Symbionese Liberation Army
SLA members: Sara Jane Olson, Nancy Ling Perry, Patricia Soltysik, William Harris, Patty Hearst, Donald DeFreeze, Emily Harris, Angela Atwood, Camilla Hall[1]
Active	1973–1975
Country	United States
Role	Guerrilla warfare
Size	Around 20 members
Equipment	Small arms
Actions	6 November 1973 shooting of two school administrators February 4, 1974 kidnapping of Patty Hearst April 15, 1974 Hibernia bank robbery May 16, 1974 Mel's Sporting Goods shot up May 17, 1974 LA shoot out most members are killed April 21, 1975 Crocker National Bank robbery
Commanders
Notable commanders	Donald DeFreeze, a.k.a. "Field Marshal Cinque" Died in police shoot out May 17, 1974 (aged 30)
Insignia
Identification symbol	Seven headed cobra

The Symbionese Liberation Army (S.L.A.) was an American self-styled urban guerrilla warfare group that considered itself a revolutionary vanguard army. The group committed bank robberies, two murders and other acts of violence between 1973 and 1975. Image File history File links SLAmembers. ... Kathleen Soliah (born January 16, 1947) is an American woman who was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in the 1970s. ... Nancy Ling Perry Nancy Ling Perry (September 19, 1947 - May 17, 1974) also known as Fahizah was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Patricia Mizmoon Soltysik (1950-1974) was one of the founders of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress and occasional actress. ... Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ... Emily Harriss 1975 mugshot. ... Angela Atwood also known as General Gelina (died May 17, 1974) was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Camilla Hall aka Gabi (1945 - May 17, 1974) was an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... Small arms captured in Fallujah, Iraq by the US Marine Corps in 2004 The term small arms generally describes any number of smaller infantry weapons, such as firearms that an individual soldier can carry. ... is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress and occasional actress. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Crocker National Bank was a United States bank headquartered in San Francisco, California. ... Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... In the context of revolutionary struggle, vanguardism is a strategy whereby an organization (usually a vanguard party) attempts to place itself at the center of the movement, and steer it in a direction consistent with its ideology. ... For other uses, see Army (disambiguation). ...

The S.L.A. became internationally notorious for kidnapping media heiress Patty Hearst, abducting the 19-year-old as she and her 26-year-old boyfriend, Steven Weed, sat relaxing in their Berkeley, California home. International interest grew into worldwide fascination when Hearst, in audiotaped messages delivered to (and broadcast by) regional news media, denounced her parents and announced she had joined the S.L.A. She was subsequently observed participating in their illegal activities. Hearst later alleged that she had been held in close confinement, sexually assaulted and brainwashed. Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress and occasional actress. ... Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. ... Brainwashing (also known as thought reform or as re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person — sometimes unwelcome beliefs in conflict with the persons prior beliefs and knowledge. ...

Formation and initial activities

Prison visits and political film

The S.L.A. formed as a result of the prison visitation programs of the radical left-wing group Venceremos Organization and a group known as the Black Cultural Association in Soledad prison. The idea of a South American-styled urban guerrilla movement, similar to the Tupamaros movement in Uruguay, combined with Régis Debray's theory of urban warfare and ideas drawn from Maoism, appealed to a number of people, including Patricia Michelle Soltysik (aka "Mizmoon"). The Venceremos Organization was a Maoist group in the United States that believed in an immediate guerrilla war. ... The Black Cultural Association (or BCA) was an African American inmate group that was founded in 1968 at the Calfiornia Medical Facility at Vacaville, a California state prison, and formally recognized by prison officials in 1969. ... Urban guerrilla refers to someone who fights a government or dictatorship using unconventional warfare in an urban environment (see: guerrilla tactics). ... Tupamaros, also known as the MLN (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Army), was an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. ... Jules Régis Debray is a French intellectual, journalist, government official and professor. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Communism Portal Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), is a variant of Communism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: Mao Tse-tung). Marxism consists of thousands of truths, but they all... Patricia Soltysik running out the bank with a bag of money. ...

Some activists within the New Left found the role of America's prisons was comparable to that of concentration camps designed to oppress African Americans. They believed that a majority of African American convicts were political prisoners, and that Black power ideology would naturally appeal to them. Group member Willie Wolfe developed this ideology into a plan for action, linking student activists with prison militants (Stone 2004). The New Left were the left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that, unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism, instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Black Power is a movement among Black people throughout the world, especially those in the United States. ...

DeFreeze escapes prison

The S.L.A. formed after the escape from prison by Donald DeFreeze, a.k.a. "Field Marshal Cinque." He had been serving 5-15 years for robbing a prostitute. DeFreeze took the name Cinque from the leader of the slave rebellion who took over the slave ship Amistad in 1839. DeFreeze escaped from the Soledad State Prison on 5 March 1973 by simply walking away while on work duty in a boiler room located outside of the perimeter fence. Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ... Slave ships were cargo boats specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves, especially newly captured African slaves. ... This article is about the ship. ... This article is about the day. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... A perimeter fence is a structure that circles the perimeter of an area to prevent access. ...

DeFreeze had been active in the Black Cultural Association while at the California Medical Facility, a state prison facility in Vacaville, California, where he had made contacts with members of the radical political organization known as Venceremos. He sought refuge among these contacts, and ended up at a commune known as Peking House in the San Francisco Bay Area. For some time he shared living quarters with future S.L.A. members Willie Wolfe and Russ Little, then moved in with Patricia Michelle Soltysik. DeFreeze and Soltysik became lovers and began to outline the plans for forming the "Symbionese Nation." The Black Cultural Association (or BCA) was an African American inmate group that was founded in 1968 at the Calfiornia Medical Facility at Vacaville, a California state prison, and formally recognized by prison officials in 1969. ... Two prisons are located in Vacaville, California. ... Vacaville, California is a city located in Solano County, California, between Sacramento and San Francisco. ... This article is about the U.S state. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Patricia Soltysik running out the bank with a bag of money. ...

S.L.A. beliefs and symbology

In his manifesto "Symbionese Liberation Army Declaration of Revolutionary War & the Symbionese Program," DeFreeze wrote, "The name 'symbionese' is taken from the word 'symbiosis' and we define its meaning as a body of dissimilar bodies and organisms living in deep and loving harmony and partnership in the best interest of all within the body." ^[2]

Although the S.L.A. considered themselves leaders of the Black revolution, DeFreeze was its only Black member. His seven-headed S.L.A. hydra symbol was also based on the seven principles of Kwanzaa, with each head representing a principle. They are: Umoja (Unity), Kujichagulia (self-determination), Ujima (collective work and responsibility), Ujamaa (cooperative economics), Nia (purpose), Kuumba (creativity) and Imani (faith). The 16th-century German illustrator has been influenced by the Beast of Revelation in his depiction of the Hydra. ... Kwanzaa (or Kwaanza) is a week-long Pan-African festival primarily honoring African-American heritage. ...

The symbol was actually a seven-headed cobra^[3] , and its appearance on S.L.A. propaganda, indicates that it was copied from the ancient Sri Lankan / Indian seven-headed nāga; carved stones depicting a seven-headed cobra are commonly found near the sluices of the ancient irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka and these are believed to have been placed there as guardians of the water. ^[4] Egyptian Cobra, Naga haje This article is about snakes. ... For the modern ethnic group, see Naga people. ...

Russell Little attests that the group's primary activity during this period was acquiring and storing firearms and learning to use the weapons at public shooting ranges (Stone 2004). A firearm is a kinetic energy weapon that fires either a single or multiple projectiles propelled at high velocity by the gases produced by action of the rapid confined burning of a propellant. ...

Assassination

On 06 November 1973, in Oakland, California, two members of the SLA killed school superintendent Dr Marcus Foster and badly wounded his deputy, Robert Blackburn, as the men left an Oakland school board meeting. The hollow-point bullets used to kill Dr Foster had been packed with cyanide.^[5] November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Oakland redirects here. ... In education, a superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. ... This article is about the use and history of doctor as a title. ... Marcus A. Foster (1923 – 1973) was a charismatic and highly esteemed African-American educator who gained a national reputation for educational excellence while serving as principal of Simon Gratz High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as Associate Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia, and as the first black Superintendent of the Oakland... Robert Blackburn may refer to: Robert Blackburn (1828-1894), a member of the Canadian House of Commons Robert Blackburn (1920-2003), an artist Robert Blackburn (-1990), former deputy-general of the International Baccalaureate Organisation Robert Blackburn (1885-1955), founder of Blackburn Aircraft Limited This is a disambiguation page — a list... This article or section should be merged with board of education A school board (or school committee) is an elected council that helps determine educational policy in a small regional area, such as a city, state, or province. ... .357 Magnum rounds. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ...

The SLA had condemned Foster's plan to introduce identification cards into Oakland schools as "fascist." Ironically, Foster had originally opposed the use of identification cards in his schools, and his plan was a watered-down version of other similar proposals. Foster, an African American, was popular on the Left and in the black community. There is no true national identity card in the United States of America, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues such cards to all American citizens. ... Fascism is a term used to describe authoritarian nationalist political ideologies or mass movements that are concerned with notions of cultural decline or decadence. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Left wing redirects here. ...

On 10 January 1974, Joseph Remiro and Russell Little were arrested and charged with Foster's murder, and initially both men were convicted of murder. With a moratorium on capital punishment in place throughout California, both men received sentences of life imprisonment. Seven years later, on 05 June 1981, Little's conviction was overturned by the California Court of Appeal, and he was later acquitted in a retrial in Monterey County. ^[6] is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Arrest (disambiguation). ... In the common law legal system, an indictment (IPA: ) is a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offense. ... Capital punishment is the legal process which ends the life of a felon. ... In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ... Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime, often for most or even all of the criminals remaining life, but in fact for a period which varies between jurisdictions: many countries have a maximum possible period of time (usually 7 to 50 years... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

The kidnapping of Patty Hearst

In response to the arrests of Remiro and Little, the SLA began planning their next action: the kidnapping of an important figure to negotiate the release of their imprisoned members (Stone, 2004). Documents found by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at one abandoned safe house revealed that an action was planned for the "full moon of January 7." The FBI did not take any precautions, and the SLA did not act until a month later. (Stone, 2004). On 04 February, publishing heiress Patricia Hearst, a University of California, Berkeley junior, was kidnapped from her Berkeley residence at Apartment 4, 2603 Benvenue Avenue. The SLA had chosen to kidnap Hearst to increase the news coverage of the incident.^[7] F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... In law enforcement and intelligence jargon of intelligence agencies and police forces, a secured location, suitable for hiding witnesses, agents or other persons perceived as being in danger. ... For other uses, see Full Moon. ... For other uses, see Publishing (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... Patricia Campbell Hearst, also Patty Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is a granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst. ... Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ... Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. ... For other uses, see News (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Initially, the SLA issued an ultimatum to the Hearst family: that they would release Patricia in exchange for the freedom of Remiro and Little. When such an arrangement proved impossible, the SLA demanded a ransom, in the form of a food distribution program. The value of food to be distributed fluctuated: on 23 February the demand was for USD 4 million; it peaked at USD 400 million. Although free food was actually distributed, the operation came to a halt when violence erupted at one of the four distribution points. (Stone, 2004). An ultimatum (Latin: ) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ... Food distribution is a vital factor in public nutrition. ... USD redirects here. ...

Conditions of the initial captivity of Patty Hearst

The famous S.L.A. publicity image of new member Patty Hearst, a.k.a. "Tania"

While the FBI was conducting an ineffective search, the SLA took refuge in a number of safe houses. While in the SLA's custody, Hearst claims she was subjected to a series of ordeals that her mother would later describe as "brainwashing." The change in Hearst's politics has been attributed to the Stockholm syndrome, a psychological response in which a hostage exhibits apparent loyalty to the abductor. Hearst was later examined by specialist psychologist Margaret Singer, who came to the same conclusion. Image File history File links Patty_Hearst. ... Image File history File links Patty_Hearst. ... Search and seizure is a legal procedure used in many common law whereby police or other authorities and their agents, who suspect that a crime has been committed, do a search of a persons property and confiscate any relevant evidence to the crime. ... In law enforcement and intelligence jargon of intelligence agencies and police forces, a secured location, suitable for hiding witnesses, agents or other persons perceived as being in danger. ... Brainwashing (also known as thought reform or as re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person — sometimes unwelcome beliefs in conflict with the persons prior beliefs and knowledge. ... For other uses, see Stockholm syndrome (disambiguation). ... Psychological science redirects here. ... For other uses, see Hostage (disambiguation). ... In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the persons will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime. ... A psychologist is an expert in psychology, the systematic investigation of the human body, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ... Margaret Thaler Singer (1921 - 2003) was a clinical psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. Dr. Singer was born in Denver and received her bachelors, masters and doctoral degrees from the University of Denver. ...

At Hearst's subsequent trial, her lawyer claimed that she had been confined in a closet barely large enough for her to lie down in; that her contact with the outside world was regulated by her captors; and that she was regularly threatened with execution. In addition, Hearst's lawyer contended that she had been raped by DeFreeze and Wolfe, but, since both men died before Hearst's capture and trial, charges were never brought against them. Look up trial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The S.L.A. claimed to be holding Hearst according to the conditions of the Geneva convention. However, their contention that Patricia Hearst was a prisoner of war was untenable, since there was no justification under the Geneva protocols for her to be considered a combatant. The Geneva Conventions consist of treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. ...

Political inculcation

The S.L.A. subjected Hearst to indoctrination in S.L.A. ideology. In Hearst's taped recordings, used to announce demands and conditions, Hearst can first be heard extemporaneously expressing S.L.A. ideology on day thirteen of her capture (Stone 2004). Indoctrination is the process of inculcating ideas, attitudes, cognitive strategies or a professional methodology. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ...

With each successive taped communiqué Hearst voiced increasing support for the aims of the S.L.A. She eventually denounced her former life, her parents, and fiancé. At that point she claimed that when the S.L.A. had given her the option of being released or joining the S.L.A., she chose the latter. Communiqu is the second album by British rock band Dire Straits, released in 1979 (see 1979 in music). ...

After Hearst adopted the S.L.A.'s ideology, she announced that she was using the nom de guerre "Tania." A pseudonym or allonym is a name (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious) used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name. ...

Activities during the period of Hearst's membership

Patty Hearst (right) during the April 1974 Hibernia bank robbery.

Patty Hearst yelling commands at bank customers.

Image File history File links Hearst-hibernia. ... Image File history File links Hearst-hibernia. ... Image File history File links Hearst-hibernia-yell. ... Image File history File links Hearst-hibernia-yell. ...

Hibernia bank robbery

The next action taken by the S.L.A. was to rob a branch of The Hibernia Bank at 1450 Noriega Street in San Francisco; during this incident, two civilians were shot. (Stone 2004) At 10:00 a.m. on April 15, 1974 S.L.A. members burst into the bank. is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Hearst participated in the robbery, holding a rifle, and the security camera footage of Hearst became an iconic image. (Hearst was tried and convicted for her involvement in the Hibernia Bank robbery. Her sentence was later commuted by Jimmy Carter and her crime eventually pardoned by Bill Clinton.) She has denied willing involvement in the robbery in her book, Every Secret Thing. The outlaw group was able to get away with over $10,000.^[8] For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... For the Breton religious festivals, see Pardon (ceremony). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Every Secret Thing is a 1982 autobiography by Patricia Hearst, co-authored by Alvin Moscow. ...

Move to Los Angeles and police shootout

The S.L.A., seeking to increase its membership, found no would-be revolutionaries (or anyone else) in the Bay Area who wanted to have anything to do with them. Consequently, Cinque, a former Los Angeles resident, suggested moving their organization to his former neighborhood, where he had friends whom they might recruit. However, they relocated in a sloppy manner and had much difficulty in becoming established on their new turf. The S.L.A. relied upon commandeering housing and supplies in Los Angeles, and thus alienated the people who were ensuring their secrecy and protection. At this stage the imprisoned S.L.A. member, Russell Little, claimed that he believed the S.L.A. had entirely lost sight of its goals and entered into a confrontation with the police rather than a political dialogue with the public (Stone 2004).

On 16 May 1974, "Teko" and "Yolanda" (William and Emily Harris) entered Mel's Sporting Goods Store in Inglewood, California, to shop for supplies for their safehouse. While Yolanda made the purchases, Teko on a whim tried to shoplift socks (Stone 2004). When a security guard confronted him, Teko brandished a revolver. The guard knocked the gun from his hand and placed a handcuff on William Harris's left wrist. Hearst, on armed lookout from the group's van across the street, began shooting up the store's overhead sign. Everyone in the store took cover and the Harrises drove off with Hearst. is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Emily Harriss 1975 mugshot. ... Nickname: Location of Inglewood in Los Angeles County, California Coordinates: , Country State County Los Angeles Established 1888 Incorporated February 14, 1908 Government  - Mayor Roosevelt F. Dorn Area  - Total 9. ...

As a result of the Mel's incident, the police acquired the address of the safehouse from a parking ticket in the glove box of the van that had been abandoned. The rest of the S.L.A. fled the safehouse when they saw the events on the news. The S.L.A. took over a house occupied by Christine Johnson and Minnie Lewisin, which was the only house in the black neighborhood that had its lights on at 4 am. One of the people in the house was a then-seventeen-year-old neighbor named Brenda Daniels who was sleeping on the couch. She recalls when she first woke up:

The next day, an anonymous phone call to the L.A.P.D. stated that several heavily armed people were staying at the caller's daughter's house. That afternoon, more than 400 Los Angeles Police Department (L.A.P.D.) officers, under the command of Captain Mervin King, along with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, California Highway Patrol, and Los Angeles Fire Department surrounded the neighborhood. The squad leader of a Special Weapons and Tactics (S.W.A.T.) team used a bullhorn to announce, "Occupants of 1466 East 54th Street, this is the Los Angeles Police Department speaking. Come out with your hands up!" A small child walked out, along with an older man. The man stated that no one else was in the house, but the child reported that several people were in the house with guns and ammo belts. After several other attempts to get anyone else to leave the house, a member of S.W.A.T. fired tear gas projectiles into the house which was answered by heavy bursts of automatic gunfire, and the battle began. LAPD and L.A.P.D. redirect here. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... // The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is a state agency that acts as the state police force of California. ... It has been suggested that Warner Lawrence be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about Special Weapons And Tactics. ...

Two hours later, the house caught fire. The police again announced, "Come on out! The house is on fire! You will not be harmed."^{[citation needed]} Two women left from the rear of the house and one came out the front (she had come in drunk the previous night, passed out, and woken up in the middle of a siege); all were taken into custody, but were found not to be S.L.A. members. Automatic weapons fire continued from the house. At this point Nancy Ling Perry and Camilla Hall came out of the house. Investigators working for their parents would claim they walked out intending to surrender and that they were unarmed but police later stated that Camilla Hall was shot in the head by police as she charged towards them and Perry was providing covering fire.^[9] After Hall's body fell to the ground, it was pulled back inside the burning house by Angela Atwood. Nancy Ling Perry followed Hall out of the house, but she was shot twice in the back. Her body remained outside of the house.^[10] Camilla Hall aka Gabi (1945 - May 17, 1974) was an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Angela Atwood also known as General Gelina (died May 17, 1974) was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Nancy Ling Perry Nancy Ling Perry (September 19, 1947 - May 17, 1974) also known as Fahizah was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ...

The rest died inside, from combinations of smoke inhalation, burns and multiple gunshot wounds. According to the coroner's report, it was concluded that Donald DeFreeze committed suicide. After the shooting stopped and the fire was extinguished, nineteen firearms, including rifles, pistols, and shotguns were recovered. Several thousand rounds were reported fired into the home by police and they reported thousands of rounds being fired out of the house by the S.L.A. This remains one of the largest police shootouts in history with a reported total of 9,000 rounds being fired. Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ...

The bodies of Nancy Ling Perry ("Fahizah"), Angela Atwood ("General Gelina"), Willie Wolfe (who was reported to be Patricia Hearst's lover and who bore the S.L.A. alias "Cujo"), Donald DeFreeze ("Cinque"), Patricia Soltysik ("Mizmoon," "Zoya"), were found, most of them huddled in a crawl space under the house, which had burned down around them. Nancy Ling Perry Nancy Ling Perry (September 19, 1947 - May 17, 1974) also known as Fahizah was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Angela Atwood also known as General Gelina (died May 17, 1974) was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ...

New broadcasting technology (smaller portable cameras and more nimble and versatile mobile units that made it easier to cover unfolding news events) had recently been acquired by area TV stations, so Tania, Teko and Yolanda were able to watch the televised siege live from their hotel room in the city of Anaheim.

Return to the Bay Area

As a result of the siege, the remaining S.L.A. members returned to the relative safety of the Bay Area and protection of student radical households. At this time a number of new members gravitated towards the S.L.A. (Stone 2004). The active participants at this time were: Bill and Emily Harris, Patty Hearst, Wendy Yoshimura, Kathleen and Steve Soliah, James Kilgore and Michael Bortin. To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ... Wendy Masako Yoshimura (born January 17, 1943) is a United States still life watercolor painter better known for her involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army. ...

Crocker bank robbery

On 21 April 1975, the remaining members of the S.L.A. robbed the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California and killed Myrna Opsahl, a bank customer, in the process. Hearst claimed to have been sitting in the getaway car.^[11] is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Crocker National Bank was a United States bank headquartered in San Francisco, California. ... Carmichael is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. ... Myrna Opsahl was a church worker and murder victim of the notorious Symbionese Liberation Army. ...

Much later, Patty Hearst, after being granted immunity from prosecution for this crime, claimed that Emily Harris, Sara Jane Olson, Michael Bortin, and James Kilgore actually committed the robbery, while she and Wendy Yoshimura were getaway drivers and William Harris and Steven Soliah acted as lookouts. Hearst also claimed that Opsahl was killed by Emily Harris, but that she was not a witness. Kathleen Soliah (born January 16, 1947) is an American woman who was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in the 1970s. ... Michael Bortin was a later member of the SLA or Symbionese Liberation Army, a group of leftist urban guerillas responsible for the infamous kidnapping of newspaper heiress Patty Hearst and several bank robberies and murders during the 1970s. ... James Kilgore is a former member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). ... Wendy Masako Yoshimura (born January 17, 1943) is a United States still life watercolor painter better known for her involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Steven Soliah was, during the 1970s, suspected to be a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ...

Hearst on the cover of Time

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...

Capture and conviction

Patricia Hearst, after one of the longest and most publicized manhunts ever^{[citation needed]}, was captured with Wendy Yoshimura in September 1975. Soon after she was captured, Hearst reidentified with the role she grew up in: wealthy heiress. In her affidavit, she claimed that S.L.A. members had used LSD to drug her and forced her to take part in the bank raid. However, Hearst's recorded statements, along with the fact that she had not escaped when she had the opportunity, made many think she had thrown in her lot with the revolutionaries. Despite her claims, she was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison, but only served 21 months when her sentence was commuted by US President Jimmy Carter. Eventually she was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. Wendy Masako Yoshimura (born January 17, 1943) is a United States still life watercolor painter better known for her involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... An affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact, signed by the declarant (who is called the affiant), and witnessed (as to the veracity of the affiants signature) by a taker of oaths, such as a notary public. ... Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called LSD, LSD-25, or acid. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

On 21 August 1975, Kathleen Soliah failed in her attempt to kill officers of the L.A.P.D. when the bombs she placed under a police car did not detonate. Soliah remained a fugitive, first in Rhodesia, and then in Minnesota under the alias Sara Jane Olson; she was married to a doctor and had three daughters. She was arrested on June 16, 1999. is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kathleen Ann Soliah (born January 16, 1947) is an American woman who was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in the 1970s. ...

Recent trials

The F.B.I. finally caught up with Sara Jane Olson in 1999 when she was arrested. In 2001, she pled guilty to possession of explosives with the intent to murder and was sentenced to two consecutive ten-years-to-life terms, after being told as part of plea bargain that she would serve only eight years. After serving six years of the prison sentence, she was released on parole and reunited with her family in California on Monday, March 17, 2008.^[12] After a discovery that her release was the premature result of a clerical error, an arrest warrant was issued. She was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and notified that her right to travel out of state had been rescinded. She is to be returned to prison and released again on March 17, 2009.^[13] Kathleen Soliah (born January 16, 1947) is an American woman who was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in the 1970s. ...

On 16 January 2002, first-degree murder charges for the killing of Myrna Opsahl were filed against Sara Jane Olson, the Harrises, Bortin, and Kilgore. All were living "aboveground" and were immediately arrested except for James Kilgore, who remained at large for nearly another year. is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Myrna Opsahl was a church worker and murder victim of the notorious Symbionese Liberation Army. ...

On 7 November, Soliah, the Harrises, and Bortin pled guilty to those charges. Emily Harris, now known as Emily Montague, admitted to being the one holding the murder weapon, but said that the shotgun went off accidentally. Hearst claims that Montague had dismissed the murder at the time saying, "She was a bourgeois pig anyway. Her husband is a doctor." In court, Montague denied this and said "I do not want [the Opsahl family] to believe that we ever considered her life insignificant." is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sentences were handed out on 14 February 2003 in Sacramento, California for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, got seven years, and Bortin got six years. Soliah had six years added to the 14-year sentence she is already serving. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sacramento redirects here. ...

On 8 November 2002 James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged a pipe bomb was found in Kilgore's apartment in 1975, and that he obtained a passport under a false name. He pled guilty to the charges in 2003.^[14] is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ...

Sara Jane Olson was expecting a 5 year 4 month sentence, but "In stiffening Olson's sentence two years ago, the prison board turned to a seldom-used section of state law, allowing it to recalculate sentences for old crimes in light of new, tougher sentencing guidelines."^[15] Olson was sentenced to 14 years, later reduced to 13 years, plus six for her role in the Opsahl killing. Hearst had immunity because she was a state's witness, but as there was no trial, she never testified.

On 26 April 2004, Kilgore was sentenced to 54 months in prison for the explosives and passport fraud charges. He was the last remaining S.L.A. member to face federal prosecution. is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The S.L.A. in film

The S.L.A., eager to exploit the media, distributed photographs, news releases and radio-quality taped interviews in which they explained their past activities to the press. The first television media frenzy, orchestrated by the S.L.A., occurred outside of the Hearst family residence at the time of Hearst's kidnapping.

Documentaries:

• Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst, directed by Robert Stone, 2004. (Released under the alternate title : Neverland: The Rise and Fall of the Symbionese Liberation Army.)

Dramas and docu-dramas:

• Abduction, directed by Joseph Zito, 1975. (Based on Black Abductors by Harrison James)
• Tanya, directed by Nate Rodgers, 1976. (Also known as Sex Queen of the SLA)
• Patty, (1976), directed by Robert L. Roberts.
• Patty Hearst, based on Hearst's autobiography Every Secret Thing, directed by Paul Schrader, 1988. (Patty Hearst at the Internet Movie Database)

Teleplay: Patty a controversial, low-budget 1976 film loosely based on the experiences of Patricia Hearst, beginning with her being abducted by the Symbionese Liberation Army and culminating with her joining the organization in some of its most highly-publicized crimes, including bank robberies. ... Patty Hearst is a 1988 film directed by Paul Schrader and starring Natasha Richardson as Patricia Campbell Hearst and Ving Rhames as SLA leader Cinque. ... For the in-memory database management system, see In-memory database. ...

• The Ordeal of Patty Hearst, 1979 (TV).

Satire:

• Citizen Tania, 1989 (video only), a satirical docudrama directed by Raymond Pettibon and Dave Markey.

Raymond Pettibon at Bergamot Stations Track 16 Gallery, February 2006 Raymond Pettibon (born Raymond Ginn on June 16, 1957) is an artist and sometime musician and lyricist, known for his comic-like drawings with disturbing, ironic or ambiguous captions. ... Dave Markey (born December 3, 1963 in Burbank, California) is an American film director. ...

The S.L.A. in literature

Satire:

• Crazy Magazine, early 1980s, a satirical comic article not only poking fun at the S.L.A., but Richie Rich, known here in parody as "Ritchie Retch". (Crazy Magazine, a now defunct humor magazine in the tradition of MAD Magazine published by Marvel.) http://img135.imageshack.us/my.php?image=richieretch01ci.jpg
• During research for a book on the S.L.A. and Hearst kidnapping that never materialized, Stephen King based fictional characters for his novels The Stand and Cujo on aspects or the noms de guerre of S.L.A. members.

Crazy Magazine was a humor magazine, an imitator of the popular MAD Magazine. ... For other persons named Stephen King, see Stephen King (disambiguation). ... The Stand is a post-apocalyptic Horror/Science Fiction novel by Stephen King originally published in 1978. ... This article is about the Stephen King novel. ... A pseudonym or allonym is a name (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious) used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name. ...

Known and notable members

Founding members

• Russell Little (SLA pseudonym Osceola or Osi), arrested for the shooting of Marcus Foster. Little was in custody during the time that Patty Hearst was with the S.L.A. Little was sentenced to life in prison in April 1975, but in 1981 he was retried and acquitted of the Foster murder.
• Joseph Remiro (Bo), arrested with Russell Little. Little and Remiro were the prisoners whom the S.L.A. intended to swap for Hearst. Remiro was sentenced to life in prison in April 1975. He is serving this sentence at San Quentin.
• Donald DeFreeze (General Field Marshal Cinque Mtume), an escaped prisoner and the SLA's only African-American member
• William (Willie) Wolfe (Cujo)
• Angela Atwood (General Gelina)
• Patricia Soltysik, aka Mizmoon Soltysik (Zoya)
• Camilla Hall (Gabi), Soltysik's lover
• Nancy Ling Perry (Fahizah)
• Emily Harris (Yolanda)
• William Harris (Teko), Emily Harris' husband, and eventual leader of the SLA

Donald David DeFreeze, (November 16, 1943 - May 17, 1974), a. ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... Angela Atwood also known as General Gelina (died May 17, 1974) was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Patricia Mizmoon Soltysik (1950-1974) was one of the founders of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Camilla Hall aka Gabi (1945 - May 17, 1974) was an early member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Nancy Ling Perry Nancy Ling Perry (September 19, 1947 - May 17, 1974) also known as Fahizah was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Emily Harriss 1975 mugshot. ...

Later members (after the Hearst kidnapping)

• Patty Hearst (Tania)
• Wendy Yoshimura, former member of the Revolutionary Army (a bombing group) with Willie Brandt
• Kathleen Soliah, (a.k.a Sara Jane Olson) a friend of Atwood's. Soliah became involved when approached by the SLA after the shootout
• Jim Kilgore, Kathleen Soliah's boyfriend
• Steven Soliah, Kathleen Soliah's brother
• Michael Bortin
• Margaret Turcich

Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress and occasional actress. ... Wendy Masako Yoshimura (born January 17, 1943) is a United States still life watercolor painter better known for her involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army. ... Kathleen Ann Soliah (born January 16, 1947) is an American woman who was a member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in the 1970s. ...

Associates and sympathisers

• Josephine Soliah, Kathleen Soliah's sister
• Bonnie Jean Wilder, Seanna, Sally (a friend of Remiro's), Bridget - all mentioned in Hearst's book Every Secret Thing as potential members
• Micki and Jack Scott, rented a farmhouse in which SLA members hid for a period to write a book
• James Micheal Hamilton III (bomber), bomb maker. Died 2001

Bibliography

• Boulton, David. The Making Of Tania Hearst. Bergenfield, N.J., U.S.A.: New American Library, 1975. 224+[12] p., ill., ports., facsim., index, 22 cm. Also published: London, G.B.: New English Library, 1975.
• Hearst, Patty, with Alvin Moscow, Patty Hearst: Her Own Story. New York: Avon, 1982. ISBN 0-380-70651-2. (Original title: Every Secret Thing.)
• McLellan, Vin, and Paul Avery. The Voices of Guns: The Definitive and Dramatic Story of the Twenty-two-month Career of the Symbionese Liberation Army. New York: Putnam, 1977.
• Weed, Steven, with Scott Swanton. My Search for Patty Hearst. New York: Warner, 1976. (Weed was Hearst's fiance at the time of the kidnapping. That was the end of their relationship.)

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the citys oldest papers, having been founded in 1877. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Black Cultural Association
• Black Panther Party
• Venceremos Organization

The Black Cultural Association (or BCA) was an African American inmate group that was founded in 1968 at the Calfiornia Medical Facility at Vacaville, a California state prison, and formally recognized by prison officials in 1969. ... The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African-American organization established to promote civil rights and self-defense. ... The Venceremos Organization was a Maoist group in the United States that believed in an immediate guerrilla war. ...

External links

• Neverland: The Rise and Fall of the Symbionese Liberation Army at the Internet Movie Database Directed by Robert Stone, 2004
• Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst official web site for the PBS movie about SLA
• The Sybionese Liberation Army; House Committee on Internal Security report