Stefan Batory
Born	September 27, 1533
in	Somlyo, Transylvania (modern Şimleu Silvaniei, Romania)
Died	December 12, 1586
in	Hrodna, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (now Belarus)
Buried	Wawel Cathedral, Saint Mary's Crypt (buried May 1588)
Reign	December 9, 1575 to December 12, 1586
Coronation	May 1, 1576 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
Family or dynasty	Bathory
Coat of Arms	Zęby.
Parents	István Báthory Catherine Telegdi
Marriage and children	with Anna Jagiellonka:
	with NN concubine (?):  (?)Jurij Otriepjew
	with NN concubine:  Knebowski (Kniaziowski)

Stefan Bat(h)ory, King of Poland, Prince of Transylvania, Grand Duke of Lithuania (27 September 1533–12 December 1586) was Prince of Transylvania (1571-1586), then King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1575-1586). Born István Báthory to a powerful Hungarian noble, likewise named István Báthory, the younger Batory succeeded John II Zapolya as Prince of Transylvania in 1571. In 1575 Batory became the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, reigning as Stefan Batory. He left Transylvania for Poland and appointed his elder brother Christopher Bathory as viceroy (voivode) to that country. Many historians consider him to be one of the greatest of the elected Kings of Poland. The Báthory (Polish Batory) were a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (630x1260, 40 KB) Summary copyright expired 400 years ago Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Stefan Batory ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ... Åžimleu Silvaniei (Hungarian: Szilágysomlyó) is a town in Sălaj county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 16,036 people (2002 census). ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ; Yiddish: Grodne; German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Å»amojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ... Wawel Cathedral Wawel Cathedral Wawel Cathedral – in full, the Cathedral Basilica of St Stanislaus and St Wenceslaus – is Polands national sanctuary. ... December 9 is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). ... Wawel Cathedral Wawel Cathedral Wawel Cathedral – in full, the Cathedral Basilica of St Stanislaus and St Wenceslaus – is Polands national sanctuary. ... Wawel Hill, Old Town, Kraków. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Báthory (Polish Batory) was a Hungarian aristocratic family of significant influence in late mediæval Central Europe. ... The history of Polish heraldry is an integral part of the history of the Szlachta, the Polish nobility. ... Stephen Báthory (Báthory István in Hungarian) (1477-1534) was a Hungarian noble and loyal adherent of King John Zápolya of Hungary. ... Anna the Jagiellonian Anna the Jagiellonian (Polish:Anna Jagiellonka) 1523 - 1596, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland, wife of Stephen Bathory, King of Poland, one of the last members of the Jagiellon dynasty. ... False Dimitriy I (Cyrillic Лжедмитрий; other transliterations: Dimitry, Dimitri, Dimitrii) was the Tsar of Russia from July 21, 1605 until his death on May 17, 1606 under the name of Dimitriy Ioannovich (Cyrillic Димитрий Иоаннович). He was one of three impostors who claimed during the Time of Troubles to be the youngest son... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... The term prince, from the Latin root princeps, is used for a member of the highest ranks of the aristocracy or the nobility. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... “King” redirects here. ... The title of Grand Duke (Latin, Magnus Dux; German, Großherzog, Russian, Великий князь) used in Slavic, Baltic, and Germanic countries, is ranked in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst). ... Year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Stephen Báthory (Báthory István in Hungarian) (1477-1534) was a Hungarian noble and loyal adherent of King John Zápolya of Hungary. ... John Zápolya refers to a father and son who were kings of Hungary in the 16th century. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Christopher Bathory (1530-1581) was a prince of Transylvania. ... Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ... Election of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki as king of Poland at Wola, outside Warsaw ( 1669). ... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ...

Biography

Stefan Bat(h)ory was born September 27, 1533, in Somlyo, Transylvania, to the local branch of the ancient Bathory family, now extinct, but originally almost coeval with the Hungarian monarchy. Istvan Bathory spent his early years at the court of the emperor Ferdinand I, subsequently attached himself to John Zapolya, and won equal renown as a valiant lord-marcher, and as a skillful diplomat at the imperial court. Zapolya rewarded him with the voivodeship of Transylvania, and as the loyal defender of the rights of his patrons' son, John Sigismund, he incurred the animosity of the emperor Maximilian II of Austria, who kept him in prison for two years. On May 25, 1571, on the death of John Sigismund, Bathory was elected prince of Transylvania by the Hungarian estates, despite the opposition of the court of Vienna and contrary to the wishes of the late prince, who had appointed Gaspar Bekesy his successor. Bekesy insisting on his claims, a civil war ensued in which Bathory ultimately won by driving his rival out of the country the following year. September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. ... Åžimleu Silvaniei (Hungarian: Szilágysomlyó) is a town in Sălaj county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 16,036 people (2002 census). ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád. ... Ferdinand in 1531, the year of his election as King of the Romans Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was an Austrian monarch from the House of Habsburg. ... John Zápolya refers to a father and son who were kings of Hungary in the 16th century. ... A Voivodship (also voivodeship, Romanian: Voievodat, Polish: Województwo, Serbian: Vojvodstvo or Vojvodina) was a feudal state in medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a Voivod (voivode). ... Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II. His Coat of Arms Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg dynasty (July 31, 1527 – October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 until his death. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

After the heirless death of King Sigismund II of Poland in 1572, his spinster sister Anna Jagiellonka became the sole heir to the Crown of Poland. Due to the conflict with her late brother (over his marriage with Barbara Radziwiłłówna), she remained single and became one of the most influential personalities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the Sejm of April of 1573, she strongly supported the election of a French candidate. She convinced almost 50,000 members of the nobility and finally Henri de Valois was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, under the name of Henryk III Walezy. The couple was to become married, which was to further strengthen the legitimisation of Henry's rule. However, in less than a year after his coronation, Henry fled to Paris where he was crowned king of France. Sigismund II Augustus (Polish: , Lithuanian: ; 1 August 1520 — 7 July 1572) was the only son of Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. ... January 16 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Anna the Jagiellonian Anna the Jagiellonian (Polish:Anna Jagiellonka) 1523 - 1596, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland, wife of Stephen Bathory, King of Poland, one of the last members of the Jagiellon dynasty. ... Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name for territories of Poland, distinguishing them from territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. ... Noble Family RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Coat of Arms TrÄ…by Parents Jerzy RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Barbara Kola Consorts Stanislaw GesztoÅ‚d Zygmunt II August Children none Date of Birth December 6, 1523 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death May 8, 1551 Place of Death Kraków Barbara RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ (Lithuanian: Barbora RadvilaitÄ—, Polish: Barbara Radziwi... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Sejm building in Warsaw. ... Year 1573 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... ... Henry III (French: Henri III; September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589), born Alexandre-Édouard, was a member of the Valois Dynasty, King of France from May 30, 1574 until his death. ...

The period of interregnum lasted for roughly one and a half years. It was not until December 12, 1575 that the Sejm, convinced by the Papal nuncio agreed to elect a new monarch. Although at first Maximilian Habsburg was elected, mostly due to strong support of the Catholic church and the Pope himself, after three days the nobility threatened the senate with civil war and demanded a Piast king, that is a king of Polish ethnicity. After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellonka be elected king of Poland. The same day the Sejm chose Stefan Bathory as her husband and de facto successor of Henry III. Representatives of Grand duchy of Lithuania left the Sejm and did not participate in this election. Among the strongest supporters of his candidacy were the Protestants (Socinians, Arians, Lutherans and Calvinists alike), who feared that an ultra-Catholic monarch like a Habsburg could overthrow the principles of the Warsaw Confederation and support Counter-Reformation. On the other hand, Bathory had the merit of being a ruler of Transylvania, a state where freedom of religion was introduced already in 1568. On May 1, 1576 Batory married Anna Jagiellonka and became the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe. Upon coronation, his official titles were Stefan, by the grace of God King of Poland and Prussia, Masovia, Kiev Land, Volhynia, Podlachia and Livonia, as well as Prince of Transylvania^[1]. This coronation almost made the Union of Lublin obsolete, but after some negotiations and assurance of Grand Duchy of Lithuania's federal rights Grand Duchy recognised Stefan Batory as a Grand Duke of Lithuania, thus recognising him as a Grand Duke of Lithuania, Duke of Ruthenia and Samogitia. An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... Year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... The Sejm building in Warsaw. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope of Rome... Nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II. His Coat of Arms Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg dynasty (July 31, 1527 – October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 until his death. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... This article is about a Polish dynasty. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The Warsaw Confederation (January 28, 1573) was an important event in the history of Poland, and is considered as the beginning of religious freedom in Poland The religious tolerance in Poland had much longer tradition and was de facto policy during the reign of the recently deceased king Sigismund II... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state in the years between the death of Casimir III in 1370 and the Union of Lublin in 1569. ... Motto: Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital Königsberg, later Berlin Political structure Duchy, Kingdom, Republic Duke1  - 1525–68 Albert I  - 1688–1701 Frederick III King1  - 1701–13 Frederick I  - 1888–1918 William II Prime Minister1,2... Historical division of Masovia Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital at Warsaw. ... Województwo Kijowskie coat of arms The Kijów (Kiev) Voivodship (Polish: Województwo Kijowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 14th century until 1569 and of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793/1795. ... Volhynia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Prypiat and Western Bug -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia. ... Old chapel Krzna river Potockis Palace i MiÄ™dzyrzec Podlaski Podlachia, Podlesia, or Podlasie is a historical region in the eastern part of Poland and western Belarus. ... Baltic Tribes, ca 1200 CE This article is about the region in Europe. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... The Union of Lublin, painted by Jan Matejko The Union of Lublin (Lithuanian: Liublino unija; Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія; Polish: Unia lubelska) - signed on July 1, 1569 in Lublin, united the Kingdom of Poland and the... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Å»amojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Etnographic regions of Lithuania. ...

Polish coin with likeness of Stefan Batory.

Stefan Bathory proved to be a wise king, despite the fact that the country he became a ruler of was badly damaged by the troubles of the interregnum. At first his position was extremely difficult mostly because of internal opposition, financed by Maximilian Habsburg and Muscovy. However, the sudden death of the emperor Maximilian at the very moment when that potentate, in league with Muscovy, was about to defend his election as king of Poland by military action in the Commomwealth, completely changed the face of things. Though Stefan's distrust of the Habsburgs remained invincible, he consented at last to enter into a defensive alliance with the Holy Roman Empire which was carried through by the papal nuncio on his return to Rome in 1578. Stephen Bathory File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Stephen Bathory File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. ...

Batory at Pskov. Painting by Jan Matejko.

All armed opposition collapsed with the surrender of the Hanseatic city of Danzig (Gdańsk). The city, encouraged by its immense wealth and almost impregnable fortifications, as well as by the secret support of Denmark and the emperor, had backed Emperor Maximilian II and shut her gates against Bathory. The opposition of the city was reduced only after a six months siege and a fierce battle of December 16, 1577, in which its army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in open field. Nevertheless, Bathory's armies were too weak to take the city by force and a compromise was reached. Bathory had to accept somewhat special Danzig's status and its privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. Thus the city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid an enormous sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as ("apology") payoff. Báthory confirmed the privileges of Danzig in 1577. Danzig later served the Kingdom during the war with Sweden and Muscovy, providing help when requested. On the left side of the King - Jan Zamoyski. ... On the left side of the King - Jan Zamoyski. ... The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ... Jan Matejko , self-portrait. ... The foundations of the Hanseatic League (German: Hanse), an alliance of trading cities that for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic, can be seen as early as the 12th century, with the... GdaÅ„sk ( ; IPA: ), also known by its German name Danzig ( ) and several other names, is the sixth-largest city in Poland and is Polands principal seaport and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. ... Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II. His Coat of Arms Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg dynasty (July 31, 1527 – October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 until his death. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 28 - Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. ... The guilder (Dutch gulden), represented by the symbol ƒ, was the name of the currency used in the Netherlands from the 15th century until 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (coins and notes were not introduced until 2002). ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 28 - Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. ...

Stefan Batory's Smocze Zęby ("Dragon's Teeth") coat-of-arms.

This victory gave Bathory a chance to devote himself to foreign affairs and a strong position at home. With the help of his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, Stefan Bathory managed to completely reorganise the Polish Army. Among his genuine inventions was the piechota wybraniecka semi-professional infantry formation, composed of peasants trained in both infantry warfare and engineering. Bathory also reorganised the judiciary branch of power by formation of legal tribunals and also founded the Academy of Vilna, the third university in the Commonwealth and a predecessor of the modern Vilnius University. Both Bathory and Zamoyski were skilled politicians who were able to win several factions of the Polish nobility for strengthening of the royal authority. This was done mostly by means of better taxation of crown lands and royal property leased to the nobility. He was also notable as the monarch to order Samuel Zborowski to be executed for treason and murder, a verdict that could not be carried out for roughly a decade. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (731x810, 92 KB) ZÄ™by - Coat of Arms of king Stefan Batory of Poland, made by Halibutt in Blender and GIMP Based on the excellent French Wikipédia:Projet/Blasons and help from w:User:Snargle File links The following pages... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (731x810, 92 KB) ZÄ™by - Coat of Arms of king Stefan Batory of Poland, made by Halibutt in Blender and GIMP Based on the excellent French Wikipédia:Projet/Blasons and help from w:User:Snargle File links The following pages... Noble Family Zamoyski Coat of Arms Jelita Parents Stanisław Zamoyski Anna Herburt Consorts Anna Ossolińska Krystyna Radziwiłł Gryzelda Batory Barbara Tarnowska Children with Barbara Tarnowska Tomasz Zamoyski Date of Birth March 19, 1542 Place of Birth Skokówka, Poland Date of Death June 3... Wojsko komputowe (comput army) is a type of military unit used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century and the 18th century. ... Vilnius University (also known as Vilnius State University, The University of Vilnius, Lithuanian: , formerly Stefan Batory University and before that Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu), is one of the oldest Universities in Eastern Europe and the largest University in Lithuania. ... Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Crown land is a designated area belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not be alienated from it. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Samuel Zborowski (died 1584) was a Polish military commander and a notable member of the szlachta (Polish landed gentry). ...

Stefan Batory's armour.

Drawing of Stefan Batory by Jan Matejko

In external relations, Bathory sought peace through strong alliances. The difficulties with the Ottoman Empire were temporarily adjusted by a truce signed on November 5, 1577. The Sejm gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Stefan subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy. Two campaigns of wearing marches, and still more exhausting sieges ensued, in which Bathory, although repeatedly hampered by the parsimony of the Sejm, was uniformly successful, his skilful diplomacy at the same time allaying the suspicions of the Ottomans and the emperor. Download high resolution version (630x800, 105 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (630x800, 105 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Armour sucks ass alottttttttttt Armour was also commonly used to protect war animals, such as war horses and elephants. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Stefan_Batory_King_of_Poland. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Stefan_Batory_King_of_Poland. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 28 - Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. ... The Sejm building in Warsaw. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: Country Poland Voivodeship Masovia Powiat city county Gmina Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (PO) Area  - City 516. ...

Bathory, with his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a brilliant decisive campaign against the invading forces of Ivan the Terrible during the Livonian War (which formed part of the Muscovite wars between Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy). The Russians had invaded Livonia and took Dorpat Duchy of Courland, which a few years earlier had become a vassal of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth army under Bathory routed the Russian force at Velikiye Luki. In 1581 Stefan penetrated to the very heart of Muscovy and, on August 22, laid siege to the city of Pskov, whose vast size and imposing fortifications filled the little Commonwealth army with dismay. But the king, despite the murmurs of his own officers, and the protestations of the papal nuncio, Possevino, whom the curia, deluded by the mirage of a union of the churches, had sent expressly from Rome to mediate between the tsar and the king of Poland, closely besieged the city throughout a winter of arctic severity, till, on the December 13, 1581, Ivan the Terrible, alarmed for the safety of the third city in his empire, concluded a peace treaty in Jam Zapolski (January 15, 1582), thereby ceding Polatsk and the whole of Livonia back to the Commonwealth. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, by Viktor Vasnetsov Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: ) (August 25, 1530, Moscow â€“ March 18, 1584, Moscow) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Czar of Russia from 1547 until his death. ... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... The Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars (Russian: , Polish: , also known as Russo-Lithuanian Wars, or just either Muscovite Wars or Lithuanian Wars) [1] were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, allied with the Kingdom of Poland, and Muscovite Russia. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Image of Tartu street Tartu (German, Polish Dorpat, Russian Юpьeв Yuryev) is the second largest city of Estonia, with its population of 101,246 (the Population Census data is from 2000) in an area of 38. ... Coat of arms of Courland Courland (Latvian: ; German: ; Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Lithuanian: ; Estonian: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is an historical Baltic province now part of Latvia. ... Velikiye Luki (also transliterated as Velikie Luki, Russian Великие Луки) - city in Russia, in Pskov Oblast. ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Siege of Pskov, the last (and unfinished) painting of Karl Briullov. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... Peace treaty in Jam Zapolski was signed in January 1582 between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lead by king Stefan Batory and Russia lead by Tazar Ivan the Terrible. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. ... Polatsk (Belarusian: По́лацак, По́лацк, also spelt as Polacak; Polish: PoÅ‚ock; Russian: По́лоцк, also transliterated as Polotsk, Polotzk, Polock) is the most historic city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river. ... Baltic Tribes, ca 1200 CE This article is about the region in Europe. ...

With the problems at the eastern borders settled, Stefan Bathory planned a Christian alliance against the Ottomans. He proposed an anti-Ottoman alliance with Muscovy, which he considered a necessary step for his anti-Ottoman crusade. However, Russia was on its way to the Time of Troubles, so he could not find a partner there. The project of a Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth was dissipated by his sudden death, on December 12, 1586 in Hrodna (His necropsy there was the first such act in the Eastern Europe). Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish (official); spoken languages include Abkhazian, Adyghe, Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Azerbaijani... The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of the Moscow Rurikids, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. ... Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth (also known in Polish as unia troista - trinity-union) was a never-formed state based on a personal union between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovite Russia. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Hrodna City emblem Hrodna (Belarusian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ; Lithuanian: ; Yiddish: Grodne; German: ) is a city in Belarus. ... For the former Death Metal band called Autopsy, see Autopsy (band). ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ...

When Stefan Bathory died, there was a one year interregnum. Emperor Maximilian's brother Maximilian III was elected and while trying to claim the Polish-Lithuanian throne he was defeated at the Byczyna and Bathory was succeeded by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa. Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, also known as Maximilian the Deutschmeister (born October 12, 1558 in Wiener Neustadt; died November 2, 1618 in Vienna) was the third son of Emperor Maximilian II. From 1585 onwards, he was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and administrator of Prussia. ... Combatants Poland Austria Commanders Jan Zamojski Maximilian III of Austria Strength 3700 cavalry, 2300 infantry 6000 infantry Casualties 1000 2000 The Battle of Byczyna took place on January 24 1588 between polish-lithuanian army of new elected polish king Sigismund III Vasa under command of hetman Jan Zamojski and austrian... Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland...

Notes

1. ^ Stephanus Dei gratia rex Poloniae et magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Kiioviae, Voliniae, Podlachiae, Livoniaeque, necnon. princeps Transylvaniae. in Latin.

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

See also

• History of Poland (1569-1795)