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Syria (Arabic: سوريا Sūriyā or سورية Sūriyah), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية ), is a country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon, the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north. The modern state of Syria was formerly a French mandate and attained independence in 1946, but can trace its roots to the fourth millennium BC. Its capital city, Damascus, was the seat of the Umayyad Empire and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Empire. Syria may refer to several political or geographic entities in western Asia: Syria, a modern-day country in the Middle East Greater Syria, a historic region comprising several modern states A historic region of varying and indefinite borders being a subset of Greater Syria but including territory not now in...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ...
Flag ratio: 2:3 Old flag (1932-58, 1961-63) The flag of Syria was adopted in 1980. ...
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A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ...
Homat el Diyar (Guardians of the Homeland) is the Syrian national anthem. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Not to be confused with capitol. ...
Most Syrians are of Semitic stock. ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ...
A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ...
Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ...
This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. ...
Dr Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: , ) (born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
This page lists prime ministers of Syria. ...
Muhammad Naji al-Otari (born 1944) is the current prime minister of Syria. ...
is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the physical quantity. ...
To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here surface areas between 100,000 km² and 1,000,000 km². ...
This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ...
A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ...
Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ...
Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ...
Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ...
PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ...
There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ...
Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ...
This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ...
This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ...
ISO 4217 Code SYP User(s) Syria Subunit 1/100 piastre Symbol S£ [] Coins 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 pounds Banknotes 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 pounds Central bank Central Bank of Syria Website www. ...
ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ...
Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ...
Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ...
UTC redirects here. ...
Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ...
Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ...
UTC redirects here. ...
A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ...
.sy is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Syria. ...
This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ...
The National Bloc signing the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence in Paris in 1936. ...
map of Syria, converted directly from CIA World Factbook GIF File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Geography of Syria Categories: CIA World Factbook images ...
map of Syria, converted directly from CIA World Factbook GIF File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Geography of Syria Categories: CIA World Factbook images ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Southwest Asia in most contexts. ...
Mediterranean redirects here. ...
Flag Capital Damascus Language(s) Arabic, French Political structure League of Nations Mandate Historical era Interwar period - Mandate granted April 25, 1920 - Battle of Maysalun July 23, 1920 - Federation established June, 1922 - Unification of Damascus and Aleppo December 1, 1924 - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence March-September, 1936 - Independence April...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ...
Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History - As-Salih Ayyubs death 1250 - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of Egypt Saudi Arabia Syria Palestine Israel Lebanon Jordan Turkey Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic...
Since 1963 the country has been governed by the Baath Party; the head of state since 1970 has been a member of the Assad family. Syria's current president is Bashar al-Assad, son of Hafez al-Assad, who held office from 1970 until his death in 2000.[1] Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Baath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: Øزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in Damascus in the 1940s as the original secular Arab nationalist movement, to combat Western colonial rule. ...
Dr Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: , ) (born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ...
Etymology
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Main article: Syria (etymology) The name Syria derives from the ancient Greek name for Syrians, Σύριοι Syrioi, which the Greeks applied without distinction to various Assyrian people. Modern scholarship confirms the Greek word traces back to the cognateἈσσυρία, Assyria, ultimately derived from the Akkadian Aššur, [2] The name Syria derives from the ancient Greek name for the Syrians, , .[1] The name is often connected to , , from the Akkadian . ...
Beginning of Homers Odyssey The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Ancient Greece. ...
Language(s) Aramaic Religion(s) Syriac Christianity Related ethnic groups Other Semitic peoples, and other ethnic groups from the Fertile Crescent. ...
For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ...
Akkadian (liÅ¡Änum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ...
Assur (Assyrian: Üܫܘܪ) also spelled Ashur, from Assyrian AÅ¡Å¡ur, was the capital of ancient Assyria. ...
The area designated by the word has changed over time. Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Arabia to the south and Cilicia to the north, stretching inland to include Mesopotamia, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that Pliny the Elder describes as including, from west to east, Commagene, Sophene, and Adiabene, "formerly known as Assyria".[3] By Pliny's time, however, this larger Syria had been divided into a number of provinces under the Roman Empire (but politically independent from each other): Judaea, later renamed Palaestina in AD 135 (the region corresponding to modern day Palestine and Israel, and Jordan) in the extreme southwest, Phoenicia corresponding to Lebanon, with Damascena to the inland side of Phoenicia, Coele-Syria (or "Hollow Syria") south of the Eleutheris river, and Mesopotamia.[citation needed] Mediterranean redirects here. ...
The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ...
The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ...
Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...
Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...
Roman province of Commagene, 120 CE Commagene (Greek Kομμαγηνη Kommagênê) was a small sometime kingdom, located in modern south-central Turkey, with its capital at Samosata (modern Samsat, near the Euphrates). ...
Roman province of Sophene, 120 CE Armenia Sophene was a short-lived (c. ...
Map showing kingdoms of Corduene and Adiabene in the first centuries CE. The blue line shows the expedition and then retreat of the Ten Thousand through Corduene in 401 BC. Adiabene (from the Greek: , Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic , or )[1] was an ancient Kurdish semi-independent kingdom in Mesopotamia...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided between Israel, Jordan and the West Bank. ...
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Phoenicia (nonstandardly, Phenicia; pronounced [1], Greek: : PhoinÃkÄ“, Latin: ) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, Syria and Israel. ...
Coele-Syria, meaning hollow Syria, was the region of southern Syria disputed between the Seleucid dynasty and the Ptolemaic dynasty. ...
An Nahr al Kabir (Arabic the great river) is a river in Asia flowing into the Mediterranean Sea. ...
History -
Main article: History of Syria This article deals with the history of Syria, and the nations (or pre-national civilizations) previously occupying its territory. ...
Eblan civilization -
Main articles: Ebla and Eblaite language Around the excavated city of Ebla in northern Syria, discovered in 1975, a great Semitic empire spread from the Red Sea north to Turkey and east to Mesopotamia from 2500 to 2400 B.C. Ebla appears to have been founded around 3000 BC, and gradually built its empire through trade with the cities of Sumer and Akkad, as well as with peoples to the northwest.[4] Gifts from Pharaohs, found during excavations, confirm Ebla's contact with Egypt. Scholars believe the language of Ebla to be among the oldest known written Semitic languages, designated as Paleo-Canaanite.[4] However, more recent classifications of the Eblaite language has shown that it was an East Semitic language, closely related to the Akkadian language.[5] The Eblan civilization was likely conquered by Sargon of Akkad around 2260 BC; the city was restored, as the nation of the Amorites, a few centuries later, and flourished through the early second millennium BC until conquered by the Hittites.[citation needed] Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ...
Eblaite is an extinct East Semitic language which was spoken in the 3rd millennium BC in the ancient city Ebla, in modern Syria. ...
Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ...
Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ...
Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...
Sumer ( Sumerian: KI-EN-GIR, Land of the Lords of Brightness[1], or land of the Sumerian tongue[2][3], Akkadian: Å umeru; possibly Biblical Shinar ), located in southern Mesopotamia, is the earliest known civilization in the world. ...
For the Egyptian writer, see Abbas Al-Akkad. ...
For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation). ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Eblaite is an extinct East Semitic language which was spoken in the 3rd millennium BC in the ancient city Ebla, in modern Syria. ...
Akkadian (liÅ¡Änum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ...
Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great (Akkadian Å arru-kinu, cuneiform Å AR.RU.KI.IN , meaning the true king or the king is legitimate), was an Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.[1] The founder of...
Amorite (Hebrew ’emōrî, Egyptian Amar, Akkadian Amurrū (corresponding to Sumerian MAR.TU or Martu) refers to a Semitic people who occupied the middle Euphrates area from the second half of the third millennium BC and also appear in the Tanakh. ...
Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite...
Syria in antiquity During the second millennium BC, Syria was occupied successively by Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Arameans as part of the general disruptions and exchanges associated with the Sea Peoples. The Hebrews eventually settled south of Damascus, in the areas later known as Israel and Judah; the Phoenicians settled along the coast of Palestine, as well as in the west (Lebanon), which was already known for its towering cedars. Egyptians, Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Hittites variously occupied the strategic ground of Syria during this period; the land between their various empires being marsh. Eventually, the Persians took Syria as part of their hegemony of Southwest Asia; this dominion was transferred to the Ancient Macedonians after Alexander the Great's conquests and, thence, to the Romans and the Byzantines.[4] Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 610 KB)Ancient theater in Bosra (southern Syria) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 610 KB)Ancient theater in Bosra (southern Syria) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Marcus Julius Philippus (c. ...
Map of Canaan For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ...
Phoenicia (nonstandardly, Phenicia; pronounced [1], Greek: : PhoinÃkÄ“, Latin: ) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, Syria and Israel. ...
The Aramaeans, or Arameans, were a Semitic, seminomadic and pastoralist people who originated and had lived in upper Mesopotamia and Syria. ...
The Budgie People is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. ...
In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources, including the Jewish Tanakh (the Old Testament of the Christian Bible), other Jewish texts such as the Talmud, the Ethiopian book of history known as the Kebra Nagast, the writings of historians such as Nicolaus of...
Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ...
Language(s) Aramaic Religion(s) Syriac Christianity Related ethnic groups Other Semitic peoples, and other ethnic groups from the Fertile Crescent. ...
Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ...
Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite...
Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon...
This article is about the people of ancient Greece; for the unrelated modern Slavic ethnic group see Macedonians (ethnic group). ...
For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Byzantine redirects here. ...
In the Roman period, the great city of Antioch (called the Athens of the East at that time) was the capital of Syria and one of the largest cities in the world, with a total estimated population of 500,000. Antioch was one of the major centres of trade and industry in the ancient world.[citation needed] The population of Syria, during the Early Roman Empire, was only exceeded in the 19th century; this, along with its vast wealth, made Syria, in its heyday, one of the most important of the Roman provinces.[citation needed] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
In the 3rd century Syria was home to Elagabalus, a Roman emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222. Elagabalus's family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god El-Gabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high priest at Emesa (modern Homs) in Syria.[citation needed] Elagabalus Elagabalus (c. ...
The Severan dynasty is a lineage of Roman Emperors, reigning several decades from the late 2nd century to the early 3rd century. ...
The Emesa temple to the sun god El Gabal, with the holy stone, on the reverse of this bronze coin by Roman usurper Uranius Antoninus. ...
Emesa was an ancient city on the Orontes River in Syria. ...
Homs (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a western city in Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. ...
Early Christian and Islamic history - See also: County of Tripoli
 St.Simon (Samaan) church in Aleppo is considered to be one of the oldest remaining churches in the world. Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Saul of Tarsus was converted on the Road to Damascus, thereafter being known as the Apostle Paul, and established the first organized Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys.[citation needed] Armenian Cilicia and Crusader States The County of Tripoli was the last of the four major Crusader states in the Levant to be created. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 775 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aleppo Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 775 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aleppo Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 631 KB) en: Damascus, Syria - Umayyad Mosque: a view of the courtyard from east to west sl: Damask, Sirija - moÅ¡eja Omajadov: pogled na dvoriÅ¡Äe z vzhoda proti zahodu I took the photo myself. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 631 KB) en: Damascus, Syria - Umayyad Mosque: a view of the courtyard from east to west sl: Damask, Sirija - moÅ¡eja Omajadov: pogled na dvoriÅ¡Äe z vzhoda proti zahodu I took the photo myself. ...
The Umayyad Mosque in the center of Damascus by night St Johns Shrine inside the Mosque The courtyard of the Mosque with the ancient Treasury (Beit al Mal) The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Church historian redirects here. ...
The Road to Damascus is a Biblical reference to the conversion of a persecutor of Christians named Saul on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus in the Roman province of Syria in AD 36. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ...
In the 7th century, Syria was conquered by Muslims, resulting in the area becoming part of the Islamic empire. In the mid 7th century, the Umayyad dynasty, then rulers of the empire, placed the capital in Damascus. However, rival factions within the empire disputed the Umayyad right to rule, based on their place in the line of succession from Mohammad. This resulted in a civil war and their overthrow by the Abbasid dynasty, who moved the capital to Baghdad. The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ...
Template:Islamic Empire infobox The Ottoman Empire (1299 - 29 October 1923) (Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i Aliye-yi Osmaniyye; literally, The Sublime Ottoman State, modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), is also known in the West as the Turkish Empire. ...
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...
In the late 10th century the Byzantine Empire defeated the Arabs of Cilicia and conquered the city of Antioch and Aleppo in 969 AD. His successor, John Tzmiskes of the Byzantine Empire briefly occupied Damascus as Imperial armies marched south. Nonetheless, Byzantine rule in Syria would end when the Seljuk Turks consolidated their hold in the region in the late 11th century. Byzantine redirects here. ...
Sections of the coastline of Syria were briefly held by Frankish overlords during the Crusades of the 12th century, and were known as the Crusader state of the Principality of Antioch. The area was also threatened by Shiite extremists known as Assassins (Hashshashin). In 1260, the Mongols arrived, led by Hulegu with an army 100,000 strong, destroying cities and irrigation works. Aleppo fell in January 1260, and Damascus in March, but then Hulegu needed to break off his attack to return to China to deal with a succession dispute. The command of the remaining Mongol troops was placed under Kitbugha, a Christian Mongol. A few months later, the Mamluks arrived with an army from Egypt, and defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ayn Jalut, in Galilee. The Mamluk leader, Baybars, made his capitals in Cairo and Damascus, linked by a mail service that traveled by both horses and carrier pigeons. When Baybars died, his successor was overthrown, and power was taken by a Turk named Qalawun. In the meantime, an emir named Sunqur al-Ashqar had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on June 21, 1280, and fled to northern Syria. Al-Ashqar, who had married a Mongol woman, appealed for help from the Mongols, and in 1281, they arrived with an army of 50,000 Mongols, and 30,000 Armenian, Georgian, and Turkish auxiliaries, along with Al-Ashqar's rebel force. The Mongols of the Ilkhanate took the city, but Qalawun arrived with a Mamluk force, persuaded Al-Ashqar to switch sides and join him, and they fought against the Mongols on October 29, 1281, in the Battle of Homs, a close battle which resulted in the death of the majority of the combatants, but was finally won by the Mamluks.[6] This article is about the medieval crusades. ...
The Crusader states, c. ...
The Principality of Antioch in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD. The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade. ...
Shi‘as (the adjective in Arabic is شيعى shi‘i; English has traditionally used Shiite) which mean follower in Arabic make up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%-35% of all Muslim. ...
For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...
Hulagu Khan (also known as Hülegü, and Hulegu) (1217–8 February 1265) was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Kitbuqa Noyen（怯的ä¸èŠ±ï¼‰ was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ...
The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, the Spring of Goliath) took place on September 3, 1260 between the Mameluks and the Mongols in Palestine. ...
For other uses, see Galilee (disambiguation). ...
al-Malik al-Zahir Ruk al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (b. ...
For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Saif ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi al-Mansur (also Qalaun or Kalavun) (c. ...
For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ...
Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ...
Combatants Ilkhanate Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Abaqa Khan This battle was part of Abaqa Khans attempt at retaking Syria from the Mamluks. ...
In 1400, Timur Lenk, or Tamerlane, invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus after defeating the Mamluk army. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand.[7][8] It was during the conquests of Timur that the indigenous Christian population of Syria began to suffer under greater persecutions. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1646 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1646 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Saladin, properly known as Salah al-DÄ«n Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: , Kurdish: ) (c. ...
For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ...
By the end of the 15th century, the discovery of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the need for an overland trade route through Syria. Shattered by the Mongols, Syria was easily absorbed into the Ottoman Empire from the 16th through 20th centuries, and found itself largely apart from, and ignored by, world affairs.[citation needed] (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...
For other uses, see Silk Road (disambiguation). ...
Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) İstanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...
Fighting on the side of Germany during World War I, plans by the Entente powers to dissolve this great Ottoman territory could now begin. Two allied diplomats (Frenchman François Georges-Picot and Briton Mark Sykes) secretly agreed, long before the end of the war, how to split the Ottoman Empire into several zones of influence. The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 set the fate of modern Southwest Asia for the coming century; providing France with the northern zone (Syria, with later the upcoming Lebanon), and the United Kingdom with the southern one (Jordan, Iraq and later, after renegotiations in 1917, Palestine - 'to secure daily transportation of troops from Haifa to Baghdad' - agreement n° 7). The two territories were only separated with a straight border line from Jordan to Iran. But early discoveries of oil in the region of Mosul just before to end of the war led to yet another negotiation with France in 1918 to cede this region to 'Zone B', or the British zone of influence. The borders between the 'Zone A' and 'Zone B' have not changed from 1918 to this date. In 1920, the two sides have been recognized internationally under mandate of the League of Nations by the two dominant countries; France and the United Kingdom. “The Great War †redirects here. ...
François Georges-Picot was a French diplomat who signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement during World War I, with the Englishman, Sir Mark Sykes, dividing up the Ottoman Empire in British, French and, later, Russian and Italian spheres of influence. ...
Sir Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet (16 March 1879 - 16 February 1919) was an English traveller and diplomatic advisor, particularly about matters respecting the Middle East at the time of World War One. ...
Zones of French and British influence and control established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 was a secret understanding between the governments of Britain and France defining their respective spheres of post-World War I influence and control in the Middle East (then...
Southwest Asia in most contexts. ...
A 2003 satellite image of the region. ...
Hebrew Arabic ØَيْÙَا Government City District Haifa Population 266,300 (city) 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ...
Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...
Synthetic motor oil being poured. ...
Mosul (Arabic: , Kurdish: موصل Mûsil, Syriac: Nîněwâ, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate. ...
1939–1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920–1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicable¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organization Secretary-general - 1920–1933 Sir James Eric Drummond - 1933–1940 Joseph Avenol - 1940–1946 Seán Lester Historical...
French Mandate -
The National Bloc signing the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence in Paris in 1936. From left to right: Saadallah al-Jabiri, Jamil Mardam Bey, Hashim al-Atassi (signing), and French Prime Minister Léon Blum. In 1920, an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria was established under Faisal I of the Hashemite family, who later became the King of Iraq. However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the clash between his Syrian Arab forces and regular French forces at the Battle of Maysalun. French troops occupied Syria later that year after the League of Nations put Syria under French mandate.[citation needed] Syria and France negotiated a treaty of independence in September of 1936, and Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign, was the first president to be elected under a new constitution, effectively the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria. However, the treaty never came into force because the French Legislature refused to ratify it. With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the Vichy Government until the British and Free French occupied the country in July 1941. Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it wasn't until January 1, 1944 that it was recognised as an independent republic. Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and British pressure forced the French to evacuate their troops in April 1946, leaving the country in the hands of a republican government that had been formed during the mandate.[9] Flag Capital Damascus Language(s) Arabic, French Political structure League of Nations Mandate Historical era Interwar period - Mandate granted April 25, 1920 - Battle of Maysalun July 23, 1920 - Federation established June, 1922 - Unification of Damascus and Aleppo December 1, 1924 - Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence March-September, 1936 - Independence April...
Image File history File links Hashim_Atassi_signing_Franco_Syrian_treaty_1936. ...
Image File history File links Hashim_Atassi_signing_Franco_Syrian_treaty_1936. ...
This article is about the capital of France. ...
President Hashim al-Atassi Hashim (Bay Khalid) al-Atassi (1875 - Dec. ...
Léon Blum Léon Blum (9 April 1872 - 30 March 1950), was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. ...
Faisal I Faisal ibn Husayn (May 20, 1883 – September 8, 1933) was for a short while king of Greater Syria in 1920 and king of Iraq from 1921 to 1933. ...
Hashemite is the Anglicised version of the Arabic: هاشمي (transliteration: Hashemi) and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or clan of Hashem, a clan within the larger Quraish tribe. ...
Combatants France Syria Commanders Henri Gouraud Yusuf al-Azmah†Strength 9000 (includes tanks and airplanes) 3000 (older light equipment) Casualties 42 dead and 154 injured 400 dead The Battle of Maysalun, also called The Battle of Maysalun Pass, took place between Syrian and French forces about 12 miles west of...
1939–1941 semi-official emblem Anachronous world map in 1920–1945, showing the League of Nations and the world Capital Not applicable¹ Language(s) English, French and Spanish Political structure International organization Secretary-general - 1920–1933 Sir James Eric Drummond - 1933–1940 Joseph Avenol - 1940–1946 Seán Lester Historical...
The National Bloc signing the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence in Paris in 1936. ...
President Hashim al-Atassi Hashim (Bay Khalid) al-Atassi (1875 - Dec. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Capital-in-exile Sigmaringen (1944-1945) Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Chief of state - 1940 — 1944 Philippe Pétain President of the Council - 1940 — 1942 Philippe Pétain - 1942 — 1944 Pierre Laval...
Combatants Australia U.K. British India British Palestine Czechoslovakia Government-in-Exile Free France Vichy France Mandate of Syria Mandate of Lebanon Commanders Henry Maitland Wilson Henri Dentz Strength Approximately 35,000 troops Australian: 18,000 British: 9,000 Indian: 2,000 Free French: 5,000 Between 35,000 and...
is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Instability and foreign relations: independence to 1967 Although rapid economic development followed the declaration of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s were marked by upheaval. Between 1946 and 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions. In 1948, Syria was involved in the Arab-Israeli War, intervening on the side of the Palestinians and attempting to prevent the establishment of Israel. The Syrian army was pressed out of most of the Israel area, but fortified their strongholds on the Golan Heights and managed to keep their old borders and some additional territory (this was converted into demilitarized zones under UN supervision, but then gradually seized by Israel in the inter-war years; the status of these territories have proved a stumbling-block for Syrian-Israeli negotiations). However, the economy was strained by the influx of more than 100,000 Palestinian refugees. Combatants Israel Haganah Irgun Lehi Palmach Foreign Volunteers Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen[2], Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin John Bagot Glubb, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi Strength Israel: 29,677 initially...
The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...
The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinian Arabs call the Nakba (Arabic: , meaning disaster or catastrophe). The United Nations definition of a Palestinian refugee is a person whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946...
The humiliating defeat suffered by the army was one of several trigger factors for Col. Husni al-Za'im's seizure of power in 1949, in what has been described as the first military coup d'état of the Arab world. This was soon followed by a new coup, by Col. Sami al-Hinnawi, who was then himself quickly deposed by Col. Adib Shishakli, all within the same year. After exercising influence behind the scenes for some time, dominating the ravaged parliamentary scene, Shishakli launched a second coup in 1951, entrenching his rule and eventually abolishing multipartyism altogether. Only when president Shishakli was himself overthrown in a 1954 coup, was the parliamentary system restored, but it was fundamentally undermined by continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military. By this time, civilian politics had been largely gutted of meaning, and power was increasingly concentrated in the military and security establishment, which had now proven itself to be the only force capable of seizing and -- perhaps -- keeping power. Parliamentary institutions remained weak and ineffectual, dominated by competing parties representing the landowning elites and various Sunni urban notables, while economy and politics were mismanaged, and little done to better the role of Syria's peasant majority. This, as well as the influence of Nasserism and other anti-colonial ideologies, created fertile ground for various Arab nationalist, Syrian nationalist and socialist movements, who represented disaffected elements of society, notably including the religious minorities, and demanded radical reform.[citation needed] Colonel (Ger: Oberst) is a military rank, usually the highest below general grades, and just above Lieutenant Colonel. ...
Husni al-Zaim (1897 - 1949) (Arabic: Øسني الزعيم) was a Syrian military man and politician. ...
Coup redirects here. ...
Arab States redirects here. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Adib ibn Hasan Shishakli (1909-1964) (Arabic: أديب بن Øسن الشيشكلي) was a Syrian military leader. ...
Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...
President Gamal Abdel Nasser Nasserism is an Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of the former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. ...
Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology in Arab world. ...
Syrian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Syria, as a cultural or political entity. ...
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria. The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the Baghdad Pact. In early 1957 Iraq advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan.[citation needed] Combatants Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 70,000 Casualties 197 Israeli KIA 56 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 43 French WIA 650 KIA[1...
Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation). ...
The State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, transliteration: ; Arabic: دَوْلَةْ اِسْرَائِيل, transliteration: ) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ...
The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with...
In November 1956 Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for Communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria. With this increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried Turkey, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake Iskenderun, a matter of dispute between Syria and Turkey. On the other hand, Syria and the U.S.S.R. accused Turkey of massing its troops at the Syrian border. During this standoff, Communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military. Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war.[citation needed] This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...
İskenderun, formerly known in the west as Alexandretta or previously as Scanderoon (Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn), is a city in the Turkish province of Hatay. ...
Soviet redirects here. ...
Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser's leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt. On February 1, 1958, Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities.[9] Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ...
is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Jan. ...
Official portrait of Shukri al Quwatli when he assumed the Syrian Presidency in Aug 1947 at the age of 51 Shukri al-Quwatli (Born 1891, Damascus, Syria. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The union was not a success, however. Following a military coup on September 28, 1961, Syria seceded, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic. Instability characterised the next 18 months, with various coups culminating on March 8, 1963, in the installation by leftist Syrian Army officers of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority. The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Resurrection Party (Baath Party), which had been active in Syria and other Arab countries since the late 1940s. The new cabinet was dominated by Baath members.[9] is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Baath Party flag The Ba‘ath Parties (also spelled Baath or Ba‘th; Arabic: اﻟﺒﻌﺚ) comprise political parties representing the political face of the Ba‘ath movement. ...
The Baath takeover in Syria followed a Baath coup in Iraq the previous month. The new Syrian Government explored the possibility of federation with Egypt and with Baath-controlled Iraq. An agreement was concluded in Cairo on April 17, 1963, for a referendum on unity to be held in September 1963. However, serious disagreements among the parties soon developed, and the tripartite federation failed to materialize. Thereafter, the Baath regimes in Syria and Iraq began to work for bilateral unity. These plans foundered in November 1963, when the Baath regime in Iraq was overthrown. In May 1964, President Amin Hafiz of the NCRC promulgated a provisional constitution providing for a National Council of the Revolution (NCR), an appointed legislature composed of representatives of mass organizations—labour, peasant, and professional unions—a presidential council, in which executive power was vested, and a cabinet. On February 23, 1966, a group of army officers carried out a successful, intra-party coup, imprisoned President Hafiz, dissolved the cabinet and the NCR, abrogated the provisional constitution, and designated a regionalist, civilian Baath government on March 1. The coup leaders described it as a "rectification" of Baath Party principles. For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...
is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ...
Gen. ...
is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Six Day War and Aftermath -
Main article: Six Day War The new government generally aligned itself with the hawkish Nasser in intra-Arab conflicts over how hard of a line to take against Israel. When Nasser closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Eilat-bound ships, the Baath regime supported the Egyptian leader, amassed troops in the strategic Golan Heights, and joined the clamor for the elimination of the Jewish state. Despite these aggressive moves, the Syrian regime was largely inactive when Israel launched a preemptive strike on Egypt to begin the June 1967 war. In the final days of the war, after having captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, as well as the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, Israel turned its attention to Syria. With a U.N. mandated cease-fire fast approaching, Israel invaded and captured the entire Golan Heights in under 48 hours. The war was widely viewed as a humiliating defeat for the radical socialist regime established by the 1966 coup.[citation needed] The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ...
Sinai Peninsula, with the Gulf of Aqaba (east) and the Gulf of Suez (west), as viewed from the Space Shuttle STS-40. ...
Hebrew ×ילת Founded in 1951 Government City (from 1959) District South Population 55,000 (2006) Jurisdiction 80,000 dunams (80 km²) Mayor Meir Yitzhak Halevi North Beach, Eilat, from southwest. ...
The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...
East Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem which was held by Jordan from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War until the Six-Day War in 1967. ...
Conflict developed between an extremist military wing and a more moderate civilian wing of the Baath Party. The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the PLO during the "Black September" hostilities with Jordan reflected this political disagreement within the ruling Baath leadership. By November 13, 1970, Minister of Defense Hafez al-Assad was solidly established as the strongman of the regime, when he effected a bloodless military coup ("The Corrective Movement") which ousted his rival, Salah Jadid.[citation needed] The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ...
Combatants PLO Jordan Commanders Yasser Arafat King Hussein Casualties 7,000-8,000 killed[1] This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. ...
is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ...
The Corrective Revolution (Arabic: الثورة التصØÙŠØية) is an expression used by some self-described revolutionary governments, to describe an internal political or bureaucratic power struggle, and also to indicate continued adherence to the ideals of an earlier revolution despite the overthrow of its previous leadership and/or major policy changes. ...
Salah Jadid (1926? - 1993) was a Syrian general and political figure. ...
Baath Party rule under Hafez al-Assad, 1970–2000 - See also: Baath Party and Hafez al-Assad
Upon assuming power, Hafez al-Assad moved quickly to create an organizational infrastructure for his government and to consolidate control. The Provisional Regional Command of Assad's Arab Baath Socialist Party nominated a 173-member legislature, the People's Council, in which the Baath Party took 87 seats. The remaining seats were divided among "popular organizations" and other minor parties. In March 1971, the party held its regional congress and elected a new 21-member Regional Command headed by Assad. In the same month, a national referendum was held to confirm Assad as President for a 7-year term. In March 1972, to broaden the base of his government, Assad formed the National Progressive Front, a coalition of parties led by the Baath Party, and elections were held to establish local councils in each of Syria's 14 governorates. In March 1973, a new Syrian constitution went into effect followed shortly thereafter by parliamentary elections for the People's Council, the first such elections since 1962.[9] Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Baath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: Øزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in Damascus in the 1940s as the original secular Arab nationalist movement, to combat Western colonial rule. ...
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ...
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ...
On October 6 1973, Syria and Egypt began the Yom Kippur War by staging a surprise attack against Israel (Arabs call it the "Ramadan War" or "October War" because Syria and Egypt attacked during Ramadan in the month of October). But despite the element of surprise, the war was undecided , and Israel continued to occupy the Golan Heights as part of the Israeli-occupied territories.[citation needed] In early 1976, the Lebanese civil war was going poorly for the Maronite Christians. Syria sent 40,000 troops into the country to prevent them from being overrun, but soon became embroiled in the Lebanese Civil War, beginning the 30 year Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Many crimes in Lebanon were associated to the Syrians forces and intelligences: Kamal Jumblat, Bachir Gemayel, Moufti Hassan Khaled, Rene Mouawad,... Over the following 15 years of civil war, Syria fought both for control over Lebanon, and as an attempt to undermine Israel in southern Lebanon, through extensive use of Lebanese allies as proxy fighters. Many see the Syrian Army's presence in Lebanon as an occupation, especially following the end of the civil war in 1990, after the Syrian-sponsored Taif Agreement. Syria then remained in Lebanon until 2005, exerting a heavy-handed influence over Lebanese politics, that was deeply resented by many.[citation needed]. Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim...
This article is about religious observances during the month of Ramadan. ...
The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
The Golan Heights plateau overlooking the site of the ancient city of Hippos The Israeli-occupied territories is one of a number of terms used to describe areas captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967. ...
Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Israel Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat Ariel Sharon The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman...
Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ...
Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Israel Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat Ariel Sharon The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman...
The Syrian occupation of Lebanon has continued for about three decades, until the present day. ...
The President of Syria is commander in chief of the Syrian armed forces, comprising some 320,000 troops upon mobilization. ...
Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory belonging to a state passes to a hostile army. ...
The Taif Agreement was negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia by the surviving members of Lebanons 1972 parliament; fathered by Parliament Speaker President Hussein El-Husseini. ...
About one million Syrian workers came into Lebanon after the war ended to find jobs in the reconstruction of the country. Syrian workers were preferred over Palestinian and Lebanese workers because they could be paid lower wages, but some have argued that the Syrian government's encouragement of citizens entering its small and militarily dominated neighbour in search of work, was in fact an attempt at Syrian colonization of Lebanon. Now, the economies of Syria and Lebanon are completely interdependent. In 1994, under pressure from Damascus, the Lebanese government controversially granted citizenship to over 200,000 Syrian residents in the country.[citation needed] (For more on these issues, see Demographics of Lebanon) The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ...
About 91% of the population of Lebanon is urban and comprises many different ethnic groups and religions, including numerous Christian and Muslim sects. ...
The authoritarian regime was not without its critics, though most were quickly murdered[citation needed]. A serious challenge arose in the late 1970s, however, from fundamentalist Sunni Muslims, who reject the basic values of the secular Baath program and object to rule by the Alawis, whom they consider heretical. From 1976 until its suppression in 1982, the arch-conservative Muslim Brotherhood led an armed insurgency against the regime. In response to an attempted uprising by the brotherhood in February 1982, the government crushed the fundamentalist opposition centered in the city of Hama, leveling parts of the city with artillery fire and causing between 10.000 and 25.000 of dead and wounded. Since then, public manifestations of anti-regime activity have been very limited.[9] The Muslim Brothers (Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwÄn al-muslimÅ«n, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان al-ikhwÄn, the Brotherhood or MB) is a world-wide Sunni Islamist movement and the worlds largest, most influential Islamist group[1]. The MB is the largest political...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Syria's 1990 participation in the U.S.-led multinational coalition aligned against Saddam Hussein marked a dramatic watershed in Syria's relations both with other Arab states and with the Western world. Syria participated in the multilateral Southwest Asia Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991, and during the 1990s engaged in direct, face-to-face negotiations with Israel. These negotiations failed, and there have been no further Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with then President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000.[citation needed] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arab world. ...
Occident redirects here. ...
The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR. It convened on October 30, 1991 and lasted for three days. ...
This article is about the Spanish capital. ...
Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ...
William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...
For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ...
21st century - See also: Bashar al-Assad
Hafiz al-Assad died on June 10, 2000, after 30 years in power. Immediately following al-Assad's death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34. This allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad, to become legally eligible for nomination by the ruling Baath party. On July 10, 2000, Bashar al-Assad was elected President by referendum in which he ran unopposed, garnering 97.29% of the vote, according to Syrian Government statistics. He was inaugurated into office on July 17, 2000 for a 7-year term.[9] Dr Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: , ) (born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
Dr Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: , ) (born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
Asma al-Assad. ...
is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...
Dr Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: , ) (born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
On October 5, 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, charging it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad. The raid was in retaliation for the bombing of a restaurant in the Israeli town of Haifa that killed 19. Islamic Jihad said the camp was not in use; Syria said the attack was on a civilian area. For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ...
Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Terrorist redirects here. ...
The emblem of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad shows a map of the land they claim as Palestine (roughly, present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) superimposed on the images of the Dome of the Rock, two fists and two rifles. ...
Hebrew Arabic ØَيْÙَا Government City District Haifa Population 266,300 (city) 1,039,000 (metropolitan area) Jurisdiction 63,666 dunams (63. ...
The German Chancellor said that the attack "cannot be accepted" and the French Foreign Ministry said "The Israeli operation… constituted an unacceptable violation of international law and sovereignty rules." The Spanish UN Ambassador Inocencio Arias called it an attack of "extreme gravity" and "a clear violation of international law." However, the United States moved closer to imposing sanctions on Syria, following the adoption of the Syria Accountability Act by the House of Representatives International Relations committee. [10] Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Hezbollah, all included in what the EU and the U.S view as terrorist groups, all take refuge and enjoy strong relationships with the Syrian regime. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Ḥamas (; acronym: , or Ḥarakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement) is a democratically-elected Palestinian Sunni Islamist[1] militant organization and political party which currently holds a majority of seats in the legislative council of the Palestinian Authority. ...
Syrian Kurds protest in Brussels, Geneva, in Germany at the US and UK embassies and in Turkey, against violence in north-east Syria starting Friday, March 12, and reportedly extending over the weekend resulting in several deaths, according to reports. The Kurds allege the Syrian government encouraged and armed the attackers. Signs of rioting was seen in the towns of Qameshli and Hassakeh.[citation needed] Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ...
This article is about the settlement itself. ...
For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ...
is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
On September 6, 2007, Israeli jet fighters carried out an air strike in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, known as Operation Orchard, on a target claimed to be a nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians. Reportedly a number of the technicians were killed.[11] is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
A military strike is a limited attack on a specified target. ...
Deir ez-Zor Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة دير الزور) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Belligerents Israeli Air Force Syria Strength F-15I fighters F-16 fighters 1 ELINT aircraft Total: As many as 8 aircraft Unknown numbers of radar and Anti-aircraft artillery of the Syrian Air Defence Forces Casualties and losses None Reported. ...
Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ...
North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea. ...
2008 Israeli Peace Talks In April, 2008, President Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed in May, 2008, by a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed. President Assad was quoted in the The Guardian as telling the Qatari paper: Bashar al_Assad Bashar al_Assad (بشار الاسد) (born September 11, 1965) is the current President of Syria and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ...
Ehud Olmert (‎; Arabic: ‎; pronounced , born 30 September 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel. ...
The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
For other uses, see Guardian. ...
- ...there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office. The US was the only party qualified to sponsor any direct talks, [President Assad] told the paper, but added that the Bush administration "does not have the vision or will for the peace process. It does not have anything." [12]
The Presidency of George W. Bush, also known as the George W. Bush Administration, began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America. ...
Governorates and districts -
 Syria has fourteen governorates, or muhafazat (singular: muhafazah). ...
The 14 governorates, or muhafazat (sing. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
As-Suwayda Deir ez-Zor Syria has fourteen governorates, or muhafazat (singular: muhafazah). The governorates are divided into sixty districts, or manatiq (sing. mintaqah), which are further divided into sub-districts, or nawahi (sing. nahia). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Location of the Quneitra Governorate Quneitra Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة القنيطرة) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Location of the governorate of Dara Daraa Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة درعة)is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
As Suwayda (also Sweida)(Arabic: السويداء) is one of Syrias 14 governorates. ...
Location of the Homs Governorate Homs Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة Øمص) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Tartous Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة طرطوس) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Location of the Latakia Governorate Latakia Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة اللاذقية) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Hama Governorate Hama Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة Øماه) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Locatio of the Idlib Governorate Idlib Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة ادلب) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Aleppo Governorate Aleppo Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة Øلب) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Ar Raqqah Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة الرقة) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
Deir ez-Zor Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة دير الزور) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. ...
The Al Hasakah Governorate (Arabic: Ù…ÙØاÙظة الØسكة, Kurdish: Øسكة) is a governorate in the far north-east corner of Syria that has the Euphrates river running through it. ...
A governorate is a country subdivision. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Governorate. ...
A governor, whose appointment is proposed by the minister of the interior, approved by the cabinet, and announced by executive decree, heads each governorate. The governor is assisted by an elected provincial council. Note that parts that used to be under the Quneitra governorate are under Israeli control since 1967 (see Golan Heights). The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
Major cities Damascus - Aleppo - Hama - Homs - Latakia For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
This article is about the city in Syria. ...
Homs (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a western city in Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. ...
Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ...
Minor cities Al-Hasakah - Deir ez-Zor - Ar-Raqqah - Idlib - Daraa - As-Suwayda - Tartus. Al Hasakah is a governorate in the far north-east corner of Syria that has the Euphrates river running through it. ...
Dayr az Zawr, or Deir ez Zor, town (1994 est. ...
Cooling down the bread, in the background the Museum of ar-Raqqah Ar-Raqqah (الرقة, also spelled Rakka), is a city in north central Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km east of Aleppo. ...
Idlib (Arabic: ادلب) is a city in northwestern Syria, capital of the Idlib Governorate. ...
Daraa (fortress, compare Dura-Europos) (Arabic: درعا) is a city in southwestern Syria, near the border with Jordan. ...
Location of the governorate of As Suwayda As Suwayda (also Sweida; Arabic: ‎) is a mainly Druze town located in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Jordan. ...
Tartous (Arabic: طرطوس, also transliterated Tartus) is Syrias second largest port city after Latakia, and capital of Tartous governorate. ...
Towns al-Haffeh - Al Qamishli - Nawa - Ar-Rastan - Masyaf - Safita - Jableh - Ath-Thawrah - Duma - Baniyas - An-Nabk- Qusair - Maaloula - Zabadani - Bosra - Jaramana - At-Tall - Salamieh- Kharbah gazala- Saidnaya. Qamishli ܩܡܫܠܝ (or Al Qamishli or Kamishli, sometimes transcribed with accents) is a city in northeast Syria on the border with Iraq (Ancient Assyria). ...
Nawa or Nawa District could refer to: Amphoe Na Wa, a district in Nakhon Phanom Province in Thailand. ...
Al-Rastan (Arabic: ) is a one of the biggest cites of the Homs 20km north the main city and 22km from Hama. ...
A view of Masyaf castle from ground level. ...
View of Safita from Chastel Blanc. ...
Between the town of Baniyas and Syrias main port of Latakia lies the small port of Jableh. ...
Ath Thawrah (Arabic: ) is a Syrian city, in Ar-Raqqah Governorate, and is located about 55km west of its capital city Ar-Raqqah. ...
Duma (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Rif Dimashq. ...
Baniyas (Arabic: بانياس) is a city of northwestern Syria that is located 55 km to the south of Latakia, and 35 km north of Tartous. ...
An-Nabk (Arabic: , also transliterated al-Nabk) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Rif Dimashq and the capital of the Qalamoun. ...
Al-Qusayr (Arabic: ‎) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Homs Governorate. ...
Maloula Church Ma`loula (Arabic معلولا: from the Aramaic word Ü¡Ü¥Ü Ü, ma`lÄ, meaning entrance) is a village in Syria. ...
Zabadani is a town in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Lebanon. ...
For the town in Jordan, see Bozrah. ...
Jaramana (Arabic جرمانا ) a town in Rif Dimashq Governorate, southern Syria. ...
At-Tall (Arabic: ) is the Syrian capital city of the At-Tall District, which administratively belongs to Rif Dimashq. ...
Salamieh is located in central Syria, about 32 K.M from Hama city and 45 K.M from Homs city towards the north east. ...
Saidnaya is located in the mountains 20 miles north the city of Damascus in Syria. ...
Major villages Kafr Buhum - Albaida - Marmarita - Mashta Al helou - Rhablee - Sirghaya - Fairouzeh - Zaidal - Jaibool - Qunaya - al-Hwash - Oum Walad - Yabroud. Kafr Buhum (Arabic: , Syriac: ܟܟܦܪ ܒܚܡ, transliteration: ) is a big town located in the middle of Syria and administratively belonging to the Hama Governorate. ...
Albaida Syrian Village Albaida is a small village in Syria. ...
The Syrian village of Marmarita Marmarita (Arabic: ‎) is a town located in Western Syria close to the governorate of Tartus but administratively belonging to the governorate of Homs, since 1953 as it was part of Latakia earlier. ...
The speedy deletion of this page is contested. ...
Sirghaya (Arabic سرغايا) is small town located in the Damascus countryside in south west Syria. ...
Qunaya or Al-Qunaya (Arabic: , Syriac: ÜŸ, transliteration: ) is a Syrian village located in the northwestern of Syria in the Middle East and administratively belonging to the Idleb Governorate. ...
Geography
 Satellite image of Syria (border lines added). -
Syria consists mostly of arid plateau, although the northwest part of the country bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green. The Northeast of the country "Al Jazira" and the South "Hawran" are important agricultural areas. The Euphrates, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east. It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Civilization". File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Categories: NASA images ...
File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Categories: NASA images ...
Syria is a country in Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
For the song River Euphrates by the Pixies, see Surfer Rosa. ...
This article is about society beginnings. ...
Major cities include the capital Damascus in the southwest, Aleppo in the north, and Homs. Most of the other important cities are located along the coast line (see List of cities in Syria). For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
Homs (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a western city in Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. ...
Map of Syria This is a list of cities and towns in Syria. ...
The climate in Syria is dry and hot, and winters are mild. Because of the country's elevation, snowfall does occasionally occur during winter. Petroleum in commercial quantities was first discovered in the northeast in 1956. The most important oil fields are those of Suwaydiyah, Qaratshui, Rumayian, and Tayyem, near Dayr az–Zawr. The fields are a natural extension of the Iraqi fields of Mosul and Kirkuk. Petroleum became Syria's leading natural resource and chief export after 1974. Natural gas was discovered at the field of Jbessa in 1940.
Demographics -
Most people live in the Euphrates River valley and along the coastal plain, a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert. Overall population density in Syria is about 258 per square mile (99/km²). Education is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 11. Schooling consists of 6 years of primary education followed by a 3-year general or vocational training period and a 3-year academic or vocational program. The second 3-year period of academic training is required for university admission. Total enrollment at post-secondary schools is over 150,000. The literacy rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 86% for males and 73.6% for females. Most Syrians are of Semitic stock. ...
The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the other being the...
A primary school in ÄŒeský TěšÃn, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ...
Vocational education prepares learners for certain careers or professions, which are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a trade, occupation or vocation in which the learner participates. ...
For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Post-secondary education is a form of secondary education that is taken after first attending a secondary school, such as a high school. ...
Children reading. ...
Ethnic groups - Kurds. Kurds constitute the one of the largest ethnic minorities in Syria, making up about 9% of the population (1,800,000 people).[14] Most Kurds reside in the north-east corner of Syria and many still speak the Kurdish language. Sizeable Kurdish communities live in most major Syrian cities as well.
- Assyrian-Syriacs Christians. Assyrian-Syriac Christians are a notable minority that live in north and north-east Syria (Al-Qamishli, Al-Hasakah) around 800,000 in total.[15] Although their numbers have been boosted by many Iraqi refugees since the Iraq War.[16] The Assyrian Democratic Organization, is also banned in Syria by the current Syrian government.
Syrians today are an overall indigenous Levantine people, closely related to their immediate neighbours, like the Palestinians, Lebanese and Jordanians. [18] While modern-day Syrians are commonly described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history — they are in fact largely a blend of the various Christian Aramaic speaking groups indigenous to the region who were Arabized when Muslim Arabs from South Arabia arrived and settled following the Arab expansion.[citation needed] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians and continued after...
Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria making up 10% of the countrys population i. ...
The Kurdish language (Kurdish: Kurdî or کوردی) is a term used for a range of different dialects of a language spoken by Kurds. ...
Syrian Turkmen or Syrian Turkomen[1] are Syrian citizens of Oghuz Turkish descent, who had been living in the Syrian province of the Ottoman Empire before its dissolution and continue to live in the modern country of Syria. ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ...
Language(s) Aramaic Religion(s) Syriac Christianity Related ethnic groups Other Semitic peoples, and other ethnic groups from the Fertile Crescent. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Syriac Christianity is a culturally and...
Qamishli ܩܡܫܠܝ (or Al Qamishli or Kamishli, sometimes transcribed with accents) is a city in northeast Syria on the border with Iraq (Ancient Assyria). ...
Al Hasakah is a governorate in the far north-east corner of Syria that has the Euphrates river running through it. ...
For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ...
Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO) founded in Syria in 1957 is the largest Assyrian organization in Syria and Europe [1]. ^ The Assyrian Democratic Organization Rejects Iraqs Constitution Offical website Categories: | ...
Map of the Armenian diaspora. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and in the east, the north Arabian Desert and Mesopotamia. ...
The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ...
Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ...
For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ...
Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
The term South Arabia commonly refers to either: the Federation of South Arabia or the Protectorate of South Arabia This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
Age of the Caliphs Expansion under the Prophet Muhammad, 622-632 Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 The initial Muslim conquests (632–732), also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests,[1] began after the death of the Islamic prophet...
Syrians have also migrated heavily to the Americas, most notably to Brazil and Argentina.[19][20] World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas in an equal-area projection The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
Religion -
Main article: Religion in Syria - See also: Christianity in Syria, Islam in Syria, and Freedom of religion in Syria
Syria's population is approximately 90% Muslim and 10% Christian, though due to the high stream of refugees from Iraq the percentage of Christians has risen to slightly less than 12% (Muslim refugees are numerous as well). Among Muslims, 74% are from the Sunni;[13] branch, and are ethnic Arabs, Turks, Kurds, while the rest are divided among other Muslim sects, mainly Alawis (accounting for 10% of the total population) and Druze (6%). There is also a small number of non-Druze Isma'ili and Twelver Shi'a, whose numbers have increased dramatically due to the influx of Iraqi refugees, and are now 10% of the population. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Islam in Syria is composed of a Sunni majority and four minority Shia sects; Alawi, Druze, Ismailis, and Twelver Shiites. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 561 KB) en: Hama, Syria - a minaret of Al Nouri mosque sl: Hama, Sirija - minaret al-Nurijeve mošeje I took the photo myself. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 561 KB) en: Hama, Syria - a minaret of Al Nouri mosque sl: Hama, Sirija - minaret al-Nurijeve mošeje I took the photo myself. ...
This article is about the city in Syria. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ...
Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...
Alawite is a Middle Eastern Syria. ...
Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom), Quran Languages Arabic. ...
The Ismaili (Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmâiliyân) branch of Islam is the second largest Shia community, after the Twelvers who are dominant in Iran. ...
Twelvers or the Ithna Asharia are members of the group of Shias who believe in twelve Imams. ...
Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ...
Christians, a sizable number of which are also found among Syrian Palestinians, are divided into several groups. Chalcedonian Antiochian Orthodox ("Greek Orthodox"; Arabic: الروم الارثوذكس, ar-Rūmu 'l-Urṯūḏuks) make up 50–55% of the Christian population; the Catholics (Melkite, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Maronite, Chaldean and Latin) make up 18%; the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Nestorian Assyrians and several smaller Christian denominations account for the remainder. Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class.[citation needed] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 595 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Syrian harmony: Church in Kessab I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 595 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Syrian harmony: Church in Kessab I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Kassab (Arabic: كسب, Armenian: Քեսապ) a Syrian border town located in Latakia Governorate (Muhafazat al Ladhiqiyah) north west of the country. ...
Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ...
Image File history File links Shrine_Zaynab. ...
Image File history File links Shrine_Zaynab. ...
Zaynabs name in Arabic Calligraphy Zaynab bint Ali (Arabic: زينب بنت علي ) (Urdu: زينب بنت على ) was the daughter of the 4th Caliph, the first Shia imam, Ali, and granddaughter of Muhammad. ...
The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ...
The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor), today part of the city of Istanbul on the Asian side of the Bosphorus and known as the district of Kadıköy. ...
The Antiochian Orthodox Church is one of the five churches that composed the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church before the Great Schism, and today is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...
The Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Arabic: , ) is an Eastern Rite sui juris particular Church of the Catholic Church in communion with the Pope. ...
After the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with the rest of Oriental Orthodoxy, formally broke off communion from the Chalcedonian churches, numerous Armenian bishops made attempts to restore communion with the Catholic Church (Rome). ...
The Syriac Catholic Church or Syrian Catholic Church is a Christian church in the Levant having practices and rites in common with the Syriac Orthodox Church. ...
Religions Christianity Scriptures Bible Languages Vernacular: Lebanese Arabic, Cypriot Maronite Arabic Liturgical: Syriac Maronites (Arabic: ‎, transliteration: , Syriac: ܡܪܘܢÜÜ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, with a heritage reaching back to Maron in the early 5th century. ...
The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (Arabic: ‎, ) is an Eastern particular church of the Roman Catholic Church, maintaining full communion with the Bishop of Rome and the rest of the Catholic Church. ...
The Latin Rite is one of the 23 sui iuris particular Churches within the Catholic Church. ...
The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world. ...
Official standard of Karekin II Catholicos of Armenia The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Õ€Õ¡Õµ Ô±Õ¼Õ¡Ö„Õ¥Õ¬Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ ÔµÕ¯Õ¥Õ²Õ¥ÖÕ«, Hay Arakelagan Yegeghetzi), sometimes called the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Gregorian Church, is the worlds oldest national church[1] [2] and one of the most ancient Christian communities [3]. // Baptism of Tiridates III. The earliest...
A painting of a Nestorian Assyrian bishop from 1779. ...
Syria also has a tiny population of Jews, confined mainly to Damascus, a remnant of a formerly 40,000 strong community. After the 1947 UN Partition plan, pogroms against the Jews erupted in Damascus and Aleppo, and Jewish property was confiscated or burned. When the State of Israel was established in 1948, many Syrian Jews sought refuge there. Of the remaining 5,000 Jews, 4,000 left in the 1990s, in the wake of an agreement with the United States. As of 2007, the Jewish community has dwindled to less than 70 Jews, most of them elderly.[21] Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ...
On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly. ...
This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ...
Languages Arabic is the official and most widely spoken language. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Many educated Syrians also speak English and French. Armenian and Turkmen are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities. Aramaic, the lingua franca of the region before the advent of Islam and Arabic, is spoken among certain ethnic groups: as Syriac, it is used as the liturgical language of various Syriac denominations; modern Aramaic (particularly, Turoyo language and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) is spoken in Al-Jazira region. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma`loula, and two neighbouring villages, 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus. The Kurdish language (Kurdish: Kurdî or کوردی) is a term used for a range of different dialects of a language spoken by Kurds. ...
Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Syriac ( SuryÄyÄ) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: Syriac Christianity is a culturally and...
Turoyo is a Modern West Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. ...
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
Al Jazira (Arabic, الجزيرة) is the traditional Arabic name for the region of northeastern modern-day Syria and northwestern modern-day Iraq. ...
Western Neo-Aramaic is a Modern Aramaic language. ...
Maloula Church St-Thecla Church Ma`loula (Arabic: , from the Aramaic word Ü¡Ü¥Ü Ü, ma`lÄ, meaning entrance) is a town in Syria. ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Education in Syria -
The educational system in Syria was based on the old French system. Education is free in all public schools and obligatory up to the 9th grade. Schools are divided into three levels: Education in Syria Despite being a low-income country with a growing population, Syria has a good basic education system. ...
- 1st to 4th grade: Basic Education Level I (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة أولى)
- 5th to 9th grade: Basic Education Level II (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة ثانية)
- 10th to 12th grade: Secondary Education (Arabic: التعليم الثانوي), which is the equivalent of High School.
Final exams of the 9th grade are carried out nationally at the same time. The result of these exams determines if the student goes to the "general" secondary schools or the technical secondary schools. Technical secondary schools include industrial and agricultural schools for male students, crafts school for female students, and commercial and computer science schools for both. Arabic redirects here. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
At the beginning of the 11th grade, those who go to "general" secondary school have to choose to continue their study in either the "literary branch" or the "scientific branch".
The final exams of the 12th grade (the baccalaureate) are also carried out nationally and at the same time. The result of these exams determines which university, college and specialization the student goes to. To do that the student has to apply through a complicated system called Mufadalah.
Colleges charge modest fees ($10–20 a year) if the student achieves the sufficient marks in his Baccalaureate exams. If not, the student may opt to pay higher fees ($1500–3000) to enroll. There are some private schools and colleges but their fees are much higher.
Most universities in Syria follow the French model of the high education, the university stages and the academic degrees are: A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ...
- First stage: the Licence awarded after 4 years to 6 years depending on the field.
- Second stage: the DEA or DESS 1-2 years postgraduate degree equivalent to the Master's degree in the American-English systems.
- Third stage: the doctorat 3-5 years after the DEA or an equivalent degree.
Since 1967, all schools, colleges, and universities have been under close government supervision by the Baath Party.[22] Licentiate (from Latin licentia doctorandi = permission/right to teach) is the title of a person who holds an academic degree called a license. ...
In France, a DEA (diplôme détudes approfondies, or diploma of advanced studies) is a former postgraduate degree. ...
A masters degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded after the completion of an academic program of one to six years in duration. ...
Aquatint of a Doctor in Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ...
In France, a DEA (diplôme détudes approfondies, or diploma of advanced studies) is a former postgraduate degree. ...
Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Baath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: Øزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in Damascus in the 1940s as the original secular Arab nationalist movement, to combat Western colonial rule. ...
Economy -
Syria is a middle-income, developing country with an economy based on agriculture, oil, industry, and tourism. However, Syria's economy faces serious problems and challenges and impediments to growth, including: a large and poorly performing public sector; declining rates of oil production; widening non-oil deficit; wide scale corruption; weak financial and capital markets; and high rates of unemployment tied to a high population growth rate.[9] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Syria. ...
Newly industrialized countries Other emerging markets Other developing economies High income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low income A developing country is that country which has a relatively low standard of living, an undeveloped industrial base, and a moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI) score and per capita...
As a result of an inefficient and corrupt centrally planned economy, Syria has low rates of investment, and low levels of industrial and agricultural productivity. Its GDP growth rate was approximately 2.9% in 2005, according to IMF statistics. The two main pillars of the Syrian economy have been agriculture and oil. Agriculture, for instance, accounts for 25% of GDP and employs 42% of the total labor force. The government hopes to attract new investment in the tourism, natural gas, and service sectors to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on oil and agriculture. The government has begun to institute economic reforms aimed at liberalizing most markets, but reform thus far has been slow and ad hoc. For ideological reasons, privatization of government enterprises is explicitly rejected. Therefore major sectors of the economy including refining, ports operation, air transportation, power generation, and water distribution, remain firmly controlled by the government.[9] The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ...
Syria has produced heavy-grade oil from fields located in the northeast since the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, light-grade, low-sulphur oil was discovered near Dayr al-Zur in eastern Syria. Syria's rate of oil production has been decreasing steadily, from a peak close to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m³/d) (bpd) in 1995 down to approximately 425,000 bbl/d (67,600 m³/d) in 2005. Experts generally agree that Syria will become a net importer of petroleum not later than 2012. Syria exported roughly 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m³/d) in 2005, and oil still accounts for a majority of the country's export income. Syria also produces 22 million cubic meters of gas per day, with estimated reserves around 8.5 trillion cubic feet (240 km³). While the government has begun to work with international energy companies in the hopes of eventually becoming a gas exporter, all gas currently produced is consumed domestically.[9]
Some basic commodities, such as diesel, continue to be heavily subsidized, and social services are provided for nominal charges. The subsidies are becoming harder to sustain as the gap between consumption and production continues to increase. Syria has a population of approximately 19 million people, and Syrian Government figures place the population growth rate at 2.45%, with 75% of the population under the age of 35 and more than 40% under the age of 15. Approximately 200,000 people enter the labor market every year. According to Syrian Government statistics, the unemployment rate is 7.5%, however, more accurate independent sources place it closer to 20%. Government and public sector employees constitute over one quarter of the total labor force and are paid very low salaries and wages. Government officials acknowledge that the economy is not growing at a pace sufficient to create enough new jobs annually to match population growth. The UNDP announced in 2005 that 30% of the Syrian population lives in poverty and 11.4% live below the subsistence level.[9] The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. ...
Foreign Trade Given the policies adopted from the 1960s through the late 1980s, which included nationalization of companies and private assets, Syria failed to join an increasingly interconnected global economy. Syria withdrew from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1951 because of Israel's accession. It is not a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), although it submitted a request to begin the accession process in 2001. Syria is developing regional free trade agreements. As of January 1, 2005, the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) came into effect and customs duties were eliminated between Syria and all other members of GAFTA. In addition, Syria has signed a free trade agreement with Turkey, which came into force in January 2007, and initialed an Association Agreement with the European Union, which has yet to be signed. Although Syria claims a recent boom in non-oil exports, its trade numbers are notoriously inaccurate and out-of-date. Syria's main exports include crude oil, refined products, raw cotton, clothing, fruits, and grains. The bulk of Syrian imports are raw materials essential for industry, vehicles, agricultural equipment, and heavy machinery. Earnings from oil exports as well as remittances from Syrian workers are the government's most important sources of foreign exchange.[9] The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was originally created by the Bretton Woods Conference as part of a larger plan for economic recovery after World War II. The GATTs main objective was the reduction of barriers to international trade. ...
-1...
Syrian territorial problems
Turkish-Syrian dispute over Iskandaron (Hatay) Province -
Main article: Hatay Province There is a deep rooted disagreement between Turkey and Syria over the Iskandaroun (Hatay) Province. Hatay is a province of southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast, with Syria to the south and east. ...
Hatay is a region in the middle east around the town of Iskenderun. ...
At present Syrians hold the view that this land was illegally ceded in the late 1930s to Turkey by France - the mandatory occupying power of Syria (between 1920 and 1946). The Turks remember Syria as a former Ottoman Turkish vilayet with embitterment. Contemporary Syria and Syrians still consider this land as integral Syrian territory. Syrians call this land Liwaaa aliskenderuna rather than the Turkish name of Hatay. Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) İstanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...
Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Hatay is a region in the middle east around the town of Iskenderun. ...
Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights -
Main article: Golan Heights The Golan Heights are located in the southwestern part of the Syrian Arab Republic. The region is 1,850 square kilometres (714 sq mi), and includes mountains reaching an altitude of 2,880 metres (9,449 ft) above sea level. The heights dominate the plains below. The Jordan River, Lake Tiberias and the Hula Valley border the region on the west. To the east is the Raqqad Valley and the south is Yarmok River and valley. The northern boundary of the region is the mountain Jabal al-Sheikh (Mount Hermon), one of the highest in the Southwest Asia. It is a rich agricultural area, traditionally farmed by an Arab society encompassing 108 private farms and 163 villages and towns. An agreement to establish a demilitarized zone between Israel and Syria was signed on July 20, 1949, but border clashes continued. Syria used the Golan Heights to launch attacks on Israeli farmers and fishing boats, prompting retaliatory attacks by Israel.[23] Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in the 1967 Six Day War. Between 80,000 and 109,000 of the inhabitants - most of the population with the exception of Druze and Circassians - fled during the war. In 1973, Syria tried to regain control of the Golan Heights in a surprise attack on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Jewish year. Despite initial Syrian advances and heavy Israeli losses, the Golan Heights remained in Israeli hands after a successful Israeli counter attack. Syria and Israel signed an armistice agreement in 1974, and a United Nations observer force was stationed there. Israel unilaterally annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, although the Syrian government continues to demand the return of this territory, possibly in the context of a peace treaty.[24] The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
Hebrew טבריה (Standard) Teverya Arabic طبرية Government City District North Population 39 900 (a) Jurisdiction 10 000 dunams (10 km²) Tiberias (British English: ; American English: ; Hebrew: , Tverya; Arabic: , abariyyah) is a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. ...
This article is about the mountain in the Middle East. ...
Southwest Asia in most contexts. ...
The Golan Heights (‎ Ramat HaGolan, Arabic: Habat al-Å«lÄn) or Golan is a mountainous area in northeastern Israel[1] on the border of Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. ...
The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ...
Religions Druzism Scriptures Rasail al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom), Quran Languages Arabic. ...
Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Çerkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ...
Yom Kippur (Hebrew:×™×•Ö¹× ×›Ö´Ö¼×¤Ö¼×•Ö¼×¨ , IPA: ), also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn of the Jewish holidays. ...
UN redirects here. ...
After the Six-Day War, a population of 20,000 Syrians remained in the Golan Heights, most of them Druze. Since 2005, Israel has allowed Druze apple farmers in the Golan to sell their produce to Syria. In 2006, the export total reached 8,000 tons of apples.[25] Syrian residents of the Golan are also permitted to study at universities in Syria, where they are entitled to free tuition, books and lodging.[26]
Culture - See also: Music of Syria, Cuisine of Syria, and Public holidays in Syria
The scribes of the city of Ugarit created a cuneiform alphabet in the fourteenth century BCE. The alphabet was written in the familiar order we use today. Syrias capital and largest city, Damascus, has long been one of the Arab worlds centers for cultural and artistic innovation, especially in the field of classical Arab music. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1718 KB) Summary Eggelin Tomb Tower Eggelin Grabturm Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1718 KB) Summary Eggelin Tomb Tower Eggelin Grabturm Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Syria Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Early morning panorama of Palmyra. ...
Excavated ruins at Ras Shamra. ...
Archaeologists have discovered extensive writings and evidence of a culture rivaling those of Mesopotamia and Egypt in and around the ancient city of Ebla. Later Syrian scholars and artists contributed to Hellenistic and Roman thought and culture. Cicero was a pupil of Antiochus of Ascalon at Athens; and the writings of Posidonius of Apamea influenced Livy and Plutarch. Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ...
Ebla is not to be confused with Elba. ...
The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the Greeks traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ...
Antiochus is the name of thirteen kings of the Seleucid dynasty: Antiochus I Soter Antiochus II Theos Antiochus III the Great Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus V Eupator Antiochus VI Dionysus Antiochus VII Sidetes Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII...
This article is about the capital of Greece. ...
Posidonius (c. ...
A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ...
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: ΠλοÏταÏχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...
Philip Hitti claimed, "the scholars consider Syria as the teacher for the human characteristics," and Andrea Parrout writes, "each civilized person in the world should admit that he has two home countries: the one he was born in, and Syria." Philip Khuri Hitti (1886 - 1978), born in Shimlan, Lebanon, was a Western scholar of Islam. ...
Syria is a traditional society with a long cultural history. Importance is placed on family, religion, education and self discipline and respect. The Syrian's taste for the traditional arts is expressed in dances such as the al-Samah, the Dabkes in all their variations and the sword dance. Marriage ceremonies and the birth of children are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.
Traditional Houses of the Old Cities in Damascus, Aleppo and the other Syrian cities are preserved and traditionally the living quarters are arranged around one or more courtyards, typically with a fountain in the middle supplied by spring water, and decorated with citrus trees, grape vines, and flowers.
Outside of larger city areas such as Damascus, Aleppo or Homs, residential areas are often clustered in smaller villages. The buildings themselves are often quite old (perhaps a few hundred years old), passed down to family members over several generations. Residential construction of rough concrete and blockwork is usually unpainted, and the palette of a Syrian village is therefore simple tones of greys and browns.
Syrians have contributed to Arabic literature and music and have a proud tradition of oral and written poetry. Syrian writers, many of whom immigrated to Egypt, played a crucial role in the nahda or Arab literary and cultural revival of the nineteenth century. Prominent contemporary Syrian writers include, among others, Adonis, Muhammad Maghout, Haidar Haidar, Ghada al-Samman, Nizar Qabbani and Zakariyya Tamer. Arabic literature (Arabic ,الأدب العربي ) Al-Adab Al-Arabi, is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by speakers of the Arabic language. ...
al-Nahda (also an-Nahda, Arabic for awakening or renaissance) was a cultural and intellectual trend in the Arab world in the late 19th century and early 20th century, largely centered in Egypt. ...
Ali Ahmad Said (born 1930), also known by the pseudonym Adonis, is a Syrian-born poet and literary critic who has made his career largely in Lebanon and France. ...
Haidar Haidar (Arabic: ) is a Syrian writer and novelist. ...
Ghada Al Samman {{Ar: غادة السمّان}} is an Arab Syrian writer journalist and novelist born in Damascus in 1942 to a prominent and conservative Damascene family, she is remotely related to Nizar Qabbani the famous poet. ...
Nizar Kabbani Nizar Tawfiq Kabbani (21 March 1923 – 30 April 1998) (Arabic:نزار قباني) was a Syrian diplomat, poet and publisher. ...
Born in Damascus, Syria in 1931. ...
There was a private sector presence in the Syrian cinema industry until the end of the 1970s, but private investment has since preferred the more lucrative television serial business. Syrian soap operas, in a variety of styles (all melodramatic, however), have considerable market penetration throughout the eastern Arab world.
Although declining, Syria's world-famous handicraft industry still employs thousands.
Syrian food mostly consists of Southern Mediterranean, Greek, and Southwest Asian dishes. Some Syrian dishes also evolved from Turkish and French cooking. Dishes like shish kebab, stuffed zucchini, yabra' (stuffed grape leaves, the word yapra' derıves from the Turkish word 'yaprak' meaning leaf), shawarma, and falafel are very popular in Syria as the food there is diverse in taste and type. Restaurants are usually open (food is served outdoors). Left to right: Chenjeh Kabab, Kabab Koobideh, Jujeh Kabab in an Afghan restaurant. ...
Dolma Dolma is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes in Turkish cuisine and the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions, including, Albania, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Middle East, the Balkans, Greece, and Central Asia. ...
Shawarma Shawarma (Arabic: ‎ or ‎, also spelled Chawarma, Shwarma, Shuarma, Shawerma, Shoarma or Shaorma) is a Middle Eastern-style sandwich usually composed of shaved lamb, goat, or chicken. ...
This article is about the Middle Eastern food. ...
Fairs and festivals | Festival/Fair | City | Month | | Flower Festival | Latakia | April | | Traditional Festival | Palmyra | May | | International Flower Fair | Damascus | May | | Syrian Song Festival | Aleppo | July | | Marmarita Festival | Marmarita | August | | Vine Festival | As Suwayda | September | | Cotton Festival | Aleppo | September | | Damascus International Fair | Damascus | September | | Festival of Love and Peace | Lattakia | 2 - 12 August | | Bosra Festival | Bosra | September | | Film and Theatre Festival | Damascus | November | | Jasmine Festival | Damascus | April | Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ...
Early morning panorama of Palmyra. ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
The Syrian village of Marmarita Marmarita (Arabic: ‎) is a town located in Western Syria close to the governorate of Tartus but administratively belonging to the governorate of Homs, since 1953 as it was part of Latakia earlier. ...
Location of the governorate of As Suwayda As Suwayda (also Sweida; Arabic: ‎) is a mainly Druze town located in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Jordan. ...
Aleppo (Arabic: ‎ [ħalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate; the Governate extends around the city for over 16,000 km² and has a population of 4,393,000, making it the largest Governate in Syria (followed by Damascus). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Roundabout in Latakia Latakia (Arabic: اللاذقية Al-Ladhiqiyah, Greek:Λαοδικεία) is the principal port city of Syria. ...
For the town in Jordan, see Bozrah. ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...
Miscellaneous topics Politics of Syria takes place in a framework of a parliamentary republic, whereby the power is in the hands of the President of Syria and the ruling Baath Party. ...
Telephones - main lines in use: 930,000 (1995) Telephones - mobile cellular: Syriatel http://www. ...
Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbors, and achieving a comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace settlement, which includes the return of the Golan Heights, are the primary goals of President Bashar al-Assads foreign policy. ...
The human rights record of the Syrian Arab Republic has been evaluated by a number of different sources. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This is a list of prominent Syrian people Abdul-Kader Asly Singer Abdul-Halim Khaddam politician , former vice-president. ...
The President of Syria is commander in chief of the Syrian armed forces, comprising some 320,000 troops upon mobilization. ...
Railways: total: 2,750 km standard gauge: 2,423 km 1. ...
Postage stamp of Syrian Scouting during the period it was the United Arab Republic Syria is one of 35 countries where Scouting exists but where there is no National Scout Organization which is presently a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. ...
Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab immigrants, and their descendants, who voluntarily or as refugees emigrated from their native countries and now reside in non-Arab nations, primarily in Western countries as well...
Terrorism in Syria comes primarily from Kurdish separatists and Lebanese nationalists. ...
Footnotes - ^ Baath Party The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2001–05. Retrieved 2007, 06-13.
- ^ First proposed by Theodor Nöldeke in 1881; cf. Harper, Douglas (November 2001). Syria. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-06-13..
- ^ Pliny [AD 77]. "Book 5 Section 66", Natural History. University of Chicago Website.
- ^ a b c Syria: A country Study - Ancient Syria. Library of Congress (Data as of April 1987). Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
- ^ "The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" . Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies Vol. 14 (No. 1).
- ^ Timeframe pp. 59-75
- ^ Battle of Aleppo
- ^ The Eastern Mediterranean, 1400–1600 A.D.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Background Note: Syria. United States Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007.
- ^ Fact Sheet, The White House
- ^ Sanger, David. "Israel Struck Syrian Nuclear Project, Analysts Say", The New York Times, 2007-10-14. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
- ^ Walker, Peter; News Agencies. "Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria", The Guardian, 21 May 2008. Retrieved on 21 May 2008. (English) "Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator..."
- ^ a b Syria. The World Factbook (2007).
- ^ Syria - Kurds. Library of Congress Country Studies.
- ^ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Ethnologue.com
- ^ Iraqi Christian refugees pine for home, but fear they face death
- ^ Syrian visa rules close escape route for Iraqis-UN
- ^ Phoenicians Online Extra @ National Geographic Magazine
- ^ The Arabs of Brazil
- ^ Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America
- ^ Syrian Jews
- ^ Syria - Education
- ^ What Led To The Six Day War?
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Country profiles | Regions and territories: The Golan Heights
- ^ http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20070611075008/SecCountries/pagSyria/chnSyria%20Analysis/obj13F83CD8-8988-11D5-867E00D0B74A0D7C/
- ^ Worldandnation: Golan families dream of reunion
is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Theodor Nöldeke (March 2, 1836 - 1930), German Semitic scholar, was born at Harburg, and studied at Göttingen, Vienna, Leiden and Berlin. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies is an academic journal published by various Assyriologists and other academics, focusing on the history of the Assyrian people. ...
Department of State redirects here. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The World Factbook (ISSN 1553-8133; also known as the CIA World Factbook)[2] is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States with almanac-style information about the countries of the world. ...
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ...
References - Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2006). International Law: A Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810850788
- Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2004). Just Or Unjust War? Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754623750
- (1989) Timeframe AD 1200-1300: The Mongol Conquests. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-6437-3.
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Syria
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| Geographic locale | | | Countries and territories of the Middle East | | Bahrain · Egypt · Gaza Strip · Iraq · Iran · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Syria · United Arab Emirates · West Bank · Yemen World map of dependent territories. ...
The list of unrecognized countries enumerates those geo-political entities which lack general diplomatic recognition, but wish to be recognized as sovereign states. ...
This list of countries, arranged alphabetically, gives an overview of countries of the world. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
Greater Middle East: Afghanistan · Cyprus · Pakistan · Turkey · Sudan · Somalia · Eritrea · Djibouti · Libya · Algeria · Tunisia · Morocco · Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of,1 Anthem: Ä°stiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 km² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...
1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute. Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (Lefkoşa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 km² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...
UN redirects here. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
| | | Countries of Southwest Asia | | Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Cyprus · Georgia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of1 · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Syria · Turkey · United Arab Emirates · Yemen This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ...
Southwest Asia in most contexts. ...
Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (Lefkoşa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 km² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...
1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute. Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (Lefkoşa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 km² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...
UN redirects here. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
| | | Countries of Asia | | Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3 This is an alphabetical list of Asian countries and dependencies. ...
For the Chinese civilization, see China. ...
Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese: Unity, Action, Progress) Anthem: Pátria Capital (and largest city) Dili Official languages Tetum and Portuguese1 Demonym East Timorese Government Parliamentary republic - President José Ramos-Horta - Acting President Fernando de Araújo - Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão Independence from Portugal² - Declared November 28, 1975...
For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory. World map of dependent territories. ...
1 Partly or significantly in Europe. 2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa. 4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.
This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
For the Chinese civilization, see China. ...
UN redirects here. ...
Taiwan Strait area The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of...
This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...
| | | | International membership | | | Members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement | | | Members | Afghanistan · Algeria · Angola · Bahamas · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Barbados · Belarus · Belize · Benin · Bhutan · Bolivia · Botswana · Brunei · Burkina Faso · Burma · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Chile · Colombia · Comoros · Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Djibouti · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · Gambia · Ghana · Grenada · Guatemala · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Honduras · India · Indonesia · Iran · Jamaica · Jordan · Kenya · Kuwait · Laos · Lebanon · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mongolia · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Nepal · Nicaragua · Niger · Nigeria · North Korea · Oman · Pakistan · State of Palestine · Panama · Papua New Guinea · Peru · Philippines · Qatar · Rwanda · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · São Tomé and Príncipe · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Somalia · South Africa · Sri Lanka · Sudan · Suriname · Swaziland · Syria · Tanzania · Thailand · East Timor · Togo · Trinidad and Tobago · Tunisia · Turkmenistan · Uganda · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vanuatu · Venezuela · Vietnam · Yemen · Zambia · Zimbabwe Image File history File links Flag_of_the_League_of_Arab_States. ...
Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041...
“Palestinian government†redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_League_of_Arab_States. ...
The flag of the Organ of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Membership in the OIC: Member Members once temporarily suspended Withdrew Observer Attempted to join but blocked OIC redirects here. ...
Motto: Unité, Progrès, Justice(French) Unity, Progress, Justice Anthem: Une Seule Nuit(French) One Single Night Capital (and largest city) Ouagadougou Official languages French Demonym Burkinabé Government Semi-presidential republic - President Blaise Compaoré - Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Independence from France - Date August 5, 1960 Area - Total 274,000 km...
The Republic of The Gambia is a country in West Africa. ...
“Palestinian government†redirects here. ...
Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (Lefkoşa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 km² (167th ranked together with Cyprus...
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is an active Islamic movement in the Southern Philippines. ...
Map of the ECO member states The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an intergovernmental international organization involving ten Asian nations. ...
Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Working languages Arabic English Spanish French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman Jakaya Kikwete - Jean Ping Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29,757,900 km² (1st1...
Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041...
Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ...
UN redirects here. ...
Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ...
[--168. ...
The Republic of The Gambia is a country in West Africa. ...
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For other uses, see Saint Lucia (disambiguation). ...
Motto Pax et justitia(Latin) Peace and justice Anthem St Vincent Land So Beautiful Capital (and largest city) Kingstown Official languages English Demonym Vincentian Government (constitutional monarchy) - Monarch Queen Elizabeth II - Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballantyne - Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves Independence - 27 October 1979 Area - Total 389 km² (201st) 150...
Anthem: Independência total Capital (and largest city) São Tomé Official languages Portuguese Demonym Santomean Government Republic - President Fradique de Menezes - Prime Minister Tomé Vera Cruz Independence from Portugal - Date 12 July 1975 Area - Total 964 km² (183rd) 372 sq mi - Water (%) 0 Population - 2005 estimate 157,000 (188th...
For other uses of the word Trinidad, see Trinidad (disambiguation) Motto Together we aspire, together we achieve Anthem Forged From The Love of Liberty Capital Port of Spain Largest town Chaguanas [1] Official languages English Demonym Trinidadian, Tobagonian Government Republic - President George Maxwell Richards - Prime Minister Patrick Manning Independence - from...
| | | Observers | | Countries | Antigua and Barbuda · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bosnia-Herzegovina · Brazil · China (PRC) · Costa Rica · Croatia · Cyprus · Dominica · El Salvador · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Mexico · Serbia · Ukraine · Uruguay Motto: Each Endeavouring, All Achieving Anthem: Fair Antigua and Barbuda Royal anthem: God Save the Queen 1 Capital (and largest city) Saint Johns Official languages English Demonym Antiguan, Barbudan Government Parliamentary democracy and federal constitutional monarchy - Head of State Elizabeth II - Governor-General Louise Lake-Tack - Prime Minister Baldwin...
This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
For the Chinese civilization, see China. ...
Anthem: Serbia() on the European continent() — [] Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn 1 Albanian 2 Demonym Serbian Government Parliamentary Democracy - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica - First state 7th century - Serbian Kingdom3 1217 - Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence lost...
| | Organizations | African Union · Arab League · United Nations Anthem Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together [1] Administrative Centre Working languages Arabic English Spanish French Portuguese Swahili Membership 53 African states Leaders - Chairman Jakaya Kikwete - Jean Ping Establishment - as the OAU May 25, 1963 - as the African Union July 9, 2002 Area - Total 29,757,900 km² (1st1...
Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders - Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001) - Council of the Arab League Sudan - Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment - Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945 Area - Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041...
UN redirects here. ...
| | | | Afro-Asiatic-speaking nations | | | Berber | | | |
Algeria
Egypt The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ...
The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ...
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Libya
 Mali Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Mali. ...
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Mauritania
Morocco Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ...
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 Niger
Tunisia Image File history File links Flag_of_Niger. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ...
| | | | | Chadic | | | | |
Niger
 Nigeria Image File history File links Flag_of_Niger. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Nigeria. ...
| | | | | Cushitic | | | | Cushitic
 Djibouti
Eritrea The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ...
The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Djibouti. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Eritrea. ...
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Ethiopia
 Kenya Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Kenya. ...
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 Somalia Image File history File links Flag_of_Somalia. ...
| Beja
Egypt
Eritrea Beja (also called Bedawi, Bedauye, To Bedawie) is an Afro-Asiatic language of the southern coast of the Red Sea, spoken by about two million nomads in parts of Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Eritrea. ...
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Sudan Image File history File links Flag_of_Sudan. ...
| | | | | | | | | | | Semitic | | | | Arabic / Maltese
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Israel
Jordan The language of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and their modern descendant, the Coptic language is classifed under this category. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ...
The Omotic languages are Afro-Asiatic languages spoken in northeast Africa. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Bahrain. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ...
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Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Mauritania
Morocco Image File history File links Flag_of_Kuwait. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ...
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Oman
PNA
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan1 Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ...
This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Qatar. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Sudan. ...
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Syria
Tunisia
UAE
W. Sahara
Yemen Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates. ...
UAE redirects here. ...
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصØراء الغربية; transliterated: ; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is a territory of northwestern Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria in the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ...
| Northwest Semitic2
Iraq
Israel
Syria The Northwest Semitic languages form a medium-level division of the Semitic language family. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ...
| South Semitic
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Oman
Yemen South Semitic is one of the three macro-classifications in Semitic linguistics, the other two being North Semitic (e. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Eritrea. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ...
| | | | 1 excluding Southern Sudan. 2 Aramaic and Hebrew. | | | | Semitic-speaking nations | | Arabic / Maltese
Algeria
Jordan
Mauritania
Saudi Arabia
W. Sahara Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Hebrew redirects here. ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ...
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصØراء الغربية; transliterated: ; Spanish: Sahara Occidental) is a territory of northwestern Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria in the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. ...
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Bahrain
Kuwait
Morocco
Sudan
Yemen Image File history File links Flag_of_Bahrain. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Kuwait. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Sudan. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ...
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Egypt
Lebanon
Oman
Syria Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ...
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Iraq
Libya
PNA
Tunisia Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ...
“Palestinian government†redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ...
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Israel
Malta
Qatar
UAE Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Qatar. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates. ...
UAE redirects here. ...
| | South Semitic
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Oman
Yemen The Northwest Semitic languages form a medium-level division of the Semitic language family. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Hebrew redirects here. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ...
South Semitic is one of the three macro-classifications in Semitic linguistics, the other two being North Semitic (e. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Eritrea. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Ethiopia. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ...
| | | | St. ...
The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ...
Derbe is an ancient city in todays Turkey. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Mysia. ...
Alexandria Troas (Alexandria of the Troad, mod. ...
Coordinates 40°29′ N 25°31′ E Country Greece Periphery East Macedonia and Thrace Prefecture Evros Population 2,723 source (2001) Area 178. ...
Kavala (also seen as Kavála, Kavalla, (Greek) (2001 pop. ...
Map of Greece showing Philippi Philippi (in Ancient Greek / Philippoi) was a city in eastern Macedonia, founded by Philip II in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. ...
Localization of Amphipolis Amphipolis (Greek, Ἀμφίπολις – AmphÃpolis) was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace. ...
Thessaloniki or Salonica (Greek: ) is Greeces second-largest city and the capital of Macedonia, the largest Region of Greece. ...
Berea is mentioned in the book of Acts in the Bible, for the ancient city of Beroea, now know as Veria. ...
This article is about the capital of Greece. ...
Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: ΚόÏινθος, Kórinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ...
There is another Kechries, see Kechries Kechries (Greek Modern: Κεχριές, rarely Κεχρεές, Ancient/Katharevousa: Kechreai), older form: Cenchreae, Kechriai, Kekhries, Kekhriai, Kekhriais is a community in the municipality of Corinth in Corinthia. ...
For the town in the southern United States, see Ephesus, Georgia. ...
Caesarea Palaestina, also called Caesarea Maritima, a town built by Herod the Great about 25 - 13 BC, lies on the sea-coast of Israel about halfway between Tel Aviv and Haifa, on the site of a place previously called Pyrgos Stratonos (Strato or Stratons Tower, in Latin Turris Stratonis). ...
For Christians, Jerusalems place in the life of Jesus gives it great importance, in addition to its place in the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible, as described above. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ...
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