|
The Silesian Uprisings (German: Aufstände in Oberschlesien; Polish: Powstania śląskie) were a series of three armed uprisings of the Poles of Upper Silesia, from 1919–1921, against Weimar rule; the resistance hoped to break away from Germany in order to join the Second Polish Republic, which had been established in the wake of World War I. In the latter-day history of Poland after World War II, the insurrections were celebrated as centrepieces of national pride. Soldiers of the Greater Polish Army The Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919, or Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku; German: Großpolnischer Aufstand) or Posnanian War was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland (also called the Grand Duchy of PoznaÅ„ or...
This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
The Silesian Uprisings (German: ; Polish: ) were a series of three armed uprisings of the Poles of Upper Silesia, from 1919–1921, against Weimar rule; the resistance hoped to break away from Germany in order to join the Second Polish Republic, which had been established in the wake of World War...
Polish Corridor (German: ; Polish: ) was the term used between the World Wars to refer to the Polish territory which separated the German exclave of East Prussia from the German province of Pomerania. ...
Reichsgau and General Governement in 1941 At the beginning of World War II, significant Polish areas were annexed by Nazi Germany. ...
Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and...
Administrative division pf Polish territories during WWII can be divided into several phases, when territories of the Second Polish Republic were administered first by the Nazi Germany (in the west) and Soviet Union (in the east), then by Nazi Germany (following Operation Barbarossa) and finally Soviet Union again. ...
Left to right: General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom . ...
The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ...
Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ...
Territorial changes of Poland after World War II have been very extensive. ...
The Treaty of Zgorzelec (Full title The Agreement Concerning the Demarcation of the Established and the Existing Polish-German State Frontier, also known as the Treaty of Görlitz and Treaty of Zgorzelic) was signed on 6 July 1950 in Zgorzelec by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional government...
The Treaty of Warsaw is a treaty between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ...
The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany is the final peace treaty negotiated between the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and...
The Treaty between the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany on the Confirmation of the Existing Border between Them was signed on November 14, 1990. ...
The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ...
The Oder-Neisse line (Polish: , German: ) marked the border between German Democratic Republic and Poland between 1950 and 1990. ...
Polish voivodeships 1922-1939. ...
Kresy Zachodnie - (Polish: Western Borderlines) - term used by Poles, mostly in historical context, to refer to western parts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that after Partitions of Poland were annexed by Prussia. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Former eastern territories of Germany (German: ) describes collectively those provinces or regions east of the Oder-Neisse line which were internationally recognised as part of the territory of Germany after the formation of the German Empire in 1871. ...
Zaolzie (Czech: , Polish: , literally: Trans-Olza River Silesia) was an area disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia, west of Cieszyn. ...
// Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes are based on events in the history of Germany and Europe, especially Eastern Europe. ...
Uprising is another word for rebellion. ...
Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Hornà Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...
Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first) - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature...
Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period - World War I November 11, 1918 - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population - 1939 est. ...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Insurrection could refer to: * in a general sense, it means Rebellion * it is also a title of a Star Trek film, see Star Trek: Insurrection ...
Historical background
-
Silesia had belonged to Poland in early medieval times, but passed to the Kings of Bohemia in the XIV century, then to the Austrian Habsburgs. Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria in 1740 in the War of Austrian Succession, after which it became a part of Prussia.[1] Silesia (Polish Śląsk, German Schlesien, Czech Slezsko) is a historical region in central Europe. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...
Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ...
This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...
Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ...
Frederick the Great Frederick II of Prussia (Friedrich der Große, Frederick the Great, January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia 1740–86. ...
Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867). ...
Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ...
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). ...
For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ...
Upper Silesia was rich in mineral resources and heavy industry, with mines and iron and steel mills. "The Silesian mines were responsible for almost a quarter of Germany's annual output of coal, 81 percent of its zinc and 34 percent of its lead."[2]
During the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, German government claimed that without Upper Silesia it would be not able to fulfil its obligations in regards to reparations for World War I to the allies. This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
Demographics in the early 20th century
 Polish armored car Korfanty in 1920 made by Polish fighters in Wożniak foundry. It was one of the two created, the second was named Walerus – Woźniak. [3] The area east of the Oder in Upper Silesia was dominated by ethnic Poles, most of whom were lower class. A large proportion spoke a dialect of Polish, many also felt that they were a Slavic ethnic group of their own called Silesians.[1] At the same time, the vast majority of the landowners, businessmen, factory owners, local government, police and Catholic clergy were already German.[1] Almost all of the higher German Silesian officials were Protestant while the vast majority of Polish Silesians were Catholic.[1] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
A Rolls Royce armoured car 1920 pattern Railway shop workers built this vehicle for use by the Danish resistance movement near the end of World War II. For tracked, armored military vehicles, see Armored fighting vehicle. ...
The Oder (or Odra) River (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). ...
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ...
Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ...
Girl in Upper Silesian dress from Mysłowice, 2006 Woman in Silesian dress from Teschen, 1914 Silesians (Silesian: Ślônzoki; Polish: ; Czech: ; German: ) are the West Slavic inhabitants of Silesia (Czech: ) , Poland and Czech Republic. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
In the German census of 1900, 65% of the population of that eastern part of Silesia was recorded as Polish speaking, decreasing to 57% in 1910.[1] This was the result of forced Germanization[citation needed] as well as creating a category of "bilingual inhabitants" for the purpose of the census, which reduced the number of Polish-speaking Silesians.[1] According to a language map drawn up by German Professor Paul Weber, in most Upper Silesian districts east of the Oder river Polish-speaking Silesians made up over 70% of the population in 1910.[1] Image:1870 census Lindauer Weber 01. ...
Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ...
Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Versailles plebiscite The Treaty of Versailles had ordered a plebiscite in Upper Silesia to determine whether the territory should be a part of Germany or Poland.[1] The Treaty mandated a plebiscite within two years in the whole of Silesia, although the Polish government only wanted one a part of Silesia East of the Oder river.[1] Hence was held in all of Upper Silesia, including both the predominantly Polish speaking areas in the East and the predominantly German speaking Upper Silesian areas West of the river.[1] This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
Upper Silesia plebiscite was the form of self-determination for Upper Silesia on demand of one of the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. ...
The Oder (or Odra) River (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). ...
Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Hornà Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...
It was decided by the Allies that the Upper Silesian plebiscite was to be conducted on March 20, 1921. In the meantime, German administration and police were left in place.[1]
In the background, propaganda and strongarm tactics on both sides led to increasing unrest.[1] The Germans told the workers that they would lose their jobs and old age pensions if they voted for Poland.[1] Furthermore, troops of the German "Freikorps" (Free Corps), made up of veterans of the former German army, terrorized those Silesians who favored voting for Poland.[1] On the other side, Polish propaganda stressed that if Poland won the plebiscite, Silesian Poles would no longer be oppressed or treated as second class citizens as they were in Germany, and they would not lose their old age pensions.[1] The Polish sides also employed the Polish Military Organisation - predecessor of Polish intelligence - to further their cause.[4] For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ...
The designation of Freikorps (German for Free Corps, i. ...
Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (POW, Polish for Polish Military Organisation) was a secret military union created by Józef Piłsudski in November of 1914, during the Great War. ...
This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence Services. ...
Eventually the deteriorating situation resulted in the first two Silesian Uprisings in 1919 and 1920. The First Silesian Uprising (Polish: Pierwsze powstanie śląskie, German: Erster Polnischer Aufstand) was the first out of three insurrections of Polish national extremists in the mixed Upper Silesia region (Part of the german/prussian province of Silesia) in order to occupy the region and join it to Poland, that...
The Second Silesian Uprising (Polish: Drugie powstanie śląskie, German: Zweiter Polnischer Aufstand) was the second out of three military insurections of polish national extremists in the mixed Upper Silesia region (Part of the german/prussian province of Silesia) in order to occupy the region and join it to Poland...
The plebiscite took place as arranged on March 20, two days after the signing of the Treaty of Riga, on March 18, 1921, which ended the Polish-Soviet war of 1919-1920. The Peace of Riga (also known as the Treaty of Riga, Polish: Traktat Ryski) signed on 18th March 1921 between Poland and Soviet Russia ended the Polish-Bolshevik War. ...
Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz-Śmigły Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000...
In the plebiscite, around 707,605 votes were cast for Germany, while 479,359 for Poland.[1] The Germans thus had 228,246 votes of majority. A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...
A right to vote was granted to everybody who turned 20, had been born or had lived in the plebiscite area. A result was mass migration.[5] The German outvoters numbering 179,910; the Polish numbering over 10,000.[1] Without the outvoters, the Germans would have a majority of 58,336 instead of 228,246.[1]
The Third Silesian Uprising broke out in 1921. The League of Nations was asked to settle the matter before it led to even more bloodshed. In 1922, a six-week investigation determined that the land should be divided between the two nations. This decision was accepted by both countries, and the majority of Upper Silesians. Approximately 736,000 Poles and 260,000 Germans lived in Polish (Upper) Silesia and 532,000 Poles and 637,000 Germans in German (Upper) Silesia. The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ...
Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
First Silesian Uprising (1919) A massacre of ten civilians in the "Myslowitzer Grube" (Mysłowice) mine by German Grenzschutz (Border Guards) on August 15, 1919 during a general strike (140,000 workers involved) sparked in Polish protests and ultimately, after arrests of several Polish leaders, the First Silesian Uprising against German control over Upper Silesia. [6] The revolting Silesian Poles demanded that the police and local government authorities be both German and Polish[1] is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Hornà Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...
The Reichswehr (help· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ...
Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (POW, Polish for Polish Military Organisation) was a secret military union created by Józef Piłsudski in November of 1914, during the Great War. ...
A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ...
Mysłowice (German Myslowitz) is a town in south Poland with 80,000 inhabitants (1995). ...
is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ...
21,000 Germans soldiers (with an additional 40,000 troops in reserve) quickly suppressed the rebellion. What followed was German repression of the ethnic Poles of Silesia, and ca. 2,500 Poles were either hung or executed by firing squad. [citation needed] 9,000 sought refuge in Poland along with thousands of family members (altogether about 22,000 persons). The repressive actions came to an end when Allied forces were brought in to restore order, and the refugees were allowed to return later that year. Once the Uprising had been crushed, a strong resentment arose within the Silesian Poles, reinforcing the Polish culture with which they identified. Execution by firing squad is a method of capital punishment, especially in times of war. ...
In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ...
Second Silesian Uprising (1920) | Second Silesian Uprising | | | | Combatants | | Polish Military Organization | German civil government and police of Upper Silesia | Allied Plebiscite Commission Military Forces | The Second Silesian Uprising (Polish: Drugie powstanie śląskie) was the second of three uprisings. is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...
Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Hornà Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...
An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. ...
Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (POW, Polish for Polish Military Organisation) was a secret military union created by Józef Piłsudski in November of 1914, during the Great War. ...
In February 1920, an Allied Plebiscite Commission arrived in Upper Silesia, made up of British, French, and Italian forces, but it was too small to maintain order. In any case, the British and Italians favored the Germans, while the French favored the Poles.[1] Those forces failed to prevent continuing unrest.
In August 1920, a German Newspaper in Upper Silesia printed what later turned out to be a false announcement of the fall of Warsaw to the Red Army in the Polish-Soviet war. This led to celebrations among the German community over what they assumed would be the end of independent Poland. The volatile situation quickly degenerated into violence which continued even after it was made clear that Warsaw had not fallen. [7] Combatants Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Poland Ukrainian Peoples Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz-Śmigły Strength 950,000 combatants 5,000,000 reserves 360,000 combatants 738,000 reserves Casualties Dead estimated at 100,000...
The violence eventually led on August 19 to a Polish uprising which quickly took control of government offices in the districts of Kattowitz, Pless, Buthen. Between August 20 and 25, the rebellion spread to Konigshutte, Tarnowitz, Rybink, Lublinitz and Gross Strehlitz. The Allied Commission declaired its intention to restore order but internal differences kept anything from being done. British representatives held the French responsible for the easy spread of the uprising through the eastern region. [8]
The uprising was slowly brought to an end in September by a combination of allied military operations and negotiations between the parties. The poles obtained the disbanding of the Sipo police and the creation of a new police for the area which would be 50% polish.[9] The Polish Military Organisation in Upper Silesia was supposed to be disbanded though in practice this did not happen. The Sicherheitspolizei (security police) was a term used in Nazi Germany to described the combined forces of the Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (the SD) between 1934 and 1939. ...
Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (POW, Polish for Polish Military Organisation) was a secret military union created by Józef Piłsudski in November of 1914, during the Great War. ...
Third Silesian Uprising (1921) The Third Silesian Uprising (Polish: Trzecie powstanie śląskie) was the last and largest and longest of the three uprisings. May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ...
is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Hornà Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ...
The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ...
Selbstschutz (German: ) stands for two organisations: it was (1) a name used by a number of paramilitary organisations created by ethnic Germans in Central Europe and (2) is a name for self-defence measures and units in ethnic German, Austrian, and Swiss civil defence. ...
Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (POW, Polish for Polish Military Organisation) was a secret military union created by Józef Piłsudski in November of 1914, during the Great War. ...
Wojciech Korfaty in 1905 Wojciech Korfanty (20 April 1873-17 August 1939) was a Polish nationalist activist, journalist and politician, serving as member of the German Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, later in the Polish Sejm. ...
It begun in the aftermath of the plebiscite which yielded mixed results. The British and French governments disagreed on the interpretation of the plebiscite.[1] The main bone of contention was the "Industrial Triangle," that is the coal and steel producing district east of the Oder river bounded by the cities of Bytom (Beuthen), Gliwice (Gleiwitz) and Katowice (Kattowitz).[1] The French wanted it to go to Poland, to give the latter an industrial base and weaken Germany; the British, supported by the Italians, wanted it to stay in Germany because the Germans claimed they could not pay war reparations without Upper Silesia.[1] The Oder (or Odra) River (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). ...
Bytom ( ; German: ) is a city in southern Poland with 205,560 inhabitants (1999). ...
Gliwice (pronounce: [gliviʦε]; German: ), is an industrial city in southern Poland with 200,361 inhabitants (2004) over the Kłodnica River, about 20 km to the west from Katowice. ...
Downtown of Katowice Osiedle TysiÄ…clecia at night Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Katowice Established 16th century City Rights 1865 Government - Mayor Piotr Uszok Area - City 164. ...
In late April 1921, rumors flew that the British and Italians would prevail over the French, so Upper Silesia would stay in Germany.[1] The insurrection began on the date planned early in May. Unlike the Second uprising, the third was carefully organized and planned in advance under the leadership of Wojciech Korfanty. For other uses, see May (disambiguation). ...
Wojciech Korfaty in 1905 Wojciech Korfanty (20 April 1873-17 August 1939) was a Polish nationalist activist, journalist and politician, serving as member of the German Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, later in the Polish Sejm. ...
The Inter-Allied Commission, in which General Henri Le Rond was the most influential personage, waited rather a long time before taking any steps to end the violence. The French troops of occupation generally favored the insurrection. In some cases British and Italian contingents actively cooperated with Germans. On the other hand UK Prime Minister Lloyd George's speech in the British Parliament, strongly disapproving of the insurrection, aroused the hopes of some Germans. But the Entente appeared to have no troops ready and available for dispatch. The only action the 'Inter-Allied Military Control Commission' and the French government made was demanding immediate prohibition of the recruiting of German volunteers from outside Upper Silesia, and this was promptly made public. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory belonging to a state passes to a hostile army. ...
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM (January 17, 1863–March 26, 1945) was a British statesman and the last Liberal to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ...
The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ...
Public is of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community; opposed to private; as, the public treasury, a road or lake. ...
After an initial success of the insurgents, taking over a large portion of the area of Upper Silesia, the German Grenzschutz several times resisted the attacks of Wojciech Korfanty's Polish troops, some cases in cooperation with British and Italian troops. An attempt on the part of the British troops to take steps against the Polish forces was prevented by General Jules Gratier, the French commander-in-chief of the Allied troops. Eventually, the insurgents kept most of territory they had won, including the local industrial district. They proved that they could mobilize large amounts local support, while the German forces based outside Silesia were barred from taking an active part in the conflict. An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority, by any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or administration. ...
Wojciech Korfaty in 1905 Wojciech Korfanty (20 April 1873-17 August 1939) was a Polish nationalist activist, journalist and politician, serving as member of the German Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, later in the Polish Sejm. ...
Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ...
This article describes military mobilization. ...
Twelve days after the outbreak of the insurrection Mr. Korfanty offered to take his troops behind a line of demarcation, conditional upon the released territory not being re-occupied by German forces, but by Allied troops. It was not, however, until July 1st that the British troops arrived in Upper Silesia and began to advance in company with those of the other Allies towards the former frontier. Simultaneously with this advance the 'Inter-Allied Commission' pronounced a general amnesty for the illegal actions committed during the insurrection, with the exception of acts of revenge and cruelty. The German Grenzschutz was withdrawn and disbanded. Look up demarcation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ...
A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature. ...
Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Revenge (disambiguation). ...
Look up cruelty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Aftermath Agreements between the Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia and appeals issued by both sides, as well as the dispatch of six battalions of Allied troops and the disbandment of the local guards, contributed markedly to the pacification of the district. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1729 × 2306 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1729 × 2306 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Silesian Insurgents Monument in Katowice The Silesian Insurgents Monument in Katowice / Metropolian Katowice designed by Gustaw Zemła - a sculpture and Wojciech Zabłocki - an architect. ...
Downtown of Katowice Osiedle TysiÄ…clecia at night Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Katowice Established 16th century City Rights 1865 Government - Mayor Piotr Uszok Area - City 164. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2576x1932, 1128 KB) Licensing pl: Gmach Sejmu Śląskiego - Urząd Wojewódzki Photo taken by: Lestat Autorem zdjęcia jest: Lestat File links The following pages link to this file: Metropolian Katowice Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2576x1932, 1128 KB) Licensing pl: Gmach Sejmu Śląskiego - Urząd Wojewódzki Photo taken by: Lestat Autorem zdjęcia jest: Lestat File links The following pages link to this file: Metropolian Katowice Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added...
The Silesian Parliament in Katowice. ...
Downtown of Katowice Osiedle TysiÄ…clecia at night Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Katowice Established 16th century City Rights 1865 Government - Mayor Piotr Uszok Area - City 164. ...
Symbol of the Austrian 14th Armoured Battalion in NATO military graphic symbols A battalion is a military unit usually consisting of between two and six companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel. ...
The word pacification is most often used as a euphemism for counter-insurgency operations by a dominant military force. ...
The Allied Supreme Council was however still unable to come to an agreement on the partition of the Upper Silesian territory on the lines of the plebiscite.[1] The British and the French could only agree on one solution: turning the question over to the Council of the League of Nations.[1] The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ...
The greatest excitement was caused all over Germany and in the German part of Upper Silesia by the intimation that the Council of the League of Nations had handed over the matter for closer investigation to a commission, consisting of four representatives — one each from Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and China. The commission gathered its own data, interviewed Poles and Germans from the region, and made its decision on the basis of self-determination.[1] On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland.[1] Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ...
Polish Government had decided to give Silesia considerable Autonomy with Silesian Parliament as a constituency and Silesian Voivodship Council as the executive body. The Silesian Parliament in Katowice. ...
Silesian voivodship since 1999 Silesia or Silesian Voivodship(1) is an administrative region and local government unit in Poland, established in 1999 out of Katowice, Czętochowa and Bielsko-Biała voivodships as a result of Local Government Reorganisation Act of 1998 (effective 1 January 1999). ...
Poland obtained almost exactly half of the 1,950,000 inhabitants, viz., 965,000, but not quite a third of the territory, i.e., only 3,214 of 10,951 square kilometres (1,241 of 4,228 mi²). This, however, comprised by far the more valuable portion of the district. Of 61 coal mines 49½ fell to Poland, the Prussian state losing 3 mines out of 4. Of a coal output of 31,750,000 tonnes, 24,600,000 tonnes fall to Poland. All iron mines with an output of 61,000 tonnes fell to Poland. Of 37 furnaces 22 went to Poland, 15 to Germany. Of a pig-iron output of 570,000 tonnes, 170,000 tonnes remained German, and 400,000 tonnes became Polish. Of 16 zinc and lead mines, which produced 233,000 tons in 1920, only 4 with an output of 44,000 tonnes remained German. The main towns of Chorzow (Königshütte), Katowice (Kattowitz), and Tarnowskie Gory (Tarnowitz), were given to Poland. Wyoming coal mine Coal mining is the mining of coal. ...
Motto: none Voivodship Silesian Municipal government Urząd Miasta Chorz w Mayor Marek Kopel Area 33,5 km Population - city - urban - density 117 430 - 2856/km Founded City rights - - Latitude Longitude 50 18 N 57 E Area code +48 32 Car plates SH Twin towns - Municipal Website Chorz w...
Downtown of Katowice Osiedle TysiÄ…clecia at night Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina Katowice Established 16th century City Rights 1865 Government - Mayor Piotr Uszok Area - City 164. ...
The market square (Rynek) in Tarnowskie Góry with the neoromanesque protestant church on the right side Tarnowskie Góry (German: Tarnowitz) is a town in south Poland with 61,642 inhabitants (2005). ...
In the Silesian territory which Poland regained the Germans were a significant minority. Similarly, a significant minority of Poles (about half a million Poles) was still left on the German side, most of them in Oppeln (Opole).[1] Opole ( ; German: ) is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River (Odra). ...
In order to mitigate the hardships likely to arise from the partition of a district which was essentially an economic unit, it was decided, on the recommendation of the Council of the League of Nations, that German and Polish delegates, under a chairman appointed by the Council of the League, should draw up economic regulations as well as a statute for the protection of minorities, which were to have a duration of fifteen years. Special measures were threatened in case either of the two states should refuse to participate in the drawing up of such regulations, or to accept them subsequently.
In May 1922, the Upper Silesian or Geneva Convention, was worked out by the League of Nations to preserve the economic unity of the area. It also set up a tribunal to arbitrate disputes. Furthermore, since Germany claimed she could not do without Upper Silesian coal, she was allowed to import 500,000 tons per year at reduced prices. However, when the coal agreement ran out in 1925, Germany refused to import the coal, and tried to use this as economic pressure to make Poland agree to a revision of the whole Polish-German frontier. Then Germany started a tariff war with Poland with the same intent, but failed to reach her goal.[1]
References Anna M. Cienciala is a Professor Emeritus of History and Russian and Eastern European Studies at Kansas University. ...
Margaret Olwen MacMillan OC (born 1943 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a historian and professor at the University of Toronto and is also Provost of Trinity College. ...
Susan Williams is an athlete from the United States. ...
Further reading - Lt.-Colonel Graham Seton Hutchison, Silesia Revisited, DSO, MC, FRGS, London, 1929.
- Friedrich Glombowski, Frontiers of Terror, London, 1935.
- Henryk Zieliński, Rola powstania wielkopolskiego oraz powstań śląskich w walce o zjednoczenie ziem zachodnich z Polską (1918–1921), w: Droga przez Półwiecze.
- Rohan Butler, MA, J.P.T. Bury, MA, & M.E. Lambert (ed.), MA, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, 1st Series, volume XI, Upper Silesia, Poland, and the Baltic States, January 1920–March 1921, Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO), London, 1961 (amended edition 1974), ISBN 0-11-591511-7*
- W.N. Medlicott, MA, D.Lit., Douglas Dakin, MA, PhD, & M.E. Lambert, MA (ed.), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, 1st Series, volume XVI, Upper Silesia, March 1921 – November 1922 HMSO, London, 1968.
- David G.Williamson, The British in Germany 1918–1930, Berg Publishers, London and New York, 1991, ISBN 0-85496-584-X
- Dziewanowski, M. K., Poland in the 20th century, New York : Columbia University Press, 1977.
- Macmillan, Margaret, Paris 1919, Random House, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-375-50826-0.
- Clark, Christopher, Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947, Penguin Group (Canada), 2006
|
Feeds |
Contact