Western Philosophy 20th-century philosophy
Simone de Beauvoir
Name	Simone de Beauvoir
Birth	January 9, 1908 (Paris, France)
Death	April 14, 1986 (Paris, France)
School/tradition	Existentialism Feminism
Main interests	Politics, Feminism, Ethics
Notable ideas	ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism
Influenced by	Descartes, Wollstonecraft, Kant, Hegel, Husserl, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Marx, Nietzsche, Sartre, Sade
Influenced	Butler, Camus, Deleuze, Sartre, Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer

"La Beauvoir" redirects here; also see: Beauvoir (disambiguation).

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Simone de Beauvoir (pronounced [simɔndə boˈvwaʀ] in French) (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986) was a French author and philosopher. She wrote novels, monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues, essays, biographies, and an autobiography. She is now best known for her metaphysical novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins, and for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism. It has been suggested that Contemporary philosophy be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Beauvoir. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of France. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them. ... Feminists redirects here. ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Feminists redirects here. ... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ... Descartes redirects here. ... Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797) by John Opie Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher and feminist. ... Kant redirects here. ... Hegel redirects here. ... Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (IPA: ; April 8, 1859 – April 26, 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology. ... Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: , but usually Anglicized as ;  ) 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) (IPA ) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and philologist. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher and pioneer, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ... Donatien Alphonse François de Sade (Marquis de Sade) (June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) (pronounced IPA: ) was a French aristocrat, french revolutionary and writer of philosophy-laden and often violent pornography. ... Image:J Butler. ... For other uses, see Camus. ... Gilles Deleuze (IPA: ), (January 18, 1925 – November 4, 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher and pioneer, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ... Camille Anna Paglia (born April 2, 1947 in Endicott, New York) is an American social critic, author and teacher. ... Betty Friedan, 1960 Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the Second Wave of feminism through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique. ... Sarah Lucia Hoagland is Professor of Philosophy and Womens Studies at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. ... Adrienne Rich (born May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American poet, essayist, and feminist. ... Germaine Greer (born January 29, 1939) is an Australian-born writer, broadcaster and retired academic, widely regarded as one of the most significant feminist voices of the 20th century. ... Beauvoir can refer to one of the following: Simone de Beauvoir, French author, philosopher, and feminist Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi), post-war home and Presidential library of Confederate President Jefferson Davis One of several communes of France: Beauvoir, Manche Beauvoir, Oise Beauvoir, Seine-et-Marne Beauvoir, Yonne Category: ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Author (disambiguation). ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... The Mandarins is a novel by Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86), whose father was a Catholic lawyer of conservative views. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Second Sex (French: Le Deuxième Sexe, 1949) is the best known work of Simone de Beauvoir and a seminal text in twentieth-century feminism. ... Feminists redirects here. ...

Early years

Simone de Beauvoir was the daughter of Georges de Beauvoir, a one-time lawyer and amateur actor, and Françoise Brasseur, a young woman from Verdun. She was born in Paris and was educated at good schools. After World War I, Simone's maternal grandfather Gustave Brasseur, president of the Meuse Bank, went bankrupt, throwing his entire family into dishonor and poverty. The family had to move into a smaller apartment and Georges de Beauvoir had to go back to work; his relationship with his wife suffered. “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Simone was always aware that her father had hoped to have a son, instead of two daughters (younger sister Hélène de Beauvoir became a painter). However, he did tell Simone "You have the brain of a man," and from a young age Simone was a distinguished student. Georges de Beauvoir passed his love of theater and literature to his daughter. He became convinced that only scholarly success could lift his daughters out of poverty.

At 15, Simone de Beauvoir had already decided she would be a famous writer. She did well in many subjects, but was especially attracted to philosophy, which she went on to study at the University of Paris. There she met many other young intellectuals, including Jean-Paul Sartre. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher and pioneer, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ...

Middle years

After passing the baccalaureate exams in mathematics and philosophy, she studied mathematics at the Institut Catholique and literature/languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie, then philosophy at the Sorbonne. In 1929, while at the Sorbonne, Beauvoir gave a presentation on Leibniz and was thereafter involved in a relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre. It is a common misconception that Beauvoir studied at the Ecole Normale. She was, however, well acquainted with the school and its curriculum, thanks to Sartre and others within their philosophic circle. The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: ) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganised as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Leibniz redirects here. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher and pioneer, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ...

In 1929, at the age of 21, Beauvoir became the youngest person ever to obtain the agrégation in philosophy. On the final examination she received second place; Sartre, age 24, was first (he'd failed his first exam). According to Deirdre Bair's 1990 biography of Beauvoir, the jury for the agrégation argued over whether to give Sartre or Beauvoir first place in the competition. In the end they awarded it to Sartre because he was a man and it was his second attempt. The jury, however, agreed that Beauvoir was the real philosopher. ^[1] In France, the agrégation is a civil service competitive examination for some positions in the public education system. ...

While at the Sorbonne, Beauvoir acquired her lifelong nickname, Castor, the French word for "beaver" given to her because of the animal's strong work ethic and the resemblance of her surname to the English word "beaver".

She Came to Stay and The Mandarins

In 1943, Beauvoir published She Came to Stay, a fictionalized chronicle of her and Sartre's relationship with Olga Kosakiewicz and Wanda Kosakiewicz. Olga was one of her students in the Rouen secondary school where she taught during the early 30s. She grew fond of Olga. Sartre tried to pursue Olga but she denied him; he began a relationship with her sister Wanda instead. Sartre supported Olga for years until she met and married her husband, Beauvoir's lover Jacques-Laurent Bost. At Sartre's death, he still supported Wanda. In the novel, Olga and Wanda are made into one character with whom fictionalized versions of Beauvoir and Sartre have a ménage à trois. The novel also delves into Beauvoir and Sartre's complex relationship and how it was affected by the ménage à trois. Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Olga Kosakiewicz Olga Kosakiewicz was a student of Simone de Beauvoir who formed a romantic relationship with both Simone and Jean-Paul Sartre in the Autumn of 1935 when she was only 18. ... Jean-Paul Sartres friend and Olga Kosakiewiczs sister. ... Jacques-Laurent Bost was a French journalist. ... Look up ménage à trois in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up ménage à trois in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Beauvoir's metaphysical novel She Came to Stay was followed by many others, including The Mandarins, which won her the Prix Goncourt, France's highest literary prize. The Mandarins is set just after the end of World War II, whereas She Came to Stay is set just before the dawn of that war. The Mandarins depicted Sartre, Nelson Algren, and many philosophers in Sartre and Beauvoir's intimate circle. The Mandarins is a novel by Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86), whose father was a Catholic lawyer of conservative views. ... The Prix Goncourt is the most prestigious prize in French literature, given to the author of the best and most imaginative prose work of the year. Edmond de Goncourt, a successful author, critic, and publisher, bequeathed his entire estate for the foundation and maintenance of the Académie Goncourt. ... Nelson Algren (March 28, 1909 - May 9, 1981) was a famous American writer. ...

Existentialist Ethics

In 1944 Beauvoir wrote Pyrrhus et Cinéas, a discussion of an existentialist ethics, which inspired her to write more on the subject. This book, Pour Une Morale de L'ambiguïté (The Ethics of Ambiguity, 1947) is perhaps the most accessible point of entry into French existentialism. Its simplicity keeps it understandable, in contrast to the abstruse nature of Sartre's Being and Nothingness. The ambiguity about which Beauvoir writes clears up some inconsistencies that many, Sartre included, have found in major existentialist works such as Being and Nothingness. Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ethics of Ambiguity (French title: Pour une morale de lambiguïté) is Simone de Beauvoirs second major essay, nearly twice as long as her first, Pyrrhus and Cineas. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them. ... Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology (1943) is a philosophical treatise by Jean-Paul Sartre that is regarded as the beginning of the growth of existentialism in the 20th century. ...

Sexuality, Existentialist Feminism, and The Second Sex

The Second Sex cover

The Second Sex was originally published as a two volume book in France. These works were very quickly published in America as The Second Sex owing to the quick translation by Howard Parshley, as prompted by Blanche Knopf, wife of publisher Alfred A. Knopf. Because Parshley had only a basic familiarity with the French language, and a minimal understanding of philosophy (he was a professor of biology at Smith College), much of Beauvoir's book was mistranslated or inappropriately cut, distorting much of her intended message. Nevertheless, to this day, Knopf has prevented the introduction of a more accurate retranslation of Beauvoir's work, having declined all proposals despite the efforts of existentialist scholars. A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... Colophon of the publisher Alfred A. Knopf. ...

In her own way, Beauvoir anticipated the sexually charged feminism of Erica Jong and Germaine Greer. Algren, no paragon of primness himself, was outraged by the frank way Beauvoir later described her American sexual experiences in The Mandarins (dedicated to Algren and on whose character Lewis Brogan is based) and in her autobiographies, venting his outrage when reviewing American translations of her work. Much bearing on this episode in Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her death. Erica Jong (née Mann, born March 26, 1942, in New York City, New York) is an American author and educator. ... Germaine Greer (born January 29, 1939) is an Australian-born writer, broadcaster and retired academic, widely regarded as one of the most significant feminist voices of the 20th century. ...

In the essay Woman: Myth and Reality, Beauvoir argued that men had made women the "Other" in society by putting a false aura of "mystery" around them. She argued that men used this as an excuse not to understand women or their problems and not to help them, and that this stereotyping was always done in societies by the group higher in the hierarchy to the group lower in the hierarchy. She wrote that this also happened on the basis of other categories of identity, such as race, class, and religion. But she said that it was nowhere more true than with sex in which men stereotyped women and used it as an excuse to organize society into a patriarchy.

Beauvoir's The Second Sex, published in French in 1949, sets out a feminist existentialism which prescribes a moral revolution. As an existentialist, Beauvoir accepts the precept that existence precedes essence; hence one is not born a woman, but becomes one. Her analysis focuses on the concept of The Other. It is the (social) construction of Woman as the quintessential Other that Beauvoir identifies as fundamental to women's oppression. Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them. ... In philosophy, “existence precedes essence”, at the most basic level of understanding, is based on the idea of existence without essence. ... The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in continental philosophy, opposed to the Same. ...

The principal 1932 treatment by the feminist author Adrienne Sahuqué, borne circa 1890, entitled Les dogmes sexuels (Paris, Alcan, 1932) had already approached, fifteen years prior to the publication of The Second Sex the question of sexist prejudices against women.

Beauvoir argues that women have historically been considered deviant, abnormal. She submits that even Mary Wollstonecraft considered men to be the ideal toward which women should aspire. Beauvoir says that this attitude has limited women's success by maintaining the perception that they are a deviation from the normal, and are outsiders attempting to emulate "normality". For feminism to move forward, this assumption must be set aside. Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797) by John Opie Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher and feminist. ...

Beauvoir asserted that women are as capable of choice as men, and thus can choose to elevate themselves, moving beyond the 'immanence' to which they were previously resigned and reaching 'transcendence', a position in which one takes responsibility for oneself and the world, where one chooses one's freedom.

A critical essay, "Le Malentendu du Deuxième Sexe," was written by Suzanne Lilar in 1969. Suzanne Lilar in the 1980 Suzanne Lilar (born Suzanne Verbist) (b. ...

Les Temps Modernes

Beauvoir, Sartre and Che Guevara in Cuba , 1960

At the end of World War II, Beauvoir and Sartre edited Les Temps Modernes, a political journal Sartre founded along with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others. Beauvoir used Les Temps Modernes to promote her own work and explore her ideas on a small scale before fashioning essays and books. Beauvoir remained an editor until her death. Jean Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre (June 21, 1905–April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist, novelist and critic. ... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Lynch (May 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, el Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, political figure, author, military theorist, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Les Temps Modernes was a political, literary and philosophical French magazine founded in 1945 by Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Raymond Aron. ... Maurice Merleau-Ponty (March 14, 1908 – May 4, 1961) was a French phenomenologist philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl. ...

Later years

Beauvoir wrote popular travel diaries about her travels in the United States and China, and published essays and fiction rigorously, especially throughout the 1950s and 1960s. She published several volumes of short stories, including The Woman Destroyed, which, like some of her other later work, deals with aging.

In 1979 she published When Things of the Spirit Come First, a set of short stories centered around and based upon important women to her earlier years. The stories were written well before the novel She Came to Stay, but Beauvoir did not think they were worthy of publication until about forty years later. Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

Sartre and Merleau-Ponty had a longstanding feud, which led Merleau-Ponty to no longer work with Les Temps Modernes. Beauvoir sided with Sartre and ceased to associate with Merleau-Ponty. In Beauvoir's later years, she hosted the journal's editorial meetings in her flat and contributed more than Sartre, who she often had to force to offer his opinions.

Beauvoir also notably wrote a four-volume autobiography, consisting of: Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter; The Prime of Life; Force of Circumstance (sometimes published in two volumes in English translation: After the War and Hard Times); and All Said and Done.

In the 1970s Beauvoir became active in France's women's liberation movement. She signed the Manifesto of the 343 in 1971, a list of famous women who claimed, mostly falsely, to have had an abortion. Beauvoir had not actually had an abortion.^{[citation needed]} Signatories were diverse as Catherine Deneuve, Delphine Seyrig, and Beauvoir's sister Poupette. In 1974, abortion was legalized in France. Feminism is a body of social theory and a political movement primarily based on, and motivated by, the experiences of women. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... Catherine Deneuve (French IPA: ), (October 22, 1943, in Paris, France), is an Academy Award-nominated French actress. ... Delphine Seyrig (April 10, 1932 - October 15, 1990) was a stage and film actress and a film director. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Her 1970 long essay La Vieillesse (The Coming of Age) is a very rare instance of an intellectual meditation on the decline and solitude all humans experience if they do not die before about age 60. In 1981 she wrote La Cérémonie Des Adieux (A Farewell to Sartre), a painful account of Sartre's last years. In the opening of Adieux, Beauvoir notes that it is the only major published work of hers Sartre did not read before its publication. She and Sartre always read one another's work. Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

After Sartre died, Beauvoir published his letters to her with edits to spare the feelings of some people in their circle who were still living. After Beauvoir's death, Sartre's adopted daughter and literary heir Arlette Elkaïm would not let many of Sartre's letters be published in unedited form. Most of Sartre's letters available today have Beauvoir's edits, which include a few omissions but mostly the use of pseudonyms. Beauvoir's adopted daughter and literary heir Sylvie Le Bon, quite unlike Elkaïm, published Beauvoir's unedited letters to both Sartre and Algren.

Death and afterwards

Beauvoir's grave at the Cimetière du Montparnasse

Beauvoir died of pneumonia. She is buried next to Sartre at the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. Since her death, her reputation has grown, not only because she is seen as the mother of post-1968 feminism, especially in academia, but also because of a growing awareness of her as a major French thinker, existentialist philosopher and otherwise. The Cimetière du Montparnasse is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, France. ... This article is about human pneumonia. ... The Cimetière du Montparnasse is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, France. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Feminists redirects here. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ...

There is much contemporary discussion about the influences of Beauvoir and Sartre on one another. She is seen as having influenced Sartre's masterpiece, Being and Nothingness, while also having written much on philosophy that is independent of Sartrean existentialism. Some scholars have explored the influences of her earlier philosophical essays and treatises upon Sartre's later thought. She is studied by many respected academics both within and outside of philosophy circles, including Margaret A. Simons and Sally Scholtz. Beauvoir's life has also inspired numerous biographies. Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology (1943) is a philosophical treatise by Jean-Paul Sartre that is regarded as the beginning of the growth of existentialism in the 20th century. ... Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them. ...

In 2006, the architect Dietmar Feichtinger designed a sophisticated footbridge across the Seine, named the Passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir after Beauvoir. The bridge features feminine curves and leads to the new Bibliothèque nationale de France. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the river in France. ... The new buildings of the library. ...

Bibliography

• She Came to Stay, (1943)
• Pyrrhus et Cinéas, (1944)
• The Blood of Others, (1945)
• Who Shall Die?, (1945)
• All Men are Mortal, (1946)
• The Ethics of Ambiguity, (1947)
• The Second Sex, (1949)
• America Day by Day, (1954)
• The Mandarins, (1954)
• Must We Burn Sade?, (1955)
• The Long March, (1957)
• Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, (1958)
• The Prime of Life, (1960)
• Force of Circumstance, (1963)
• A Very Easy Death, (1964)
• Les Belles Images, (1966)
• The Woman Destroyed, (1967)
• The Coming of Age, (1970)
• All Said and Done, (1972)
• When Things of the Spirit Come First, (1979)
• Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre, (1981)
• Letters to Sartre, (1990)
• A Transatlantic Love Affair: Letters to Nelson Algren, (1998)

All Men are Mortal (original French title: Tous les hommes sont mortels) is a 1946 novel by Simone de Beauvoir. ... The Ethics of Ambiguity (French title: Pour une morale de lambiguïté) is Simone de Beauvoirs second major essay, nearly twice as long as her first, Pyrrhus and Cineas. ... The Second Sex (French: Le Deuxième Sexe, 1949) is the best known work of Simone de Beauvoir and a seminal text in twentieth-century feminism. ... The Mandarins is a novel by Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86), whose father was a Catholic lawyer of conservative views. ...

Translations

• Patrick O'Brian was Beauvoir's principal English translator, until he attained commercial success as a novelist.
• Philosophical Writings (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2004, edited by Margaret A. Simons et al.) contains a selection of essays by Beauvoir translated for the first time into English. Among those are: Pyrrhus and Cineas, discussing the futility or utility of action, two previously unpublished chapters from her novel She Came to Stay and an introduction to Ethics of Ambiguity.

Patrick OBrian (12 December 1914 – 2 January 2000; born as Richard Patrick Russ) was an English novelist and translator, best known for his Aubrey–Maturin series of novels set in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and centered on the friendship of Captain Jack Aubrey and the Irish... The Aubrey–Maturin series, also known as the Aubreyad,[1] consists of a sequence of 20 completed and one unfinished historical novels by Patrick OBrian, set during the Napoleonic Wars and centering on the friendship between Captain Jack Aubrey of the Royal Navy and his ships surgeon Stephen...

References

Sources

• Bair, Deirdre, 1990. Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography. New York: Summit Books.
• Rowley, Hazel, 2005. Tête-a-Tête: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. New York: HarperCollins.
• Suzanne Lilar, 1969. Le Malentendu du Deuxième Sexe (with collaboration of Prof. Dreyfus). Paris, University Presses of France (Presses Universitaires de France).
• Fraser, M., 1999. Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Axel Madsen, Hearts and Minds: The Common Journey of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, William Morrow & Co, 1977.
• Hélène Rouch, 2001-2002, Trois conceptions du sexe: Simone de Beauvoir entre Adrienne Sahuqué et Suzanne Lilar, Simone de Beauvoir Studies, n° 18, pp. 49-60.
• Simone de Beauvoir, Marguerite Yourcenar, Nathalie Sarraute, 2002. Conférence Élisabeth Badinter, Jacques Lassalle & Lucette Finas, ISBN 2717722203.

Suzanne Lilar in the 1980 Suzanne Lilar (born Suzanne Verbist) (b. ... University Presses of France (French: Presses Universitaires de France or PUF) are the largest French university publishing houses, founded in 1921 by several professors. ... Suzanne Lilar in the 1980 Suzanne Lilar (born Suzanne Verbist) (b. ... Marguerite Yourcenar was the pseudonym of French novelist Marguerite Cleenewerck de Crayencour (June 8, 1903 - December 17, 1987). ... Nathalie Sarraute (French IPA: ) (born July 18, 1900 in Ivanovo, Russia – died October 19, 1999 in Paris, France) was a lawyer and a Francophone writer of Russian Jewish origin. ... Élisabeth Badinter (* March 5, 1944, née Élisabeth Bleustein-Blanchet in Boulogne-Billancourt, France) is a French author, feminist and professor of Philosophy at the École Polytechnique in Paris. ...

Bibliographic sources

• Beauvoir, Simone de. Woman: Myth & Reality,
  • in Jacobus, Lee A (ed.) A World of Ideas. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston 2006. 780-795
  • in Prince, Althea, and Susan Silva Wayne. Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women's Studies Reader. Women's Press, Toronto 2004 p.59-65.

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Simone de Beauvoir

• The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir by Shannon Mussett. Includes a bibliography of her work in English translation.
• Simone de Beauvoir entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Debra Bergoffen
• Website de Claudine Monteil, writer and women’s rights specialist who built a long friendship with Simone de Beauvoir.
• Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles.
• An article by Finnish local library of Kuusankoski.
• Stand By Your Man: The strange liaison of Sartre and Beauvoir, by Louis Menand. The New Yorker.
• The Second Sex: Significant Other.
• The Journal of French Philosophy - the online home of the Bulletin de la Société Américaine de Philosophie de Langue Française
• Beauvoir before Beauvoir - An article by Philippe Sollers (fr.)

• English Translation online- The Ethics of Ambiguity.
• Murray, Jenni (22 January 2008). Simone de Beauvoir. Woman's Hour. BBC Radio 4.

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (hereafter SEP) is a free online encyclopedia of philosophy run and maintained by Stanford University. ... Jenni Murray OBE (born Jennifer Susan Bailey on May 12, 1950 in Barnsley, Yorkshire) is a British journalist and broadcaster. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... Womans Hour is a magazine programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. ... old Radio 4 logo BBC Radio 4 is a UK domestic radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. ...