A term originating in military organization theory, but now used more commonly in business management, particularly human resource management, span of control describes the number of subordinates that report to each manager (or to each military officer). Human Resources has at least two meanings depending on context. ...

In the hierarchical business organization of the past it was not uncommon to see average spans of 1 to 10 or even less. That is, one manager supervises ten employees on average. In the 1980s there was a flattening of organizational structures causing average spans to move closer to 1 to 100. This was made possible by the introduction of inexpensive information technology that replaced many middle managers (whose main task had been to collect information from operational managers, compile it, and present it to upper management). Computers also made feasible the task of managing larger groups.

The current shift to self-directed cross-functional teams and other forms of non-hierarchical structures, have made the concept of span of control less salient. A cross-functional team, in business, consists of a group of people working toward a common goal and made of people with different functional expertise. ...

Theories about the otimum span of control go back to V.A. Graicunas. In 1933 he used assumptions about mental capacity and attention span to develop a set of practical heuristics. L.F. Urwick (1956) developed a theory based on geographical dispersion and the need for face-to-face meetings. In spite of numerous attempts since then, no convincing theories have been presented. This is because the optimum span of control depends on numerous variables including organizational structure, available technology, and the functions being performed. 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Urwick, L.E. (1956) "The Manager's span of control", Harvard Business Review, May/June 1956.
• Van Fleet, D. (1974) "Span of control: a review and restatement", Akron Business and Economic Review Winter 1974.
• Ouchi, W. and Dowling, J. (1974) "Defining Span of Control", Administrative Sciences Quarterly, Vol 19, 1974.
• Entwisle, D. and Walton, J. (1961) "Observations on the Span of Control", Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 1961
• Koontz, H. (1966) "Making Theory Operational: The Span of Management", The Journal of Management Studies, Vol 3, 1966.
• Van Fleet, D. and Bedian, A. (1977) "A history of the span of management", Academy of Management Review, July 1977.