|
Swedish (svenska (help·
info)) is a North Germanic language, spoken predominantly in Sweden, parts of Finland, especially along the coast, on the Åland islands, by more than nine million people. It is mutually intelligible with two of the other North Germanic languages, Danish and Norwegian. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. Northern Europe Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. ...
This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. ...
A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ...
For other uses, see Indo-European. ...
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the East Germanic languages. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council. ...
Political map of the Nordic countries and associated islands. ...
The Swedish Language Council (Svenska språknämnden) is the primary regulatory body for the advancement and cultivation of the Swedish language. ...
The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland (Finnish: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus, Swedish: Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken, Northern Sami: Ruovttueatnan gielaid dutkanguovddáš) is a governmental linguistic research institute of Finland geared at studies of Finnish, Swedish, the Sami languages, Romany language, and the Finnish Sign Language. ...
ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ...
ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ...
ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 507 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1650 × 1950 pixel, file size: 490 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...
Image File history File links Sv-svenska. ...
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the East Germanic languages. ...
“Aland†redirects here. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
Thor/Donar, Germanic thunder god. ...
Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 800 to 1066 in Scandinavian History[1][2][3]. // The Vikings have been much maligned in European history, due in large part to their violent attacks on Christians in the first centuries of their excursions out of Scandinavia. ...
Standard Swedish is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well-established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the older rural dialects still exist, the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized, with a 99% literacy rate among adults. Some dialects differ considerably from the standard language in grammar and vocabulary and are not always mutually intelligible with Standard Swedish. These dialects are confined to rural areas and are spoken primarily by small numbers of people with low social mobility. Though not facing imminent extinction, such dialects have been in decline during the past century, despite the fact that they are well researched and their use is often encouraged by local authorities. Standard Swedish (standardsvenska, rikssvenska or högsvenska) denotes Swedish as a spoken and written standard language in Sweden and Finland. ...
A variety of a language is a form that differs from other forms of the language systematically and coherently. ...
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ...
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. ...
For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...
A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language. ...
Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52...
Social mobility is the degree to which, in a given society, an individuals social status can change throughout the course of their life (known as intragenerational mobility), or the degree to which that individuals offspring and subsequent generations move up and down the class system (intergenerational mobility). ...
An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers, in contrast to a dead language, which is is a language which has stopped changing in grammar, vocabulary, and the complete meaning of a sentence. ...
The standard word order is Subject Verb Object, though this can often be changed to stress certain words of phrases. Swedish morphology is similar to English, i.e. that words have comparatively few inflections; there are two genders, no grammatical cases (though older analyses posit two cases, nominative and genitive), and a distinction between plural and singular. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles. The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ...
For other uses, see Morphology. ...
Inflection of the Spanish lexeme for cat, with blue representing the masculine gender, pink representing the feminine gender, grey representing the form used for mixed-gender, and green representing the plural number. ...
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ...
In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause; such as the role of subject, of direct object, or of possessor. ...
The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Look up plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The word singular may refer to one of several concepts. ...
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ...
In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases). ...
Look up Suffix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ...
In linguistics, prosody refers to intonation, rhythm, and vocal stress in speech. ...
In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word. ...
It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ...
Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
The voiceless dorso-palatal fricative (also called voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative, voiceless coarticulated velar and palatoalveolar fricative and voiceless dorsovelar fricative) is a type of consonant sound, used in spoken languages, in certain variants and dialects of Swedish, where it is most often known as the sj-sound. ...
In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...
Classification Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages. Together with Danish it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages, separating it from the West Scandinavian languages, consisting of Faroese, Icelandic and Norwegian. More recent analysis divide the North Germanic languages into the Insular Scandinavian and Continental Scandinavian languages, grouping Norwegian with Danish and Swedish based on mutual intelligibility and the fact that Norwegian has been heavily influenced by East Scandinavian (particular Danish) during the last millennium and has diverged considerably from both Faroese and Icelandic. Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ...
The North Germanic languages (also Scandinavian languages or Nordic languages) is a branch of the Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the Faroe Islands and Iceland. ...
Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Germanic languages form one of the branches of the Indo-European (IE) language family, spoken by the Germanic peoples who settled in northern Europe along the borders of the Roman Empire. ...
By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered to be dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, due to several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long string of wars in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies, dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden — especially parts of Bohuslän, Dalsland, western Värmland, western Dalarna, Härjedalen and Jämtland — take up a middle ground between the national standard languages.[1] Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ...
The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ...
A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...
, (Latin: Bahusia; Norwegian: Båhuslen) is a province (landskap) in West Sweden (Västsverige). ...
is a Swedish province (landskap) in the south west of Sweden. ...
â–¶(?) is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. ...
There is also Norwegian region called Dalane. ...
▶ (help· info), is a historical province or landskap in the north of Sweden. ...
(help· info), is a historical province or landskap in the center of Sweden. ...
History -
In the 9th century, Old Norse began to diverge into Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Sweden and Denmark). In the 12th century, the dialects of Denmark and Sweden began to diverge, becoming Old Danish and Old Swedish in the 13th century. All were heavily influenced by Middle Low German during the medieval period. Though stages of language development are never as sharply delimited as implied here, and should not be taken too literally, the system of subdivisions used in this article is the most commonly used by Swedish linguists and is used for the sake of practicality. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
The Middle Low German language is an ancestor of the modern Low German language, and was spoken from about 1100 to 1500. ...
Old Norse -
In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
Download high resolution version (1235x909, 75 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Old Norse language User:Wiglaf User:Wiglaf/maps ...
Download high resolution version (1235x909, 75 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Old Norse language User:Wiglaf User:Wiglaf/maps ...
Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ...
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: Old West Norse dialect Old East Norse dialect Old Gutnish dialect Crimean Gothic Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility Old Gutnish was the dialect of Old Norse that was spoken...
Crimean Gothic was a dialect of Gothic that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in the Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century. ...
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. ...
Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
(7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...
Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Germanic languages form one of the branches of the Indo-European (IE) language family, spoken by the Germanic peoples who settled in northern Europe along the borders of the Roman Empire. ...
For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ...
Proto-Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Ancient Nordic or Proto-North Germanic was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved from Proto-Germanic between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century, and was spoken until ca 800, when it evolved into the Old...
The subdialect of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden is called Runic Swedish and the one in Denmark Runic Danish (there was also a subdialect spoken in Gotland, Old Gutnish) but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries with the main exception of a Runic Danish monophthongization (see below). The dialects are called runic due to the fact that the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters. Due to the limited number of runes, some runes were used for a range of phonemes, such as the rune for the vowel u which was also used for the vowels o, ø and y, and the rune for i which was also used for e. is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the second largest island in the Baltic Sea after Zealand. ...
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century: Old West Norse dialect Old East Norse dialect Old Gutnish dialect Crimean Gothic Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility Old Gutnish was the dialect of Old Norse that was spoken...
Rune redirects here. ...
Proto-Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Ancient Nordic or Proto-North Germanic was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved from Proto-Germanic between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century, and was spoken until ca 800, when it evolved into the Old...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...
In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...
Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
From 1100 and onwards, the dialect of Denmark began to diverge from that of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark which created a series of minor dialectal boundaries, isoglosses, ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland, Österbotten and southeastern Finland in the north. Isoglosses on the Faroe Islands An isogloss is the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic feature, e. ...
Map showing location of Zealand within Denmark. ...
Norrland is a name for the northernmost part of Sweden, historically one of the four lands of Sweden. ...
Österbotten (Pohjanmaa) is the name of a geographical region in Finland which can refer to: Österbotten - a historical Province of Sweden (Historical provinces of Finland) Österbottens län - a former County of Sweden (Counties in Finland) Norra Österbottens landskap - a current Region of Finland Södra Österbottens landskap - a current...
An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é, as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin. There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as a change from tauþr into tuþr. Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long close ø, as in the Old Norse word for "island". These innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish speaking area as well in the end of the period, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas.[2] In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...
A monophthong (in Greek μονόφθογγος = single note) is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation; compare diphthong. ...
Mälardalen (Swedish, literally the Lake Mälaren Valley) is the easternmost part of Svealand. ...
Old Swedish Old Swedish is the term used for the medieval Swedish language, starting in 1225. Among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script is the oldest of the provincial law codes, Västgötalagen, of which fragments dated to 1250 have been found. The main influences during this time came with the firm establishment of the Roman Catholic Church and various monastic orders, introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords. With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century, the influence of Low Saxon became ever more present. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of German speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their mother tongue into the vocabulary. Besides a great number of loan words for areas like warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. Almost all of the naval terms were also borrowed from Dutch. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...
Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...
A copy of the Äldre Västgötalagen law from the late 13th century Västgötalagen or the Westrogothic law is the oldest Swedish text written in the Latin script and the oldest law code of the Lands of Sweden. ...
A civil code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law. ...
is one of the historical provinces of Sweden (landskap), situated in the southwest of Sweden. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ...
A civil code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law. ...
A copy of the Äldre Västgötalagen law from the late 13th century Västgötalagen or the Westrogothic law is the oldest Swedish text written in the Latin script and the oldest law code of the Lands of Sweden. ...
Catholic Church redirects here. ...
Monastery of St. ...
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...
Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ...
Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. ...
Early medieval Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and had not yet experienced a reduction of the gender system. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases; besides the modern nominative, there were also the genitive, dative and accusative. The gender system resembled that of modern German, having the genders masculine, feminine and neuter. Most of the masculine and feminine nouns were later grouped together into a common gender. The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number. By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to the two cases and two genders of modern Swedish. The old inflections remained common in high prose style until the 18th century, and in some dialects into the early 20th century. In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ...
In linguistics, grammatical genders, also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once. ...
In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ...
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ...
In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ...
The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. ...
The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ...
A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between individuals and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered ao, and "oe" became oe. These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä, å and ö.[3] Ä, or ä, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter A with umlaut, or a letter A with diaeresis. ...
The letter Ã… represents various o sounds in the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, North Frisian, Walloon, Chamorro and Istro-Romanian language alphabets. ...
Ö, or ö, is a character used in several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter O with umlaut or diaeresis. ...
New Swedish -
 Front page of the Gustav Vasa Bible of 1541. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in Uppsala. 1541". New Swedish begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation. After assuming power, the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible. The New Testament was published in 1526, followed by a full Bible translation in 1541, usually referred to as the Gustav Vasa Bible, a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri. New Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska) is the linguistic term used for the Swedish language from the Bible translation of 1526 to the development of a common national language around 1880. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Uppsala (older spelling Upsala) is a city in central Sweden, located about 70 km north of Stockholm. ...
The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...
The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...
Gustav Vasa, originally Gustav Eriksson Vasa (May 12, 1496–September 29, 1560) was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death. ...
This article is about the Christian scriptures. ...
The Bible has been translated into many languages. ...
Gustav Vasa Bible is how the Swedish Bible translation published in 1540-41 is referred to. ...
Laurentius Andreae (born as Lars Andersson) was a Swedish clergyman and scholar, and one of the main proponents of the Swedish Protestant reformation in the years 1520-1540. ...
Laurentius Petri Nericus (Örebro 1499 – October 27, 1573), originally Lars Persson, was a Swedish clergyman and the first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden. ...
Petri outside Storkyrkan, Stockholm Olof Persson (sometimes Petersson; born January 6, 1493 in Örebro, died April 19, 1552 in Stockholm), better known under the Latin form of his name, Olavus Petri, was a clergyman, writer and a main character of the Protestant reformation in Sweden. ...
The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to the colloquial spoken language of its day it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms.[4] It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography. It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally due to the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden which is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ...
Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. The spelling debate raged on until the early 19th century, and it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that the orthography reached generally acknowledged standards.
Capitalization during this time was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized, due to the Gothic or blackletter font which was used to print the Bible. This font was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin font (often antiqua). Capitalization (or capitalisation) is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule (upper case letter) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lower case letters), in those writing systems which have a case distinction. ...
“Black letter†redirects here. ...
A facsimile of Nicholas Jensons roman type used in Venice circa 1470. ...
Some important changes in sound during the New Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative /ʃ/ and later into /ɧ/. There was also the gradual softening of /g/ and /k/ into /j/ and the fricative /ɕ/ before front vowels. The velar fricative /ɣ/ was also transformed into the corresponding plosive /g/.[5] The voiceless alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. ...
The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative or laminal postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ...
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
The voiced velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
(January 22, 1849 – May 14, 1912) was a Swedish writer, playwright, and painter. ...
Modern Swedish The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today is termed nusvenska ("Contemporary Swedish", lit. "Now-Swedish") in linguistic terminology. With the industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature. Many authors, scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the new national language that was emerging, the most influential of these being August Strindberg (1849–1912). Swedish literature begins with the Rök runestone and involves such prominent writers as August Strindberg, Esaias Tegnér, Selma Lagerlöf and Astrid Lindgren. ...
(January 22, 1849 – May 14, 1912) was a Swedish writer, playwright, and painter. ...
It was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography was finally stabilized, and was almost completely uniform, with the exception of some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906. With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish spoken today. The plural verb forms remained, in ever decreasing use, in formal (and particularly written) language until the 1950s, when they were finally officially abolished even from all official recommendations.
A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the 1960s, with the so-called du-reformen, "the you-reform". Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr" or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs" or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was only considered acceptable in initial conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni (the standard second person plural pronoun) — analogous to the French Vous. Ni (plural second person pronoun) wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du (singular second person pronoun) used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 60s, these previously significant distinctions of class became less important and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though the reform was not an act of any centralized political decrees, but rather a sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years from the late 60s to early 70s.[6] Social status is the honor or prestige attached to ones position in society (ones social position). ...
A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ...
A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ...
For other uses, see Point of view (literature). ...
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ...
Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ...
Former language minorities
 Map of the Estonian islands which formerly housed " Coastal Swede" populations From 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia, particularly on the islands (e.g., Hiiumaa, Vormsi, Ruhnu in Swedish: Dagö, Ormsö, Runö, respectively) along the coast of the Baltic. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament, and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, around 1,000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine, where they founded a village, Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak Swedish and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although the dialect is most likely facing extinction.[7] Map Of Estonian archipelago (Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) from http://www. ...
Map Of Estonian archipelago (Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) from http://www. ...
The Estonian Swedes, Estonia-Swedes, or Coastal Swedes (Swedish: Estlandssvenskar, or Estonia Swedes, colloquially Aibofolke, or Island People, Estonian: Rannarootslased) are a group of ethnic Swedes residing in the coastal areas and islands of what is now western and northern Estonia. ...
Tahkuna peninsula is the most northern part of Hiiumaa, Estonia Hiiumaa is the second largest island (989 km²) belonging to Estonia. ...
Estonias fourth biggest island, Vormsi is located between Hiiumaa and mainland with total area 92 sq. ...
Ruhnu (Swedish: Runö) is an island situated in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. ...
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ...
The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ...
The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...
Verbivka (Swedish: Gammalsvenskby, Old Swedish Village) is a part of the village Zmijevka in Khersonska oblast, Ukraine which has a Swedish cultural heritage. ...
In the newly independent Estonia (1918-1940), the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, had Swedish as the administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II prior to the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of older speakers remain today. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Geographic distribution Swedish is the national language of Sweden and the first language for the overwhelming majority of roughly eight million Swedish born inhabitants and acquired by one million immigrants. In Finland, Swedish is spoken as a first language by about 5.5%. The Finland Swedish minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish is the dominating language. In three cases, in the municipalities of Korsnäs (97% Swedish speakers), Närpes and Larsmo, Swedish is the only official language. In several more, it is the majority language and it is an official minority language in even more. There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries, but due to the similarity between the languages and cultures (with the exception of Finnish), expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as a group. According to the 2004 US census some 67,000 people over age five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on actual language proficiency. There are small numbers of Swedish speakers in other countries, such as Swedish descendants in Argentina and Brazil that have maintained a distinction by language and names.[8] Outside Sweden, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses.[9] Areas where Finland-Swedish populations are found shown in yellow Finland-Swedish is a general term for the closely related cluster of dialects of Swedish spoken in Finland by Finland-Swedes as a first language. ...
The Mergui Archipelago The Archipelago Sea, situated between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands. ...
A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village, or a small grouping of them. ...
Founded 1887 Province Western Finland Region Ostrobothnia Sub-region Vaasa Area - Of which land - Rank 239. ...
Närpes (Närpiö in Finnish) is a municipality of Finland. ...
Larsmo (Luoto in Finnish) is a municipality of Finland. ...
Political map of the Nordic countries and associated territories. ...
In the social sciences, assimilation is the process of integration whereby immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into a generally larger community. ...
The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. ...
Official status
 A Finnish-Swedish street sign. Swedish in Sweden is considered the "main language" and its use is officially recommended for local and state government, but not actually enforced by law. A recently proposed bill that would make Swedish an official language had a decided majority in the Swedish parliament, but failed to pass by the narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a pairing-off failure.[10] It is currently expected that the bill will be successfully passed if it is put up for a second vote. Swedish is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland) where 95% of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland, Swedish is the second national language alongside Finnish, and in the Estonian village Noarootsi, Swedish is the official language together with Estonian. [11] Swedish is also one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs.[12][13] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 418 pixelsFull resolution (2015 × 1052 pixel, file size: 541 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Bilingual street sign in Helsinki, Finland. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 418 pixelsFull resolution (2015 × 1052 pixel, file size: 541 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Bilingual street sign in Helsinki, Finland. ...
“Aland†redirects here. ...
An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ...
“Sovereign†redirects here. ...
County Lääne County Area 296 km² Population (as of 2005) - Density 910 3. ...
Political map of the Nordic countries and associated islands. ...
The Nordic Language Convention (Nordiska språkkonventionen) is an convention of linguistic rights which came into force in March 1, 1987, under the auspices of the Nordic Council. ...
Political map of the Nordic countries and associated territories. ...
Interpretation, or interpreting, is an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively, oral or gestural communications between two or more speakers who are not speaking (or signing) the same language. ...
Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Regulatory bodies The Swedish Language Council (Språkrådet) is the official regulator of Swedish, but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the Académie française does. However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up the Swedish Language Council, the Swedish Academy (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the dictionaries Svenska Akademiens Ordlista (SAOL currently in its 13th edition) and Svenska Akademiens Ordbok, in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Even though the dictionaries are sometimes used as official decrees of the language, their main purpose is to describe current usage. The Swedish Language Council (Svenska sprÃ¥knämnden) is the primary regulatory body for the advancement and cultivation of the Swedish language. ...
The Académie française In the French educational system an académie LAcadémie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ...
The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 on the personal initiative of King Gustav III The Swedish Academy in Stockholm The Swedish Academy or Svenska Akademien, founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. ...
For other uses, see Dictionary (disambiguation). ...
Svenska Akademiens Ordlista, or SAOL for short, is a dictionary published every few years by the Swedish Academy. ...
Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB) is a dictionary published by the Swedish Academy, with the official title Ordbok över svenska språket utgiven av Svenska Akademien. ...
Proper spelling is the writing of a word or words with all necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order. ...
A manual of style is also called a style guide; see that article for an account of manuals of style generally. ...
In Finland a special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok, a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and in Sweden from their point of view. The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland ( Finnish: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus, Swedish: Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken) is a governmental linguistic research institute of Finland geared at studies of Finnish, Swedish, the Sami languages, Romany language, and the Finnish sign language. ...
Dialects -
The traditional definition of a Swedish dialect has been a local variant that has not been heavily influenced by the standard language and that can trace a separate development all the way back to Old Norse. Many of the genuine rural dialects, such as those of Orsa in Dalarna or Närpes in Österbotten, have very distinct phonetic and grammatical features, such as plural forms of verbs or archaic case inflections. These dialects can be near-incomprehensible to a majority of Swedes, and most of their speakers are also fluent in Standard Swedish. The different dialects are often so localized that they are limited to individual parishes and are referred to by Swedish linguists as sockenmål (lit. "parish speech"). They are generally separated into six major groups, with common characteristics of prosody, grammar and vocabulary. One or several examples from each group are given here. Though each example is intended to be also representative of the nearby dialects, the actual number of dialects is several hundred if each individual community is considered separately.[14] Swedish dialects can be categorized into Traditional Dialects (with no Standard Swedish influence) and Modern Dialects (with various degrees of Standard Swedish influence). ...
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. ...
Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ...
ORSA is an acronym for Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. ...
There is also Norwegian region called Dalane. ...
Närpes (Närpiö in Finnish) is a municipality of Finland. ...
Österbotten (Pohjanmaa) is the name of a geographical region in Finland which can refer to: Österbotten - a historical Province of Sweden (Historical provinces of Finland) Österbottens län - a former County of Sweden (Counties in Finland) Norra Österbottens landskap - a current Region of Finland Södra Österbottens landskap - a current...
In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ...
A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ...
This type of classification, however, is based on a somewhat romanticized nationalist view of ethnicity and language. The idea that only rural variants of Swedish should be considered "genuine" is not generally accepted by modern scholars. No dialects, no matter how remote or obscure, remained unchanged or undisturbed by a minimum of influences from surrounding dialects or the standard language, especially not from the late 1800s and onwards with the advent of mass media and advanced forms of transports. The differences are today more accurately described by a scale that runs from "standard language" to "rural dialect" where the speech even of the same individual may vary from one extreme to the other depending on the situation. All Swedish dialects with the exception of the highly diverging forms of speech in Dalarna, Norrbotten and, to some extent, Gotland can be considered to be part of a common, mutually intelligible dialect continuum. This continuum may also include Norwegian and some Danish dialects.[15] Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...
Popular press redirects here; note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint The Popular Press. Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. ...
There is also Norwegian region called Dalane. ...
Norrbotten is the name of an unofficial Province (landskap) in Sweden, originally a part of Västerbotten, which gradually grow apart from Västerbotten after the creation of Norrbotten County in 1810. ...
is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the second largest island in the Baltic Sea after Zealand. ...
A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...
The samples linked below have been taken from SweDia, a research project on Swedish modern dialects available for download (though with information in Swedish only), with many more samples from 100 different dialects with recordings from four different speakers; older female, older male, younger female and younger male. The dialect groups are those traditionally used by dialectologists.[16]
 Map showing location of the various modern dialect samples. - 1. Överkalix, Norrbotten; younger female
- 2. Burträsk, Västerbotten; older female
- 3. Aspås, Jämtland; younger female
- 4. Färila, Hälsingland; older male
- 5. Älvdalen, Dalarna; older female
- 6. Gräsö, Uppland; older male
- 7. Sorunda, Södermanland; younger male
- 8. Köla, Värmland younger female
- 9. Viby, Närke; older male
- 10. Sproge, Gotland; younger female
- 11. Närpes, Ostrobothnia; younger female
- 12. Dragsfjärd, Åboland; older male
- 13. Porvoo, Eastern Uusimaa; younger male
- 14. Orust, Bohuslän;
|
