Two sign language Intepreters working as a team for a school. A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication, body language and lip patterns instead of sound to convey meaning—simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages commonly develop in deaf communities, which can include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Interpreting or interpretation is the intellectual activity that consists of facilitating oral or sign language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two or among three or more speakers who are not speaking, or signing, the same language. ...
Pupils in a traditional classroom situation signal to their teacher that they want to be heard Manual communication systems use articulation of the hands (hand signs), gestures, body language and facial expressions in place of the voice to mediate a message between persons. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a longitudinal wave, and therefore is a mechanical wave. ...
The hands (med. ...
Look up ARM in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual. ...
A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. ...
Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
The word deaf can have very different meanings depending on the background of the person speaking or the context in which the word is used. ...
This article is about hearing impairment in the pathological sense. ...
As is the case in spoken language, sign language differs from one region to another. However, when people using different signed languages meet, communication is significantly easier than when people of different spoken languages meet. Sign language, in this respect, gives access to an international deaf community. Sign language is however not universal, and many different sign languages exist that are mostly mutually unintelligible.
Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages develop, in fact their complex spatial grammars are markedly different than spoken language. In many cases, various signed "modes" of spoken languages have been developed, such as Signed English and Warlpiri Sign Language. Hundreds of sign languages are in use around the world and are at the core of local Deaf cultures. Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ...
The Warlpiri language is spoken by the Warlpiri Aboriginal community in the central desert region of Australia, and is also known as WALBIRI, ELPIRA, ILPARA, WAILBRI and WALPIRI. When in mourning, Warlpiri women often do not talk for long periods of time, and a signed mode of the language is...
This article describes aspects of Deaf cultures. ...
The recognition of sign languages is one of the major concerns of the international Deaf community. ...
Exemplary for the mature status of sign languages is the growing body of sign language poetry, and other stage performances. The poetic mechanisms available to signing poets are not all available to a speaking poet. This offers new, exciting ways for poems to reach and move the audience.
History of sign language -
The recorded history of sign language in Western society extends from the 16th century. In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first public school for deaf children in Paris; Laurent Clerc was arguably its most famous graduate. He went to the United States with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to found the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.[1] Gallaudet's son, Edward Miner Gallaudet founded the first college for the deaf in 1857, which in 1864 became Gallaudet University, the only liberal arts university for the deaf in the world. Gallaudet University is still present today, it is located in Washington DC. Sign language is a method of communication that uses facial expressions and gestures. ...
Abbé Charles-Michel de lÉpée, (born November 25, 1712, Versailles; died December 23, 1789, Paris) was a philanthropic educator of 18th century France who has become known as the Father of the Deaf. ...
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787–September 10, 1851) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...
The American School for the Deaf (ASD) was the first institution for the education of the deaf in America. ...
Edward Miner Gallaudet (1837-1917), son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, was a famous early educator of the deaf in Washington, DC. He founded the first college for the deaf in 1864 which later became Gallaudet University. ...
It has been suggested that Gallaudet United Now Movement be merged into this article or section. ...
Generally, each spoken language has a sign language counterpart in as much as each linguistic population will contain Deaf members who will generate a sign language. In much the same way that geographical or cultural forces will isolate populations and lead to the generation of different and distinct spoken languages, the same forces operate on signed languages and so they tend to maintain their identities through time in roughly the same areas of influence as the local spoken languages. This occurs even though sign languages have no relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. There are notable exceptions to this pattern, however, as some geographic regions sharing a spoken language have multiple, unrelated signed languages.
Variations within a 'national' sign language can usually be correlated to the geographic location of (residential) schools for the deaf.
International Sign, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international Deaf events such as the Deaflympics and meetings of the World Federation of the Deaf. Recent studies claim that while International Sign is a kind of a pidgin, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full signed language. Gestuno or International Sign Language of the Deaf is a constructed sign language, which the World Congress of the World Federation of the Deaf originally discussed in 1951. ...
Deaflympics (previously called Deaf World Games) the Games are for deaf people to compete at an elite level. ...
The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) is an international non-governmental organisation that acts as a peak body for national associations of Deaf people, with a focus on Deaf people who use sign language and their friends and family. ...
A pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of two or more languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues, and usually a simplified form of one of the languages. ...
Use of signs in hearing communities Gesture is a typical component of spoken languages. More elaborate systems of manual communication have developed in situations where speech is not practical or permitted, such as cloistered religious communities, scuba diving, television recording studios, loud workplaces, stock exchanges, in baseball, while hunting (by groups such as the Kalahari bushmen), or in the game Charades. In Rugby Union the Referee uses a limited but defined set of signs to communicate his/her decisions to the spectators. Recently, there has been a movement to teach and encourage the use of sign language with toddlers before they learn to talk and with non-deaf or hard-of-hearing children with other causes of speech impairment or delay. This is typically referred to as Baby Sign. This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Pupils in a traditional classroom situation signal to their teacher that they want to be heard Manual communication systems use articulation of the hands (hand signs), gestures, body language and facial expressions in place of the voice to mediate a message between persons. ...
Monastery of St. ...
Scuba diving is swimming underwater while using self-contained breathing equipment. ...
A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place, either for live television, for recording live on tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for postproduction. ...
A view of the playing field at Busch Memorial Stadium, St. ...
The Bushmen (also known as Basarwa in Tswana, or San in Nama) are an indigenous population of the Kalahari Desert, which spans South Africa and neighboring Botswana and Namibia as well southern Angola. ...
Charades or charade is a word guessing game. ...
A rugby union scrum. ...
Baby Sign involves using sign language to communicate with infants and toddlers. ...
On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community. Famous examples of this include Martha's Vineyard Sign Language in the USA, Kata Kolok in a village in Bali, Adamorobe Sign Language in Ghana and Yucatec Maya sign language in Mexico. In such communities deaf people are not socially disadvantaged. Image File history File links Jw_signs_convention. ...
Image File history File links Jw_signs_convention. ...
Chilean Sign Language is a language used by Chiles 845,849 deaf people and 7 deaf institutions. ...
Marthas Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) is a sign language (now extinct), once widely used on the island of Marthas Vineyard off the coast of Massachusetts, U.S., from the early 18th century to the mid 20th century. ...
Kata Kolok (literally deaf talk) is the name given to a sign language of a village in northern Bali which has had an extraordinarily high rate of deafness for several generations. ...
Bali is an Indonesian island located at , the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. ...
Adamorobe Sign Language is an indigenous sign language used in Adamorobe, an Akan village in eastern Ghana. ...
Yucatec Maya Sign Language is used in the Yucatán region in Mexico by both hearing and deaf members of a traditional Mayan community, where there there is an unusually high number of deaf inhabitants. ...
Many Australian Aboriginal sign languages arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the Warlpiri, Warumungu, Dieri, Kaytetye, Arrernte, Warlmanpa, and are based on their respective spoken languages. Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a sign language counterpart to their spoken language. ...
The Warlpiri language is spoken by the Warlpiri Aboriginal community in the central desert region of Australia, and is also known as WALBIRI, ELPIRA, ILPARA, WAILBRI and WALPIRI. When in mourning, Warlpiri women often do not talk for long periods of time, and a signed mode of the language is...
The word Dreamtime has several meanings: Dreamtime is the mythology of Australian Aborigines. ...
One of the boulder formations of Karlu Karlu (the Devils Marbles), a sacred Dreaming site for Kaytetye. ...
Arrente is both a language, a group of people, and an area of land in Central Australia. ...
A pidgin sign language arose among tribes of American Indians in the Great Plains region of North America (see Plains Indian Sign Language). It was used to communicate among tribes with different spoken languages. There are especially users today among the Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages. A pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of two or more languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues, and usually a simplified form of one of the languages. ...
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ...
The Great Plains covers much of the central United States, portions of Canada and Mexico. ...
World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...
Plains Indian Sign Language is a sign language formerly used as an interlanguage between Native Americans of the Great Plains of the United States of America and Canada. ...
The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley and now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana. ...
Cheyenne lodges with buffalo meat drying, 1870 For other uses, see Cheyenne (disambiguation). ...
Scabby Bull, Arapaho 1806 Arapaho camp, ca. ...
Linguistics of sign In linguistic terms, sign languages are as rich and complex as any oral language, despite the common misconception that they are not "real languages". Professional linguists have studied many sign languages and found them to have every linguistic component required to be classed as true languages. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ...
Sign languages are not pantomime - in other words, signs are largely arbitrary and have no necessary visual relationship to their referent, much as most spoken language is not onomatopoeic. Nor are they a visual rendition of an oral language. They have complex grammars of their own, and can be used to discuss any topic, from the simple and concrete to the lofty and abstract. The Christmas Pantomime colour lithograph bookcover, 1890 Pantomime (informally, panto) refers to a theatrical genre, traditionally found in Great Britain, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Ireland, which is usually performed around the Christmas and New Year holiday season. ...
In linguistics and poetry, onomatopoeia is the device of a word, or occasionally, a grouping of words, with a sound imitating the sound it is describing, such as bang, click, fizz, hush or buzz. Onomatopoetic words exist in every language, although they are different in each. ...
For the surname, see Grammer. ...
Sign languages, like oral languages, organize elementary, meaningless units (phonemes; once called cheremes in the case of sign languages) into meaningful semantic units. The elements of a sign are Handshape (or Handform), Orientation (or Palm Orientation), Location (or Place of Articulation), Movement, and Non-manual markers (or Facial Expression), summarised in the acronym HOLME. In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...
The chereme (From the Greek χέρι, hand), is the basic unit of signed communication. ...
In general, semantics (from the Greek semantikos, or significant meaning, derived from sema, sign) is the study of meaning, in some sense of that term. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ...
Common linguistic features of deaf sign languages are extensive use of classifiers, a high degree of inflection, and a topic-comment syntax. Many unique linguistic features emerge from sign languages' ability to produce meaning in different parts of the visual field simultaneously. For example, the recipient of a signed message can read meanings carried by the hands, the facial expression and the body posture in the same moment. This is in contrast to oral languages, where the sounds that comprise words are mostly sequential (tone being an exception). A classifier, in linguistics, is a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts to indicate the word class of a noun. ...
Inflection of the Spanish lexeme for cat, with blue representing the masculine gender, pink representing the feminine gender, grey representing the form used for mixed-gender, and green representing the plural number. ...
A topic-prominent language is one that organizes its syntax so that sentences have a topic-comment (or theme-rheme) structure, where the topic is the thing being talked about (predicated) and the comment is what is said about the topic. ...
For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). ...
Sign languages' relationships with oral languages A common misconception is that sign languages are somehow dependent on oral languages, that is, that they are oral language spelled out in gesture, or that they were invented by hearing people. Hearing teachers of deaf schools, such as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as inventors of sign language. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787–September 10, 1851) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...
The manual alphabet is used in sign languages, mostly for proper names and technical or specialised vocabulary. The use of fingerspelling was once taken as evidence that sign languages are simplified versions of oral languages, but in fact it is merely one tool among many. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, which are called lexicalized signs. Fingerspelling (somtimes known as dactylology) is the representation of the letters of a writing system, and sometimes numeral systems, using only the hands. ...
On the whole, deaf sign languages are independent of oral languages and follow their own paths of development. For example, British Sign Language and American Sign Language are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of Britain and America share the same oral language. British Sign Language (BSL) is the sign language used in the United Kingdom (UK), and is the first or preferred language of an unknown number of Deaf people in the UK (published estimates range from 30,000 to 250,000 but it is likely that the lower figures are more...
It has been suggested that ASL Grammar be merged into this article or section. ...
Similarly, countries which use a single oral language throughout may have two or more sign languages; whereas an area that contains more than one oral language might use only one sign language.
Spatial grammar and simultaneity Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium. Oral language is linear. Only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual; hence a whole scene can be taken in at once. Information can be loaded into several channels and expressed simultaneously. As an illustration, in English one could utter the phrase, "I drove here". To add information about the drive, one would have to make a longer phrase or even add a second, such as, "I drove here along a winding road," or "I drove here. It was a nice drive." However, in American Sign Language, information about the shape of the road or the pleasing nature of the drive can be conveyed simultaneously with the verb 'drive' by inflecting the motion of the hand, or by taking advantage of non-manual signals such as body posture and facial expression, at the same time that the verb 'drive' is being signed. Therefore, whereas in English the phrase "I drove here and it was very pleasant" is longer than "I drove here", in American Sign Language the two may be the same length.
In fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken Japanese than it does with English.(Karen Nakamura,1995)
Written forms of sign languages Sign language differs from oral language in its relation to writing. The phonemic systems of oral languages are primarily sequential: that is, the majority of phonemes are produced in a sequence one after another, although many languages also have non-sequential aspects such as tone. As a consequence, traditional phonemic writing systems are also sequential, with at best diacritics for non-sequential aspects such as stress and tone. In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...
A diacritical mark or diacritic, also called an accent mark, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ...
Sign languages have a higher non-sequential component, with many "phonemes" produced simultaneously. For example, signs may involve fingers, hands, and face moving simultaneously, or the two hands moving in different directions. Traditional writing systems are not designed to deal with this level of complexity.
Partially because of this, sign languages are not often written. Most deaf signers read and write the oral language of their country. However, there have been several attempts at developing scripts for sign language. These have included both "phonetic" systems, such as HamNoSys (the Hamburg Notational System) and SignWriting, which can be used for any sign language, and "phonemic" systems such as the one used by William Stokoe in his 1965 Dictionary of American Sign Language, which are designed for a specific language. A sign for photo model using SignWriting in the dictionary of the Flemish Sign Language Sign Writing is a system of writing the movements and handshapes of sign languages. ...
William Stokoe (pronounced Stokie) (1919 - 2000) was a scholar who researched American Sign Language (ASL) extensively while he worked at Gallaudet University. ...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
These systems are based on iconic symbols. Some, such as SignWriting and HamNoSys, are pictographic, being conventionalized pictures of the hands, face, and body; others, such as the Stokoe notation, are more iconic. Stokoe used letters of the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals to indicate the handshapes used in fingerspelling, such as 'A' for a closed fist, 'B' for a flat hand, and '5' for a spread hand; but non-alphabetic symbols for location and movement, such as '[]' for the trunk of the body, '×' for contact, and '^' for an upward movement. Lloyd Anderson has gone further and attempted to write ASL using only the Latin alphabet, but has not published his work. David J. Peterson has also attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is ASCII-friendly known as the Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA). The Savior Not Made By Hands (1410s, by Andrei Rublev) An icon (from Greek εικων, eikon, image) is an artistic visual representation or symbol of anything considered holy and divine, such as God, saints or deities. ...
Pictogram for public toilets A pictogram or pictograph is a symbol which represents an object or a concept by illustration. ...
under construction The Stokoe notation for American sign language (ASL) was the first writing system designed for a sign language. ...
SignWriting, being pictographic, is able to represent simultaneous elements in a single sign. The Stokoe notation, on the other hand, is sequential, with a conventionalized order of a symbol for the location of the sign, then one for the hand shape, and finally one (or more) for the movement. The orientation of the hand is indicated with an optional diacritic before the hand shape. When two movements occur simultaneously, they are written one atop the other; when sequential, they are written one after the other. Neither the Stokoe nor HamNoSys scripts are designed to represent facial expressions or non-manual movements, both of which SignWriting accommodates easily, although this is being gradually corrected in HamNoSys.
Home sign - See main article: Home sign
Sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, an informal system of signs will naturally develop, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is home sign (sometimes homesign or kitchen sign). Home sign (or kitchen sign) is the gestural communication system developed by a deaf child who lacks input from a language model in the family. ...
Home sign (or kitchen sign) is the gestural communication system developed by a deaf child who lacks input from a language model in the family. ...
Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child is forced to invent signals to facilitate the meeting of his or her communication needs. Although this kind of system is grossly inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language, it is a common occurrence. No type of Home Sign is recognized as an official language.
Media LSF Vocab demander. ...
French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Français or LSF) is the language of the deaf in the nation of France. ...
Benefits In the academic realm, if a deaf student has a strong foundation in American Sign Language, his/her ability to develop English literacy skills improves. Colleges now recognize that it is possible for many deaf students to be literate in both languages and that they need to work with knowledgeable and skilled professionals in order to do so. Research has shown that mastery in language, and specifically in American Sign Language yields many benefits. One benefit is that the child is instilled with a sense of cultural identity, which enables them to bond with other deaf individuals. This then leads to greater self-esteem and a curiosity of the world, both of which will enrich the student academically and socially.[citation needed]
References - ^ Canlas, Loida (2006-07-10). Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World. Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center at Gallaudet University. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
It has been suggested that Gallaudet United Now Movement be merged into this article or section. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 359 days (360 in leap years) remaining. ...
See also This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Baby Sign involves using sign language to communicate with infants and toddlers. ...
Chinese number gestures refers to the Chinese method of using one hand to signify the natural numbers one through ten. ...
The legal recognition of sign languages is one of the major concerns of the international Deaf community. ...
Sign language is not universal. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Metacommunicative competence is the ability to steeringly intervene within difficult conversations and to correct communication problems by utilizing the different ways of practical communication: verbal communication: by words or their meaning paraverbal communication: loudness of speaking, manner of speaking, when keeping silent, meaning of interrupting or interfering the conversation nonverbal...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
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The Royal National Institute for Deaf People, which prefers to be referred to as RNID, seeks to represent all deaf and hard of hearing people in the UK. RNIDs headquarters are in Islington, in Central London (19-23 Featherstone Street, LONDON EC1Y 8SL). ...
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The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...
Further reading - Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. 1996. "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press, pp. 39-5
- Emmorey, Karen; & Lane, Harlan L. (Eds.). (2000). The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3246-7.
- Groce, Nora E. (1988). Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-27041-X.
- Kendon, Adam. 1988. Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-80795-2.
- Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984). The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19460-8.
- Lane, Harlan L. (1984). When the mind hears: A history of the deaf. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-50878-5.
- Padden, Carol; & Humphries, Tom. (1988). Deaf in America: Voices from a culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19423-3.
- Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987). What the hands reveal about the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Sacks, Oliver W. (1989). Seeing voices: A journey into the land of the deaf. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06083-0.
- Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2001). Natural sign languages. In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.), Handbook of linguistics (pp. 533-562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20497-0.
- Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988). Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-0046-8; ISBN 0-8058-0078-6.
- Stokoe, William C. (1960). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
- Krzywkowska, Grazyna (2006). "Przede wszystkim komunikacja", an article about a dictionary of Hungarian sign language on the internet, in Polish.
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