenth Dynasty The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by the soldier Ramesses I, to whom Pharoah Horemheb willed the throne. ... nomen or birth name Amenmesse (also Amenmesses) was the 5th ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt, possibly the son of Merneptah and queen Takhat. ... Queen Twosret Sitre Meryamun was a Queen of Egypt and the last Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb, used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte. ... Egyptologist is the designation given to an archaeologist or historian who specialises in Egyptology, the scientific study of Ancient Egypt and its antiquities. ... Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Praenomen Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef Meritamen Father Seti I Mother Queen Tuya... Papyrus Harris I is also known as the Great Harris Papyrus and (less accurately) simply the Harris Papyrus (though there are a number of other papyri in the Harris collection). ... Cover of Time Magazine, December 14, 1931 James Henry Breasted (August 27, 1865–December 2, 1935) was born in Rockford, Illinois and was an archaeologist and historian. ...

"The land of Egypt was overthrown from without, and every man was thrown out of his right; they had no "chief mouth" for many years formerly until other times. The land of Egypt was in the hands of chiefs and of rulers of towns; one slew his neighbour, great and small. Other times having come after it, with empty years, Irsu ('a self-made man'), a certain Syrian (Kharu) was with them as chief (wr). He set plundering their(ie: the people's) possessions. They made gods like men, and no offerings were presented in the temples.

"But when the gods inclined themselves to peace, to set the land in its rights according to its accustomed manner, they established their son, who came forth from their limbs, to be ruler, LPH, of every land, upon their great throne, Userkhaure-setepenre-meryamun, LPH, the son of Re, Setnakht-merire-meryamun, LPH. He was Khepri-Set, when he is enraged; he set in order the entire land which had been rebellious; he slew the rebels who were in the land of Egypt; he cleansed the great throne of Egypt; he was ruler of the Two Lands, on the throne of Atum. He gave ready faces to those who had been turned away. Every man knew his brother who had been walled in. He established the temples in possession of divine offerings, to offer to the gods acccording to their customary stipulations."

Significantly, the Harris Papyrus does not say that Setnakhte killed Chancellor Bay who is the only plausible candidate for this Irsu. Rather, Setnakhte is only credited with establishing order after an exaggerated period of chaos and civil war. This detail conforms well with the historical evidence which shows that Bay probably died in Year 5 of Siptah. Irsu or Iarsu, a title meaning self made, used by the 1st Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty, Setnakhte Userkhaure Setepenre, and his son Rameses III Usermaatre Meryamun, is thought by many to refer to this Bay Chancellor of Egypt in the closing stages of the 19th Dynasty. ... Chancellor Bay was originally a royal scribe to Seti II, but he quickly rose to prominence as chancellor and then became the real power behind the throne during the reigns of Seti II and Siptah. ... Irsu or Iarsu, a title meaning self made, used by the 1st Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty, Setnakhte Userkhaure Setepenre, and his son Rameses III Usermaatre Meryamun, is thought by many to refer to this Bay Chancellor of Egypt in the closing stages of the 19th Dynasty. ... nomen or birth name Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merneptah Siptah was the son of Seti II and Queen Tiaa. ...

Siptah's Stele at Elephantine seems to have referred to these same events, referring to an expulsion of Asiatics, who fled, leaving the gold they looted from Egyptian temples behind. It is unsure the degree to which this inscription referred to contemporary events or rather repeated anti-Asiatic sentiment from the reign of Pharaoh Ahmose. Setnakhte also identified with the God Atum or Temu, and built a temple to this God at Per-Atum (Biblical Pithom} This name may refer to (amongst others): Ahmose I, a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. ... History Atum (alternatively spelt Tem, Temu, Tum, and Atem) is an early deity in Egyptian mythology, whose cult centred on the Ennead of Heliopolis. ... Temu can refer to a number of things: Temu was the evening form of Ra, an ancient Egyptian god Temu is a Chagga Clan Name in Tanzania Temu (plant) is a plant used by aboriginal Chileans for medicinal purposes Temù is a commune in the province of Brescia This is... Pithom (Hebrew: פתם) is one of the cities which, according to Exodus 1:11, was built for the Pharaoh of the oppression by the forced labor of the Israelites. ...

Setnakhte may have been the first Pharaoh mentioned in Greek mythology. Marian Luban^[3] quotes Diodorus Siculus: "A man of obscure origin was chosen king, whom the Egyptians call 'Ketes', but who among the Greeks is thought to be that Proteus who lived at the time of the war about Ilium." Ketes, from Egyptian Khenti, means the same as Proteios, meaning "first". The Elephantine Stela confirms Diodorus "He was chosen, His Majesty, l.p.h., as the "Khenty-Heh", the "First One of Millions", regardless of countless others being more significant than he." In other words, King Setnakht may have been a commoner or a prince of the royal blood somehow connected to the 19th Dynasty.

References

1. ^ [1] Setnakht Meryamunra
2. ^ Von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, 1997, p. 201-202
3. ^ Luban, Marianne "Setnakhte and the Classical Memory"http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/setnakht.html

Jürgen von Beckerath (born 19 February 1920) is a German egyptologist. ...

Sources

• James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4,(1906), pp.198-199
• Erik Hornung, Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches (1964)
• J. Von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, Philip Von Zabern, (Mainz: 1997), pp.94-98 and pp.201-202
• Luban, Marianne "Setnakhte and the Classical Memory"http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/setnakht.html