NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Stephen Crane

Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American novelist, poet and journalist. He was born in Newark, New Jersey, the 14th child of a Methodist minister. He died at age 28. Stephan Crane photo from 1900 magazine This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... A pseudonym (Greek: , pseudo + -onym: false name) is an artificial, fictitious name, also known as an alias, used by an individual as an alternative to a persons legal name. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Nickname: Map of Newark in Essex County County Essex Founded/Incorporated 1666/1836 Government - Mayor Cory Booker, term of office 2006â€“2010 Area [1] - City 67. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area Ranked 47th - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (110 km) - Length 150 miles (240 km) - % water 14. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... Badenweiler, a health resort and watering place of the grand-duchy of Baden, a portion of MarkgrÃ¤flerland, Germany, its 28 kilometers by road and rail from Basel and 10 kilometers from the French border and 20 kilometes away from Mulhouse and the nearest big city in German side is... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Naturalism may refer to: Naturalism (philosophy), any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural, are either false, unknowable, or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses Methodological naturalism is the methodological assumption that that observable events in nature are explained only by natural... For other notable men with this name see: Stephen Crane (disambiguation). ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Nickname: Map of Newark in Essex County County Essex Founded/Incorporated 1666/1836 Government - Mayor Cory Booker, term of office 2006â€“2010 Area [1] - City 67. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ...

Biography

Crane was born in Newark, New Jersey, the fourteenth child of a Methodist minister. His father died in 1880 and Crane was raised by his devout mother, who died in 1890. Crane studied at Lafayette College and Syracuse University, but attained degrees from neither. After his mother's death Crane moved to New York City, where he lived a bohemian life working as a free-lance writer and journalist, writing articles for, among others, the New York Tribune. hjhjhj Nickname: Map of Newark in Essex County County Essex Founded/Incorporated 1666/1836 Government - Mayor Cory Booker, term of office 2006â€“2010 Area [1] - City 67. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area Ranked 47th - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 kmÂ²) - Width 70 miles (110 km) - Length 150 miles (240 km) - % water 14. ... Lafayette College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA. The school, founded in 1826 by citizens of Easton, first began holding classes in 1832. ... Syracuse University (SU) is a private nonsectarian research university located in Syracuse, New York. ... â€œNYâ€ redirects here. ... The term bohemian was first used in the nineteenth century to describe the non-traditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished artists, writers, musicians, and actors in major European cities. ... The New York Tribune building - today the site of Pace Universitys building complex of One Pace Plaza in New York City The New York Tribune was established by Horace Greeley in 1841 and was long considered one of the leading newspapers in the United States. ...

Crane observed the poor in the Bowery slums as research for his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), which was a milestone in uncompromising realism and in the early development of literary naturalism. Crane had to print the book at his own expense with money borrowed from his brother, and released it under the pseudonym "Johnston Smith." It was not a commercial success or favored by critics of the time, but won the admiration of Hamlin Garland and William Dean Howells. Categories: Stub | Streets in Manhattan ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Look up realism, realist, realistic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other meanings see Naturalism. ... Hamlin Hannibal Garland (September 14, 1860 â€“ March 4, 1940) was an American novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer. ... William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 â€“ May 11, 1920) was an American realist author. ...

Maggie, for its few American readers, and The Red Badge of Courage (1895) for much of the international reading public, introduced Crane's richly innovative writing style. The Red Badge received intense international acclaim, while Maggie, re-issued in 1896, found a much less welcoming reception. [2] The Red Badge of Courage (1895) is an impressionistic novel by Stephen Crane about the meaning of courage, as it is discovered by Henry Fleming, a recruit in the American Civil War. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ...

Now a well-paid war correspondent, Crane was shipwrecked en route to Cuba in early 1897. He and a small party of passengers spent 30 hours adrift off the coast of Florida, an experience which Crane would later transform into his most famous short story, The Open Boat (1898). In Florida Crane met Cora Stewart-Taylor (July 12, 1865 - Sep 4, 1910), the proprietress of a Jacksonville brothel. In 1897 or 1898 they were married. Taylor was also a writer and she and Crane worked together as war correspondents during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. This experience was the basis for his novel Active Service (1899), which has a journalist covering that war as its hero. 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... â€œJacksonvilleâ€ redirects here. ... The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days War, was a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Partly to escape her past, and partly to leave behind the abuse and ridicule the American press had bestowed on his work, especially his first collection of poetry, The Black Rider and Other Lines (1895), Crane and Cora moved to England. There Crane was already lionized and The Red Badge of Courage greatly admired. In 1897 the couple settled in Brede Place, an old estate in Sussex, England. Crane befriended writers Joseph Conrad, H. G. Wells, and Henry James. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ... // Joseph Conrad (born Teodor JÃ³zef Konrad NaÅ‚Ä™cz-Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 â€“ 3 August 1924) was a Polish-born novelist who spent most of his adult life in Britain. ... Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 â€“ August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The First Men in the Moon and The Island of Doctor Moreau. ... For other uses of this name, see Henry James (disambiguation). ...

After a fruitless attempt to improve his health in Greece, Crane died of tuberculosis in Badenweiler, Germany, on June 5, 1900. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Hillside, New Jersey.^[1] Badenweiler, a health resort and watering place of the grand-duchy of Baden, a portion of MarkgrÃ¤flerland, Germany, its 28 kilometers by road and rail from Basel and 10 kilometers from the French border and 20 kilometes away from Mulhouse and the nearest big city in German side is... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Evergreen Cemetery and Crematory is a cemetery and crematorium located at 1137 North Broad Street, Hillside, New Jersey. ... Map of Hillside Township in Union County Hillside is a Township located in Union County, New Jersey. ...

Literary reception, influence and legacy

Crane is noted for his early employment of naturalism, a literary style in which characters face realistically portrayed and often bleak circumstances, but Crane added impressionistic imagery and biblical symbolism to the austere realism. Crane's realism, writes William Peden, "is often more impressionistic than photographic; his interest in psychological probing, his innovations in technique and style, and his use of imagery, paradox and symbolism give much of his best work a romantic rather than a naturalistic quality. Both realism and symbolism, the two major directions of modern fiction, have their American beginnings in Crane's work." [from "Stephen Crane," Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 8, pp. 150-151 (1994)]. For other meanings see Naturalism. ... Look up realism, realist, realistic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

H.G. Wells adds that the painterly quality of Crane's prose, "the great influence of the studio," should not be ignored: "...in the persistent selection of the essential elements of an impression, in the ruthless exclusion of mere information, in the direct vigor with which the selected points are made, there is Whistler even more than there is Tolstoi in The Red Badge of Courage." Wells then selects, "almost haphazard," the following lines from that work to illustrate his point: H. G. Wells at the door of his house at Sandgate Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 - August 13, 1946) was an English writer best known for his science fiction novels such as The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine. ... Self portrait (1872) James Abbott McNeill Whistler (July 11, 1834 â€“ July 17, 1903) was an American-born, British-based painter and etcher. ... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy(Lyof, Lyoff) (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 â€“ November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) (Russian: , IPA: ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer â€“ novelist, essayist, dramatist and philosopher â€“ as well as pacifist Christian anarchist and educational reformer. ... The Red Badge of Courage (1895) is an impressionistic novel by Stephen Crane about the meaning of courage, as it is discovered by Henry Fleming, a recruit in the American Civil War. ...

"At nightfall the column broke into regimental pieces, and the fragments went into the fields to camp. Tents sprang up like strange plants. Camp fires, like red, peculiar blossoms, dotted the night. ...From this little distance the many fires, with the black forms of men passing to and fro before the crimson rays, made weird and satanic effects."

The Red Badge of Courage, about a young soldier's initiation into the horrors and ironies of war set during the American Civil War, won international acclaim for its vividness and psychological depth. Crane had never experienced battle, but had read and conducted interviews with a number of veterans, some of whom may have suffered from what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder. Ernest Hemingway, who would take up several of Crane's settings and themes, called the book an American classic, and Alfred Kazin writes that The Red Badge of Courage "has long been considered the first great ‘modern’ novel of war by an American—the first novel of literary distinction to present war without heroics and this in a spirit of total irony and skepticism.” [3] Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€“ July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... Alfred Kazin (June 5, 1915 â€“ June 5, 1998) was an American writer and literary critic, many of whose writings depicted the immigrant experience in early twentieth century America. ...

In Stephen Crane. From an English Standpoint (1900), written shortly after Crane's death, Wells sums up Crane the literary figure as "the first expression of the opening mind of a new period, or, at least, the early emphatic phase of a new initiative—beginning, as a growing mind needs begin, with the record of impressions, a record of a vigor and intensity beyond all precedent.” [4]

In popular culture

The best known film of The Red Badge of Courage was directed by John Huston and released in 1951. [5]

One of Crane's poems was the basis for the 2001 film, The Dark Riders. The Dark Riders, also known as the Riders of the Storm, are a team of comic book supervillains in Marvel Comics universe. ...

In 2007 Edmund White will publish a novel, Hotel de Dream, on the probably apocryphal story that Crane wrote and then destroyed a 40-page novella fragment on a boy prostitute.^[2] Edmund Valentine White III (born January 13, 1940) is a novelist, short-story writer and critic. ...

References

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Published as

Volumes in the Library of America series The Library of America (LoA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. ...

References and further reading

Categories: 1871 births | 1900 deaths | Deaths by tuberculosis | American Methodists | American novelists | American short story writers | American poets | American journalists | People from Newark, New Jersey | Hearst Corporation people | Syracuse University alumni | War correspondents Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ... Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 â€“ August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, The First Men in the Moon and The Island of Doctor Moreau. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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