NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Spice trade

The spice trade has been of major economic importance throughout human history and it particularly helped spur the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold. The word spice derives from the Latin species, which in its later history came to mean goods or products, often of small volume and high value [1]. Download high resolution version (1547x1137, 863 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1547x1137, 863 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Agadir Agadir Agadir ( Ø§ÙƒØ§Ø¯ÙŠØ± in arabic) is a city in southwest Morocco, capital of the Souss-Massa-Dra region. ... The so-called Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. ... Screen shot of Spice OPUS, a fork of Berkeley SPICE SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis) is a general purpose analog circuit simulator. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... It has been suggested that Gold bar be merged into this article or section. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... A good in economics is any physical object (natural or man-made) or service that, upon consumption, increases utility, and therefore can be sold at a price in a market. ...

Trade in the East Indies was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the Netherlands in the 17th century, and the British in the 18th century. The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

History of the spice trade

Spices have been prominent in human history virtually since its inception. In ancient times spices were used for magical rites and spells, purification ceremonies, embalming, cosmetics and perfumes, medicinal benefits and even poison as well as cooking, preserving and flavouring food. HIStory: Past, Present And Future - Book 1 was a double-disc album by Michael Jackson released in 1995. ... The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000-5,500 years, with cuneiform possibly being the oldest form of writing. ... Look up Magic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term magic is a Persian loanword into English and may refer to: Magic (paranormal) deals with the manipulation of what the practitioner believes to be genuine paranormal phenomena. ... Wiktionary has a definition of: Spell For spelling in linguistics, see orthography. ... Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Stub | Chemistry ... Embalming, in most modern cultures, is the art and science used to temporarily preserve human remains to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral. ... Closeup of a womans eye while wearing makeup Cosmetics or makeup are substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning. ... For the book Perfume by Patrick Süskind, see Perfume (book). ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ... Cooking is the act of preparing food for consumption. ... A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, etc. ... Flavouring (CwE) or flavoring (AmE) is a product which is added to food in order to change or augment its taste. ...

Spices were some of the most valuable items of trade in the ancient and medieval world. It has been claimed that this was primarily as a result of the need to disguise the taste of spoiled food (a lack of refrigeration and poor standard of hygiene meant that food often spoiled quickly), but there is no evidence to support this claim, and historians view it as highly unlikely: in the Middle Ages, spices from the East were a luxury item, affordable only to the wealthy, who certainly had unspoiled meat available as well.^[2] The actual reason for the huge demand for spices in Europe during the High Middle Ages remains a point of debate.

In the Bible, Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In the biblical poem Song of Solomon, the male speaker compares his beloved to many forms of spices. The Bible (tanak/h in hebrew language) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Good Book, Word of God, The Word, or Scripture), from Greek (Ï„Î±) Î²Î¹Î²Î»Î¹Î±, (ta) biblia, (the) books, is the classical name for the Hebrew Bible of Judaism or the combination of the Old Testament and New Testament of Christianity... Joseph is a given name originating from Hebrew, recorded in the Hebrew Bible, as ×™×•Ö¹×¡Öµ×£, Standard Hebrew Yosef, and Tiberian Hebrew YÃ´sÄ“pÌ„. In Arabic, including in the Quran, the name is spelt ÙŠÙˆØ³Ù or YÅ«suf. ... Song of Solomon is also the title of a novel by Toni Morrison. ...

The pepper trade reached its first peak under the Roman Empire. In the last remaining cookbook from Latin antiquity, the De re coquinaria of Apicius, pepper appears in 349 of the 468 recipes, including dormice stuffed with pepper and nuts [3]. The trade survived the collapse of the western Roman empire and, when it was revived, carried associations of ancient luxury and civility. Binomial name Piper nigrum L. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Augustus). ... A cookbook contains information on cooking, and a list of recipes. ... De re coquinaria is the oldest known cookbook, dating from the 3rd century A.D., still in existence. ... Apicius was a name applied to three celebrated Roman epicures, the first of whom lived during the Republic; the second of whom, Marcus Gavius (or Gabius) Apiciusâ€”the most famous in his own timeâ€”lived under the early Empire; a third lived in the late 4th or early 5th century. ... Dormice are a type of rodent indigenous to the eastern hemisphere comprising the family Gliridae. ... NUTS is an acronym, meaning: Neils Unix Talk Server Nuclear Utilization Target Selection -- counterpart to MAD Nuclear Use Theorists (More properly formatted NUTs) Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics New Ulm Trebuchet Society (Minnesota) See also: NUT This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that...

As with all trade in ancient and medieval times, the spice trade strongly influenced patterns of settlement along its routes. Whether by land routes or coastal sea routes, travel occurred one day at a time, with a stop for the night, resulting in a chain of settled way stations, many of which became towns or cities. (Braudel, 107)

In the Middle Ages (roughly 700-1000 AD), the spice trade was largely controlled by Muslim or Gujarati merchants, according to Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh, with European merchants confined to trading mostly within Europe. Ibn Khordadbeh also reported that spices were brought from the east to Europe by Jewish merchants known as the Radhanites; in other sources, such as the writings of Gregory of Tours, Jews are reported to have enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the trade in Western Europe during the late Merovingian and early Carolingian periods. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…) (sometimes also spelled Moslem) is an adherent of Islam. ... Gujarat (Gu: , Hi: ; , IPA ; also spelled Gujrat and sometimes (incorrectly) Gujarath) contained many of the former Princely states of India, and is the second-most industrialized state in the Republic of India after Maharashtra. ... Abul Qasim UbaidAllah ibn Khordadbeh (c. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic al-Radhaniyya) The Radhanites were a medieval group or guild of Jewish merchants. ... Gregory of Tours (c. ... For other uses of the term Merovingian, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The Carolingians (also known as the Carlovingians) were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. ...

The spices that were most popular with Europeans at this time included: cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, and pepper. Cinnamon came from China and Burma (it was used not only for flavour but also for cosmetics, drugs, balms, oils, and perfume). Nutmeg came from the Banda Islands. Cloves came from only two islands: Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas (south of Indonesia) - sometimes known as the Spice Islands. Pepper was grown exclusively in India, although there were inferior substitutes to be found in other places. Pepper was used extensively in cooking but was also used as a tonic, a stimulant, even as insect repellent and an aphrodisiac. This article is about the continent. ... Binomial name Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Cassia (Indonesian cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... This article is about spices, the word clove is also used to describe a segment of a head of garlic and a clove hitch is a useful kind of knot. ... Binomial name Piper nigrum L. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. ... Closeup of a womans eye while wearing makeup Cosmetics or makeup are substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning. ... A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... Oil painting is done on surfaces with pigment ground into a medium of oil - especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. ... Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. ... Banda Besar island seen from Fort Belgica The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda in Bahasa Indonesia) are a group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of Java, and are part of the Indonesian province of Maluku. ... A 1720 depiction of Ternate. ... Tidore is an island and town in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Spice Islands most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between the Celebes and the New Guinea islands in what is now Indonesia. ... Patent medicine is the term given to various medical compounds sold under a variety of names and labels, though they were for the most part actually trademarked medicines, not patented. ... A stimulant is a drug that increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or the feeling of being more awake. ... Commercial insect repellents. ... An aphrodisiac is an agent which causes the arousal of sexual desire. ...

Marco Polo's expedition to China was also an attempt to open up a "spice route" with the East. Spices were the primary reason that Portuguese navigator Vasco Da Gama sailed to India. Around that same time, when Christopher Columbus happened upon the New World, he was quick to describe to investors the many new spices available there. An action shot of Vasco da Gama on a boat, with a flag. ... An action shot of Vasco da Gama on a boat, with a flag. ... Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama (IPA: /; born c. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254, Venice, Italy; or Curzola, Venetian Dalmatia - now KorÄula, Croatia â€” January 8, 1324, Venice) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father NiccolÃ² and his uncle Maffeo, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he... Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama (IPA: /; born c. ... Christopher Columbus (1451? â€“ 20 May 1506) was assumed to be an Italian explorer and trader who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas on October 12, 1492 under the flag of Castile. ... Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ...

Spice Islands

In 1519, the Spanish Crown sponsored the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese. The goal of the mission was to find the Spice Islands by traveling west, and thus placing them in the Spanish sphere. The expedition was a success and became the first to circumnavigate the world upon its return three years later. Events March 4 - HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s lands in Mexico. ... The Crown is a term which is used to separate the government authority and property of the state in a kingdom from any personal influence and private assets held by the current Monarch. ... Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: FernÃ£o de MagalhÃ£es, IPA pron. ... Spice Islands most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between the Celebes and the New Guinea islands in what is now Indonesia. ...

"Spice Islands" most commonly refers to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and the New Guinea islands in what is now Indonesia. The term has also been used in reference to other islands known for their spice production, notably the Tanzanian group off East Africa consisting of Zanzibar, Mafia Island and Pemba. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands or simply Maluku) are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the larger Malay Archipelago. ... The equator is an imaginary circle drawn around a planet (or other astronomical object) at a distance halfway between the poles. ... Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) is a large island in Indonesia. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar, Tanzania, comprises a pair of islands off the east coast of Africa called Zanzibar (Unguja) (1994 est. ... Mafia Island (Chole Shamba) is part of the Tanzanian Spice Islands, which consists also of Zanzibar and Pemba. ... Map of Pemba Island Pemba is an island about 50 kilometres to the north of the island of Zanzibar. ...

Until the late 18th century, the Moluccas were the only source of economically significant spices, including clove, nutmeg and mace. Archaeological and linguistic evidence places Spice Island traders within a trading circuit reaching as far as mainland India around 200 BC. Pliny, the Roman author, described cloves not long afterwards. Javanese and Chinese merchants were heavily involved in the spice trade, and spices reached Europe only after passing through many foreign hands, with the main western terminus of the trade at Alexandria in Egypt. External links Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Spice Food Bacteria-Spice Survey Shows Why Some Cultures Like It Hot Citat: ...Garlic, onion, allspice and oregano, for example, were found to be the best all-around bacteria killers (they kill everything). ... Binomial name Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree (Syzygium aromaticum, sometimes included in the genus Eugenia) in the family Myrtaceae. ... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19c portrait. ... The approximately 90 million Javanese form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. ... Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria Î‘Î»ÎµÎ¾Î¬Î½Î´ÏÎµÎ¹Î± (in Arabic, Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³ÙƒÙ†Ø¯Ø±ÙŠØ©, transliterated al-Ê¼Iskandariyyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that countrys second largest city, and the capital of the Al Iskandariyah governate. ...

For this reason, spices appeared in the European imagination as a miraculously expensive natural commodity. Their location was probably unknown to the Muslim traders of Alexandria, but wild stories were invented about the exotic conditions necessary for their cultivation, and the extreme hazards endured to harvest and transport them. This heady mixture of myth, romance and fabulous riches was the El Dorado of Europe's pre-Columbian consciousness. El Dorado (sometimes spelled Eldorado) is a mythical city of gold (sometimes called the Lost City of Gold) which was thought to be located somewhere in the Americas, more specifically South America. ...

Venice came to monopolize the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional land connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks. The financial incentive to discover an alternative to Venice's monopoly control of this lucrative business was perhaps the single most important factor precipitating Europe's Age of Exploration. Location within Italy Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, 45Â°26â€²N 12Â°19â€²E, population 271,663 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. ... The so-called Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships were traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. ...

Portugal took an early lead charting the route around the southern tip of Africa, securing various bases en route, even accidentally discovering the coast of Brazil in the search for favourable Southerly currents. Portugal's eventual success -- see Ferdinand Magellan -- and the establishment of its own absolutist monopoly provoked the other maritime powers in Europe, Spain and France, England and the Netherlands to challenge the Portuguese position. Image File history File links Magellans voyage: Cebu, Mactan, Palawan, Brunei, Celebes, Spice Islands on the relief globe of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Magellans voyage: Cebu, Mactan, Palawan, Brunei, Celebes, Spice Islands on the relief globe of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Magellan may refer to the following: Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer The company Magellan that manufactors GPS devices. ... Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: FernÃ£o de MagalhÃ£es, IPA pron. ...

South-East Asian countries collectively known as the Malay Archipelago (currently known as Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia) were also one of the destinations of spice traders, due to exploration efforts by Portuguese explorers. Ports such as Malacca and Singapore bloomed out of the necessity of spice export by parties such as the Portuguese. However, due to conflict between the people in the Sultanate of Malacca and the Portuguese traders, the Portuguese Viceroy Alfonso d'Albuquerque ordered an invasion of Malacca in 1511; thus strengthening their foothold by monopolizing spice trade in the Malay Archipelago. See also: Asian and Eurasian World map showing Asia. ... The Malay Archipelago refers to the vast group of islands located between mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh Capital Malacca Town Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ... Sultanate of Malacca was a Malay sultanate founded by Parameswara in 1402. ... For the butterfly, see viceroy butterfly. ... Afonso de Albuquerque Afonso de Albuquerque, Afonso dAlbuquerque or Alfonso de Albuquerque (1453 - December 16, 1515) was a noted Portuguese naval general whose activities helped establish the Portuguese colonial empire in India. ... In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service. ...

The ideal of the Spice Islands, eventually to be enveloped by the Netherlands' Dutch East Indies empire, had led to the accidental discovery of the West Indies, and lit the fuse of centuries of rivalry between European maritime powers for control of lucrative global markets and resources. The tattered mystique of the Spice Islands finally died when France and Britain successfully smuggled seeds and plants to their own dominions on Mauritius, Grenada and elsewhere, making spices a more commonplace and much less expensive commodity. Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... This writeup is about biological seeds; for other meanings see Seed (disambiguation). ... u fuck in ua ...

Effect on the spice-growing regions

As Fernand Braudel points out, the Indian Ocean basin in the time between the decline of the Roman Empire and the arrival of Vasco Da Gama was highly self-sufficient: "The Indian Ocean sought only luxuries from outside." The Mediterranean region's desire for pepper, spices, and silk, was balanced by India and China's desire for silver. (Braudel 184-185) The increasing import of silver and gold from the Americas gave Europe (first the Mediterranean, later Northern Europe) increased wealth with which to buy luxuries from the East; the sea route pioneered by Vasco Da Gama was tremendously more efficient than the older land route. Between those two factors, the trade soon reached a level greatly exceeding even that of Roman times.

Production

As of the early 2000s, saffron is the world's most expensive spice (and in fact, the most expensive food by weight). Spain, India, and Iran are producers of saffron. A pound (1/2 kg) of saffron requires about 35,000–100,000 flowers. The as of technique is a way to deal with statements that date quickly. ... Binomial name Crocus sativus L. Saffron (IPA: ) is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. ...

FAO can mean: Food and Agriculture Organization Faro Airport (Portugal), IATA airport code For (The) Attention Of This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation pageâ€”a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

References

Notes

External links

The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication of The Economist Newspaper Limited in London. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ...

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