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Tahrif (Arabic: تحريف‎ "corruption, forgery"; the stem-II verbal noun of the consonantal root ḥrf, "to make oblique") is an Arabic term used by Muslims with regard to words, and more specifically with regard to what Jews and Christians are supposed to have done to their respective Scriptures. Most Muslims believe that Jews and Christians have deliberately changed the text of the Hebrew Bible and New Testament, through altering words from their proper meaning, changing words in form, or substituting words or letters for others. This is considered by Islam to be a deliberate change which distorted the word of God, and which thus necessitated the giving of the Quran to Mohammed, to correct this perceived distortion. A Mushaf is a Arabic word that literarly means cover, as in a book cover. ... Sura (sometimes referred to as Surah) ( ) is an Arabic term literally meaning picture, evidence, or proof. ... Ayah ( , plural Ayat ) is the Arabic word for sign or miracle. ... Quran reading is the reading (tartil, tajwid, or taghbir) aloud, reciting, chanting, or singing of portions of the Quran. ... TajwÄ«d (تجويد) is an Arabic word meaning proper pronunciation during recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed. ... Tarteel (Arabic: ترتيل ) is an Arabic term that is wide in meaning but is commonly translated in reference to the Quran as recitation. ... A manzil (منزل, plural manazil, منازل) is one of seven parts of roughly equal length into which the Quran is divided for the purpose of reciting the entire text in one week. ... A juz (جزء, plural ajza, اجزاء) is one of thirty parts of roughly equal length into which the Quran is divided for the purpose of reciting the entire text in one month. ... A hizb (حزب , plural ahzab,احزاب) is one half of a juz and thus comprises roughly one 60th of the text of the Quran. ... For other uses, see Hafiz (disambiguation). ... Qari, literally meaning reader, is a person who recites the Quran with some sort of recitation rule (tajweed). ... Definition - Revenue per Available Seat Mile. ... Translations of the Qurán are versions of the holy book of Islam in languages other than Arabic. ... // By first printing date 1100s Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete - circa 1143, Latin, by Robert of Ketton 1900s The Holy Quran -1917, English, by Ahmadiya Maulana Muhammad Ali, ISBN 0913321117. ... Regarding the origin and development of the Quran, Islamic scholars proceed with the assumption that the Quran is a divine, uncreated text which is exactly the same today as when it was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ... The Madinan suras of the Quran are those suras which were revealed at Madina, after Muhammads hijra from Makka, when the Muslims were establishing a state rather than being, as at Makka, an oppressed minority. ... The Makkan suras are the chronologically earlier suras of the Quran that were revealed at Makka. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsÄ«r, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ... Some of the Quranic verses are said to be revealed pertaining to some specific person. ... Justice, truth-telling, various virtues and sins the prohibition of purjury in the Quran are repeated many times: // And eat up not one another’s property unjustly (in any illegal way e. ... Asbāb al-nuzÅ«l, an Arabic term meaning occasions of revelation, is a a secondary genre of Qurānic exegesis (tafsir) directed at establishing the context in which specific verses of the Qurān were revealed. ... Naskh, an Arabic word meaning abrogation, is a technical term for a major genre of Islamic exegesis dealing with the problem of seemingly contradictory verses in the Quran. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Alexander in the Quran is a theory that holds that the character of Dhul-Qarnayn, mentioned in the Quran, is in fact Alexander the Great. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bakkah (Arabic: ‎) is a place mentioned in surah 3:96 of the Quran. ... A tree diagram of the Quranic initial letters, labelled with the respective numbers of occurrences. ... An esoteric interpretation of the Qur’an is an interpretation of the Qur’an which includes attribution of esoteric or mystic meanings to the text by the interpretater and in this aspect its method is different from the conventional exegesis of the Qur’an called tafsir. ... Quran and Sunnah is an often quoted Islamic term regarding the sources of Islam. ... Ibn Baz was a follower of the Muslim scholars Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and Ibn Taymiyya; he belonged to that current of Muslim thought sometimes called Salafism and sometimes called Wahabbism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This is a sub-article to Shia Islam and Quran The Shia view of the Quran has some differences from the Sunni view. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Quran desecration means insulting the Quran, the holy book of Islam, by defiling or disfacing it. ... There are two verses named Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn that are claimed to be included in the Quran. ... Satanic Verses is an expression coined by the historian Sir William Muir in reference to several verses allegedly interpolated into an early version of the Qurān and later expunged. ... Tanazzulat, or descents (Arabic تنزلات, plural of Tanazzul, تنزل), refers to the act of descent of the pre-existing Quran through different Realms. ... The Qisas al-anbiya (قصص الأنبياء) or Stories of the Prophets refers to various collections of tales adapted from the Quran. ... Beit Al Quran, Hoora Beit Al Quran (Arabic: بيت القرآن) means House of Quran in Arabic. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Information_icon. ... The Arabic language ( ), or simply Arabic ( ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... Arabic is a Semitic language. ... In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages, a triliteral is a root containing a sequence of three consonants. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The word Bible refers to the canonical collections of sacred writings of Judaism and Christianity. ...

Such substitution is also termed tabdīl "alteration, substitution" (from the root bdl "substitute"), a wider term used also in other contexts, but in the Qur'an and later literature practically synonymous with tahrif (e.g. Commentaries of Mudjahid b. Djabr Al-makki). The Qurān [1] (Arabic: ‎ , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ...

The doctrine is accepted by most Muslims, excepting groups such as the Mu'tazili and Ismaili sects (who account for a fairly small percentage of the total Muslim population), as well as a few Islamic scholars and members of various liberal movements within Islam. Mutazilah (Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Islam. ... The Ismāʿīlī (Urdu: اسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون al-Ismāʿīliyyūn; Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmāʿīliyān) branch of Islam is part of Shīʿa community after the Twelvers (Ithnāʿashariyya). ...

Qur'an and the doctrine of tahrif

The Qur'an accepts books known as the Tawrat (the Torah, or perhaps the entire Hebrew Bible), Zabur (the Book of Psalms) and the Injil (the Gospels, or perhaps the entire New Testament) as genuine divine revelations taken from the same Guarded Tablets as the Qur'an itself and brought by true messengers to both Jews and Christians respectively. The Tawrat (Tawrah) is considered by Muslims to be the original divine revelation given to Moses and one of the three Divine Books revealed before the Quran, the other two being the Injil and Zabur. ... The Zabur (Arabic زبور), equated by some scholars with Psalms, is, according to Islam, one of the holy books revealed by Allah prior to the Quran (the others being the Tawrat and Injil). ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The Injil (Arabic إنجيل , also transcribed Injeel) is one of the four Islamic Holy Books the Quran records as revealed by Allah - the others being the Zabur, Tawrat, and Quran. ... For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ...

Muslim tradition reads the Quran as accusing the Jews of having deliberately altered the Torah and the rest of Hebrew Bible, and Christians of deliberately altering the New Testament.^{[citation needed]} The Qur'an does not specify exactly which parts are meant, however they are usually considered to be the places where the Qur'an and the Bible differ. Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article discusses usage of the term Hebrew Bible. For the article on the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

Relevant verses on which the doctrine of tahrif is based are (Yusuf Ali translation): Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1872-1952) was born in Bombay, India, to a wealthy merchant family. ...

• 3:78. There is among them a section who distort the Book with their tongues: (As they read) you would think it is a part of the Book, but it is no part of the Book; and they say, "That is from Allah," but it is not from Allah. It is they who tell a lie against Allah, and (well) they know it!
• 4:46. Of the Jews there are those who displace words from their (right) places, and say: "We hear and we disobey"; and "Hear what is not Heard"; and "Ra'ina"; with a twist of their tongues and a slander to Faith. If only they had said: "What hear and we obey"; and "Do hear"; and "Do look at us"; it would have been better for them, and more proper; but God hath cursed them for their Unbelief; and but few of them will believe.
  
• 5:13. But because of their breach of their covenant, We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard; they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was sent them, nor wilt thou cease to find them — barring a few — ever bent on (new) deceits: but forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds): for God loveth those who are kind.
• 2:75. Can ye (o ye men of Faith) entertain the hope that they will believe in you? — Seeing that a party of them heard the Word of God, and perverted it knowingly after they understood it.
• 2:58-59, 7:161-2. And remember it was said to them: "Dwell in this town and eat therein as ye wish, but say the word of humility and enter the gate in a posture of humility: We shall forgive you your faults; We shall increase (the portion of) those who do good." But the transgressors among them changed the word from that which had been given them so we sent on them a plague from heaven. For that they repeatedly transgressed.

The Qur'an also contains different naratives of several Biblical historical accounts and stories. Muslims have commonly used the distortion of the text doctrine to justify these differences. See Similarities between the Bible and the Qur'an for further details about the difference in naratives. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Origin of tahrif

The relevant Qu'ranic verses, if refer to the alteration of biblical text, do not state explicitly how the alteration of the various biblical texts was done and when, but later commentaries give various explanations:

• Some relate it to the times of Moses. ^{[citation needed]}
• Some relate it to some time after Moses and before Jeremiah quoting: "How can you say, 'We are wise, and the law of the LORD is with us'? But, behold, the false pen of the scribes has made it into a lie. "(From the RSV Bible, Jeremiah 8:8). See also Deuteronomy 31:25-29.
• Later authors accuse Israelite kings or priests, especially Ezra the Scribe or Byzantine rulers. ^{[citation needed]}
• The accusation that Jewish contemporaries of Muhammad concealed Biblical material, e.g. the punishment (stoning) for adultery or the Biblical prediction of Mohammad's prophecy is also considered to be tahrif (see, for example, Ibn Hisham).

Moses strikes water from the stone, by Bacchiacca Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Standard Tiberian ; Arabic: موسى, ; Geez: ሙሴ Musse) was an early Biblical Hebrew religious leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ... In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources. ... Ezra is a name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // The historical Ezra was a priestly scribe who is thought to have led about 5,000 Israelite exiles... The Byzantine Empire (Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople. ... Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik (d. ...

Qur'an and the claim of the corruption of the text itself

Some claim that above explanations are against the Qu'ran itself, since it states that the Tawrat and Injil were known by Jesus (5:110) "Then will God say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Recount My favour to thee and to thy mother. Behold! I strengthened thee with the holy spirit, so that thou didst speak to the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught thee the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel (..)".
Since Jesus knew all the Scripture and taught it, the alteration of these biblical texts has to fall between the period of Jesus and Muhammad. Jesus (8–2 BC/BCE to 29–36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...

Furthermore the Qur'an states that those who follow the Law and the Gospel has to stand fast by it and that they are revelations from God. The conclusion that could be drawn from this, since it not possible to stand fast by something when it is not known or altered, that the text of biblical texts were at least in the time of Mohammed not corrupted according to the Qu'ran (5:68-69)

Islamic scholars, such as Gary Miller, believe that Qur'an criticizes the handling of scripture by some Jews and Christians rather than their holy books. According to Gary Miller, Qur'an only makes the following three accusations [1]:

• "The Quran says some of the Jews and Christians pass over much of what is in their scriptures."

• "Some of them have changed the words, and this is the one that is misused by Muslims very often giving the impression that once there was a true bible and then somebody hid that one away, then they published a false one. The Quran doesn’t say that. What it criticizes is that people who have the proper words in front of them, but they don’t deliver that up to people. They mistranslate it, or misrepresent it, or they add to the meaning of it. They put a different slant on it."

• "Some people falsely attribute to God what is really written by men."

Types of Tahrif

Amin Ahsan Islahi writes about four types of Tahrif:^[1] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

1. To deliberately interpret something in a manner that is totally opposite to the intention of the author. To distort the pronunciation of a word to such an extent that the word changes completely. For example, the word ‘مروه’ was changed to ‘موره’ or ‘موريا’.
2. To add to or delete a sentence or discourse in a manner that completely distorts the original meaning. For example, the Jews altered the incident of the migration of the Prophet Abraham (sws) in a manner that no one could prove that Abraham (sws) had any relationship with the Ka‘bah.
3. To translate a word that has two meanings in the meaning that is totally against the context. For example the Hebrew word ‘ابن’ was translated as ‘son’ whereas it also meant ‘servant’ and ‘slave’.
4. To raise questions about something that is absolutely clear in order to create uncertainty about it, or to change it completely.

Tahrif in the first centuries of Islam

In early Islam, tahrif was limited to an understanding that the holy books were misinterpreted for immoral purposes. There was no belief that the texts themselves of the Torah or Injil were changed. This early belief also contradicts the modern, popular belief that the books were misinterpreted through centuries of innocent and accidental mistranslation and copy errors. Originally, Muslims believed tahrif only occurred by a few Jews done purposefully. Therefore, the text of the Torah was the very same as the text of the Tawrat and the Gospels the same as the Injil. However, few Muslims read the Torah or Gospels because the Qur'an was considered by the pious to be vastly superior. Islamic holy books are the books the Quran records as dictated by Allah to prophets; they are the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (commonly the Psalms), the Injil (commonly the Gospel), and the Quran. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...

Early scholars known to support the lack of change of the Tawrat and Injil are Ibn al-Layth, Ibn Rabban, Ibn Qutayba, Al-Ya'qubi, Al-Tabari, Al-Baqillani, Al-Ma'sudi.^[2]

Several different ideas existed as to the motivation of tahrif:

• Others stated explicitly that the Jews do so in order to hide the fact that Muhammad was predicted in their Torah.
  
• Some explained that tahrif means that the Jews 'made the lawful forbidden and the forbidden lawful, and took the truth as falsehood and the falsehood as truth'. See for example Al-Tabari on 2:59, cited above.^{[citation needed]}

The name al-Tabari means simply from Tabaristan, thus more than one Muslim scholar is known by this designation: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Ali the scholar from Tabiristan (838-870 A.D.) was the writer of a medical encyclopedia and the teacher of the scholar physician Zakariya al...

Early refutation

Among the earliest Christian documents on Islam in retrospect are the letter Maximus the Confessor wrote between the year 634 and 640 to Peter the Illustrious and the three writings of Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem (d. 639) ranging from 634 till 637. Absent from these writings is any sense that the Arabs were spurred by a new religion.
The Melkites, those who had lost their empire, ascribed the success of the Muslims to Christian sins. The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, written between 685 and 692 (Syriac version), state among other things that the Muslims were given to rule over the Christians for their punishment and purification.
The first Melkite example of doctrinal refutation is Anastasius of Sinai (d.c. 700). ^[3]
Sophronius of Jerusalem Sophronius (born 560 in Damascus - died March 11, 638 in Jerusalem) was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from 634 until his death. ... The term Melkite (also written Melchite) is used to refer to various Christian churches and their members originating in the Middle East. ... The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius is a 7th-century apocalypse that shaped the eschatological imagination of Christendom throughout the Middle Ages. ...

The argument of tahrif is also refuted in an early polemical text attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Leo III^[4] with the statement that Jews and Christians share the same, widely-known divine text, and that Ezra, the convenental architect of the Second Temple, was a pious, reliable person. The same arguments appear in later Jewish writings. :For homonyms, see Leo III Leo the Isaurian and his son Constantine V. Leo III the Isaurian (c. ... Ezra is a name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // The historical Ezra was a priestly scribe who is thought to have led about 5,000 Israelite exiles... Drawing of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the time of Herod the Great A stone (2. ...

Ibn Hazm

The personality of Ezra becomes very involved in the polemics in the 10th (4th) century, and especially with Ibn Hazm, an Andalusian savant, who explicitly accused Ezra of having falsified and added interpolations into the Biblical text. Ezra is a name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // The historical Ezra was a priestly scribe who is thought to have led about 5,000 Israelite exiles... Abu Muhammad Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn Hazm (أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم) (November 7, 994 – August 15, 1069) was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher and theologian of Persian descent [1] born in Córdoba, present day Spain. ...

The theme of tahrif found its first detailed elaboration in the writings of Ibn Hazm. He also arranged systematically and in scholarly detail the arguments against the authenticity of the Biblical text in the first (Tanakh) and second part (New Testament) of his book: chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (tawatur) of the text. He explains how the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy of the Torah kept by the Aaronid priests in the Temple in Jerusalem. Ibn Hazm’s impact on later Muslim polemics was great, and the themes which he raised with regard to tahrif and other polemical ideas were updated only slightly by some later authors. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Tanakh ‎ (also Tanach, IPA: or , or Tenak, is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Mutawatir is an Arabic term meaning agreed upon. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ... Aaron (אַהֲרֹן, a word meaning bearer of martyrs in Hebrew (perhaps also, or instead, related to the Egyptian Aha Rw, Warrior Lion), Standard Hebrew Aharon, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAhărōn), was one of two brothers who play a unique part in the history of the Hebrew people. ... Panoramic view from Mt. ...

Critical views on Mohammed's reference to the Bible

According to some scholars on the field of Middle East studies, Muhammad's attachment to the Bible was doubtless born of a desire to give legitimacy to his own message, to stress the affinity of Islam to the two better established and more widely accepted monotheistic faiths, and most specifically to Judaism. The "religion of Abraham" motif served that end, as did the Qur'an extensive citation of biblical material and Muhammad's acceptance of Jews as "People of the Book". But if that was Muhammad's intent, the situation was quite different for later Muslims. Their problem was to separate and distinguish themselves from those other two groups, to disengage themselves, so to speak, from their prophetically bestowed biblical heritage. ^[8] This article is becoming very long. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... It has been suggested that Abraham (Hebrew Bible) be merged into this article or section. ...

Jewish/Christian Response to Tahrif

Christians and Jews deny that any person or group ever committed tahrif to their scriptures. They note that none of the teachings that Muslims believe were removed from the scripture are found in the most ancient scriptural manuscripts.

Some Christians claim that the Qur'an and hadith do not charge the Biblical manuscripts with corruption. Rather, they refer to the misinterpretation and oral distortions of the Jews.

Christians and Jews readily discuss that biblical manuscripts have textual variants. The entire science of biblical textual criticism has been devoted to this. These variants exist most often as misspellings, grammatical mistakes, and the existent of two similar words. The substantial changes of theology and narration that tahrif describes have not been found. Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts. ...

Certain English-speaking Roman Catholics who use the old Douay-Rheims Version of the Bible have a similar concept to tahrif. They claim that the King James Version (the most common Protestant translation) was created using corrupted Greek and Hebrew texts, and that the Douay-Rheims, being a direct translation of the Latin Vulgate, created from unadulterated Greek and Hebrew texts available in the fourth century, is purer than the King James. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Douai Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douay-Rheims Bible, was a Roman Catholic translation of the Holy Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century translation of the Bible into Latin made by St. ...

The historical biblical archaeological record appears to refute tahrif because the Dead Sea Scrolls (Old Testament and other Jewish writings) have been fully translated ^[9], validating the authenticity of the greek Septuagint (Old Testament)^[10]. The current version of the article or section is written like an essay. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Launcelot Lee Brentons English translation. ...

Sunni Islam and Shi'a Islam

According to Shmuel Bar, some Sunni classical religious literature contains accusations that "The Shiites have a Qur’an that includes verses (Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn) which are not in the Sunni Qur’an and that were forged in order to justify Ali’s right to succession. In doing so, the Shiites distort the Qur’an (tahrif)". It is also claimed that the Shiites have forged hadiths in order to justify their doctrines."^[11] There are two verses named Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn that are claimed to be included in the Quran. ...

In “Kashf-ul-Irtiyab fe Radd Fasl-el-Khitab” (i.e., Exposing Suspicion in Answering the Decisive Speech) has transmitted a group of quotations by eminent Shiite scholars concerning the textual authenticity of the Qur’an, he quotes the scholars:

• Abu Ja’far Ibn Babwai Al-Qammi (died 381 A.H.)
• As-Sayyid Al-Murtada ‘Ali Al-Mosawi (died 436 A.H.)
• Sheikh-ul-Ta’fa (i.e., Authority of the Sect) At-Tusi (died 461 A.H.)
• Abu ‘Ali At-Tabarasi (died 548 A.H.)
• As-Sayyid Ibn Tawous (died 644 A.H.)
• Mullah Muhsin-ul-FaidAl-Kashani (died 1091 A.H.)
• Muhammad Baha’-ud-Din Al-‘Amili Al-Baha’i (died 1104 A.H.)
• The critical scholar Zain-ud-Din Al-Bayadi.
• The Jurist Sayyid Noorullah At-Tasturi^[12]

These are the qoutations of some of the most authentic Shi'a scholars: Shaikh Saduq: Mohammad ibn-Ali ibn-e Babuyeh , ( who is known as Sheikh Saduq and ibn-e Babuyeh) (306- 381 A.H) in Qom. ...

"Our belief is that the Qur’an is what is between the two covers and it is what is in people’s hands, nothing more. Whosoever attributes to us that we say rather than this is a liar^[13]."

Sayyed Murtaza:

"The knowledge of authentic transmission of the Qur’an is like the knowledge of great countries and events, prominent accidents, famous books and written Arabic poetry for care is intensified and causes are available to properly transmit and guard it, and it reached such an extent that nothing else has ever reached. The Qur’an was, during the lifetime of Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him), compiled and arranged until the Prophet (peace be upon him) assigned a group of Companions (Sahaba) to memorize it. It was displayed and recited before the Prophet (peace be upon him) and some Companions as Abdullah Ibn Mas’ood and Ubai Ibn Ka’b recited the whole Qur’an many times before the Prophet (peace be upon him). All this indicates that it was compiled and arranged, neither amputated nor scattered ……. Who disagreed among the Imamiyyah and Al-Hashawiyyah (two Shi’ite sects) are not to be considered for disagreement is attributed to some traditionists who related weak reports whom they believed to be true. However, such reports cannot refute what is already known and agreed upon its authenticity^[14]. Twelvers ( Ithnāˤashariyya) are Shiˤa Muslims who believe there were twelve Imāms. ...

Shaikh Tusi or Sheikh-ut-Ta’fa (i.e., Authority of the Sect):

"Talking about it being increased or decreased is unacceptable because increasing is agreed upon its falsehood. As for decreasing, different Muslim sects are apparently against it and this matches the authentic belief of our sect and was affirmed by Al-Murtada (may Allah be pleased with him). This is explicit in various reports, however, some reports were related about decreasing parts of it and moving parts from place to place, but they are loner reports and do not indicate decisive knowledge. So, it prior to ignore them and quit being preoccupied with them because they cannot be interpreted. Even if they were authentic, it would not be against what is between the two covers for its authenticity is well known and none among the Ummah objects to or rejects it. Our reports agree upon reading it, holding by it and displaying any disagreement in branches before it, whatever agrees with it is accepted and whatever disagrees is rejected. An irrefutable tradition is reported on authority of the Prophet (peace be upon him) that he says: “I’m leaving in you the two weights (Ath-Thuqlain) by whom if you hold by, you will never be lost: Allah’s Book and my family, the inhabitants of my house. They will never separate till they join me in the Hawd”. This indicates that it is present every time because he cannot command us to hold by it if it is corrupted^[15]"

The above two Sura's are considered as a forgery and do not appear in the Shia published Qur'ans. Shia Muslims consider the accusation that they are using a different Qur'an as one of the misconceptions about the Shi'a. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

However, all the Qur'ans published in all the Shi'a countries such as Iran are the same as those published in Sunni countries. Shi’ites recite the Qur’an according to the Qira’t of Hafs on authority of ‘Asim which is the prevalent Qira’t in the Islamic world. ^[16]

Notes

1. ^ Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tadabbur-i-Qur'an, 2nd ed., vol. 1, (Lahore: Faran Foundation, 1986), p. 252
2. ^ Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism & the Hebrew Bible from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm, ISBN 90-04-10034-2.
3. ^ See also: John C. Lamoreaux, Early Eastern Christian Responses to Islam (chapter 1) in Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam: A Book of Essays
4. ^ A. Jeffery, Ghevond's text of the correspondence between Umar II and Leo III, in Harvard Theol. Review, xxxvii [1944], 269–321
5. ^ The Encyclopeadia of Islam, BRILL
6. ^ Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century, chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, ISBN 0-691-00187-1
7. ^ Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, ISBN 0-691-01082-X
8. ^ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1. (Feb., 1994), pp. 147-148.
9. ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English (2002) HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-060064-0
10. ^ http://www.septuagint.net
11. ^ Current trends in Islamist ideology (Volume 2), Center on Islam, Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World (Hudson Institute), p. 91. Article about this publication: Sunnis and Shiites: Between Rapprochement and Conflict
12. ^ “Kashf-ul-Irtiyab fe Radd Fasl-el-Khitab”, page 57
13. ^ Is the Qur’an Corrupted? Sheikh As-Sadouq, "Al-I'tiqadat", Volume 1, page 57.
14. ^ At-Tabarasi, "Majma'-ul-Bayan", Volume 1, page 15
15. ^ "Tafsir-us-Safi", Volume 1, page 55
16. ^ [http://www.geocities.com/noorullahwebsite/shiites.html Is the Qur’an Corrupted? Shi’ites’ View ]

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tadabbur-i-Qur’an is a tafsir (exegeses) of the Quran by Amin Ahsan Islahi based on the concept of thematic and structural coherence, which was originally inspired by Allama Hamiduddin Farahi. ...

External links

• answering ansar article
• Is The Bible In Our Hands The Same As During The Time Of Muhammad(P)?
  
• Corruption in the Bible: The Muslim Stance
  
• Is The Bible Corrupted?
  
• What the Gospels Mean to Muslims
  
• Does the Quran confirm or correct the Holy Bible?
  
• What the Quran and other very early Muslim sources say about the Bible
  
• Islam United? A Comparison of Shi'ite and Sunni Belief and Practice
  
• The Origins of the Sunni-Shia split in Islam
  
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• Sir Isaac Newton on the Bible
  
• [http://www.geocities.com/noorullahwebsite/shiites.html Is the Qur’an Corrupted?

Shi’ites’ View ]

• Does Quran confirm the Jewish Scripts?

See also

• Injil
• Tawrat