Sumner Welles (October 14, 1892 – 1961) was Under Secretary of State in US 1937-1943 during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. He was featured in the TIME Cover of August 11, 1941 October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government  â€¢ President  â€¢ Vice President Federal republic George... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ...

Sumner Welles in Cuba

During the Cuban crisis in 1920, Washington appointed Welles as ambassador to Cuba. Welles arrived in Havana with a specific charge: mediate ‘in any form most suitable’ an end to the Cuban crisis. Welles’ role in these kinds of mediations was crucial. Welles started mediating and promising both sides of the Cuban opponents what they wanted to hear.

Welles promised Machado help of new commercial treaty to relieve economic distress if Machado reached a political settlement with the opposition. The government believed that the proposed mediation represented a clever form of continued support and a guarantee that Machado would serve a full length of his term.

Welles promised the opponents of the Machado’s government a change of government, and participation in the subsequent administration, if they joined the mediation and supported an orderly transfer of power. The opposition believed that the mediation was an ingenious method by which the United States planned to remove Machado.

The mediation provided the United States the means with which to pursue several policy objectives at once. The mediations provided the means through which opposition groups could obtain their objectives and join the political process in an orderly, instructional fashion. Just as important as easing Machado out was the necessity of easing new political elements in. The mediation conferred on sectors of outlawed opposition a measure of political legitimacy, providing them with a vested interest in a settlement sanctioned and supported by the United States. This served as a recruitment process, a method by which the US determined which groups were ‘responsible’ and which were not.

As U.S. special envoy to Cuba in 1933, Sumner Welles, with support from General Herrera, Colonels Castillo, Delgado etc (See Hugh Thomas ISBN 0-306-80827-7 and Enrique Ros sources), maneuvered to oust then-President Gerardo Machado from office. Fulgencio Batista, an army sergeant in the Cuban Army Telegraph service was still not a player. In September 1933 Batista emerged on the public scene a leader of an enlisted man rebellion, and began to seize control. In January 1934, Batista transferred army support from Grau to Union Nacionalista leader Carlos Mendieta. Within five days, the United States recognized the new government. During this process putative agent William Wieland (aka Arturo Montenegro and sometimes spelled William Weiland or Wilham Wieland) is said to have been active in Cuba for the first time. 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Enrique Ros is the author of Revolucion de 1933 en Cuba and other books. ... Gerardo Machado, Time, 1933 Gerardo Machado (y Morales) (1871–1939). ... Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the de facto leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940 and the countrys de jure President from 1940 to 1944 and the countrys unchallenged leader, after a coup, from 1952...

Stimson Doctrine

Following the principles of Stimson Doctrine, on July 23, 1940, Sumner Welles made a declaration on the US non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of the three Baltic States as a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. More than 50 countries later followed US in this position. The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932 to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes effected by force. ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact or Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact or Nazi-Soviet Pact and formally known as the Treaty of Nonaggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was in theory a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the...

Hard Copy Sources

Sources include a book written by his son:

Welles Benjamin, 1997 Sumner Welles: Fdr's Global Strategist : A Biography (Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Series on Diplomatic and Economic History) Hardcover. St. Martin's Press 1997-11-01. ISBN 0312174403 / 0-312-17440-3 EAN: 9780312174408

Books Sumner Welles wrote include:

Welles, Sumner 1944 The time for decision Harper & brothers ASIN B0006AQB0M

Welles, Sumner 1972 Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844-1924 Arno Press ISBN 0405045964