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Left to right: General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom .

The Tehran Conference (codenamed EUREKA) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. It succeeded the Cairo Conference and was followed by the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe. At the same time a separate protocol pledged the three countries to recognize Iran's independence: Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1211 × 911 pixel, file size: 410 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran, during conference--Nov. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1211 × 911 pixel, file size: 410 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran, during conference--Nov. ... Joseph Stalin, first General Secretary The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (First Secretary in 1953-1966) was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Vladimir Lenins death in 1924. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... FDR redirects here. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... Churchill redirects here. ... A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] – March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Churchill redirects here. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... List of World War II conferences of the Allied forces In total Churchill attended 14 meetings, Roosevelt 12, Stalin 5. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at the Cairo Conference in Cairo, 11/25/1943. ... The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ...

"The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they are agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption." (Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran—December 1, 1943)

Most importantly the conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Major conclusions

1. An agreement was made stating that the Partisans of Yugoslavia should be supported by supplies and equipment and also by commando operations.
2. It was agreed that it would be most desirable if Turkey should come into war on the side of the Allies before the end of the year.
3. If Turkey found themselves at war, the Soviet Union was to support them.
4. Took note on November 30 that Operation Overlord would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France.
5. It was agreed that the military staff of the Three Powers should from then on keep in close touch with each other.
6. Britain and the U.S. promised Stalin that they would send troops to Western Europe. It was agreed that they would arrive in the spring of 1944.
7. At the insistence of Stalin, the borders of post-war Poland were determined along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line.
8. A United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to.
9. The Soviet Union agreed to wage war against Japan once Germany was defeated.

Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Partisans (lat. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... For other uses, see Commando (disambiguation). ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the assault phase of Operation Overlord. ... A General Staff is a group of professional military officers who act in a staff or administrative role under the command of a general officer. ... The Oder-Neisse line (Polish: , German: ) marked the border between German Democratic Republic and Poland between 1950 and 1990. ... The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ...

Overview

The key Allied leaders—Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill—were known as the "Big Three" because of the might of the nations they represented and their peaceful collaboration during World War II. These three leaders met together only twice during World War II, but when they did confer, their decisions changed the course of history.

The first of these two conferences, the Tehran Conference, took place in Tehran, Iran. It only came about after much pleading and threats from Roosevelt who wished to strengthen the cooperation between the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. In fact, Roosevelt wanted this meeting so much that he was willing to make numerous concessions to Stalin, and the choice of the location itself was a place that was more convenient for Stalin.^{[citation needed]}

Churchill and the British diplomats hoped to establish a method for dealing with Stalin before the conference, and therefore they arranged the Cairo Conference. However, the Cairo Conference did not go as planned. Roosevelt was withdrawn and edgy, ignoring the Stalin issue, and the conference was spent discussing mainly future policy with China and Japan. From the Cairo Conference, it appeared that Roosevelt planned to deal with Stalin alone, but his health would not permit him to negotiate with Stalin from a strong, focused position. In fact, Roosevelt arrived in Tehran on November 28, 1943 with little bargaining power and in poor physical condition. In contrast, Stalin arrived jubilant and swaggering because of the USSR’s most recent victories in Eastern Europe, and he clearly held the upper hand. Churchill was calm and focused, hoping to promote his Mediterranean plan. is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Tehran Conference was the first three-power war conference of World War II, so the first thing the United States and Great Britain did was to ensure full cooperation and assistance from the Soviet Union for any and all war policies. Stalin agreed, but at a price: Roosevelt and Churchill would have to support his reign and the partisans in Yugoslavia, and also allow for the manipulation of the border between Poland and the USSR. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin then moved on to more important matters, mainly Operation Overlord and general war policy. Operation Overlord was scheduled to begin in May 1944, in conjunction with the Soviet attack on Germany’s eastern border. The attacks would combine the force of Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and numerous other countries, and would later be known as "D-Day", the series of battles that decided the war’s end. The “Big Three” spent days wrangling about when Operation Overlord should take place, who should command it, and where operations should begin. Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ...

Next, Roosevelt gave Stalin a pledge that he had been waiting for since June 1941: that the Anglo-Americans would open a second front in France in the spring of 1944. This was Stalin’s major political objective of the war, so he was well-satisfied. Churchill up to this point had been seeking a joint United Kingdom, United States and Commonwealth forces push through the Mediterranean that would have secured British interests in the Middle East and India. Roosevelt was determined to break up the British Empire and so the concessions to Stalin served this purpose. Concerning general war policy, the Soviet Union requested backup troops in Western Europe, and it was agreed that these troops would arrive in the spring of 1944. It was also agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin also concurred that the Axis powers would face unconditional terms of surrender, and that once defeated, the nations in league with the Axis powers would be divided into territories to be controlled by the USSR, the U.S., and the UK. In regard to common alliances and international relations, Iran and Turkey were mainly discussed. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin all agreed to support Iran’s government, as addressed in the following declaration: For a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the British Empire, see Evolution of the British Empire. ...

The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they all agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption.

In addition, the Soviet Union was required to pledge support to Turkey if they found themselves at war, and Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided that it would also be most desirable if Turkey entered the war on the Allies’ side before the year was out. Despite being forced to accept the above arrangements of the conference, Stalin dominated, using the Soviet victory at the Battle of Kursk and military might, as well as key positions on the German front, to get his way. Roosevelt attempted to cope with the crushing onslaught of demands, but with few strategic positions and various other bargaining powers, he was able to do little except appease Stalin. Churchill mostly argued for his Mediterranean plan instead of Operation Overlord, something that annoyed all diplomats and officials. Therefore, Stalin plowed his way through the conference, checking off items on his to-do list. One of Roosevelt and Churchill's main concessions concerned post-war Poland. Stalin wished for an area in the Eastern part of Poland to be added to the USSR, and for the border to be lengthened elsewhere in the country. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to this demand, and Poland’s borders were declared to lie along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line, despite protests of the Polish government-in-exile in London. Churchill and Roosevelt also gave Stalin free rein in his own country, and allowed the USSR to set up puppet communist governments in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Baltic states, Romania, and other Eastern European countries. After the aforementioned conclusions were made, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin returned to their own countries to carry out war policies, with the agreement that military leaders of the three countries would meet together often, for further discussion. So, thus ended the friendliest and most productive conference of World War II. Belligerents Nazi Germany Soviet Union Commanders Erich von Manstein Günther von Kluge Hermann Hoth Walther Model Hans Seidemann Robert Ritter von Greim Georgiy Zhukov Konstantin Rokossovskiy Nikolay Vatutin Ivan Konyev Strength 2,700 tanks 800,000 infantry 2,109 aircraft[1] 3,600 tanks 20,000 guns[2] 1... The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The terms Baltic countries, Baltic Sea countries, Baltic states, and Balticum refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. ... Statistical regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked red):  Northern Europe  Western Europe  Eastern Europe  Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current borders: Russia (dark orange), other countries formerly part of the USSR...

Tripartite dinner meeting

Before the dinner meeting Churchill presented Stalin with a specially commissioned ceremonial sword (the "Sword of Stalingrad") commemorating the victory in the battle of Stalingrad as a gift from king George VI to the citizens of Stalingrad and the people of the Soviet Union. When Stalin received the sheathed sword, he took it with both hands, kissed the scabbard and handed it to marshal Voroshilov who mishandled it causing the sword to fall to the ground. ^[1] Belligerents Germany Romania Italy Hungary Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Friedrich Paulus # Erich von Manstein Wolfram von Richthofen Petre Dumitrescu Constantin Constantinescu Italo Gariboldi Gusztáv Vitéz Jány Josef Stalin Vasiliy Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Georgiy Zhukov Semyon Timoshenko Konstantin Rokossovskiy Rodion Malinovskiy Andrei Yeremenko Strength Army Group B... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George) (December 14, 1895 - February 6, 1952) was the third British monarch of the House of Windsor, reigning from December 11, 1936 to February 6, 1952. ... Swiss longsword, 15th or 16th century Look up Sword in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A scabbard is a sheath for holding a sword or other large blade. ... Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. ...   (Russian: ), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (Russian: ) (February 4 [O.S. January 23] 1881 – December 2, 1969) was a Soviet military commander and politician. ...

During the Tripartite Dinner Meeting at the Tehran Conference, Stalin who, according to the US report of the dinner, continuously needled Churchill for his perceived "affection" for the Germans, proposed executing 50,000–100,000 German staff officers. Roosevelt joked that perhaps 49,000 would do. Churchill denounced the idea of "the cold blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country." He said that, "war criminals must pay for their crimes and individuals who had committed barbarous acts, and in accordance with the Moscow Document, which he himself had written, they must stand trial at the places where the crimes were committed." He objected vigorously, however, "to executions for political purposes."^[2] The Moscow Declaration declared that the annexation (Anschluss) of Austria by Germany was illegal. ...

Declaration of the Three Powers

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Tehran Conference

Declaration of the Three Powers, December 1, 1943 "We the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, have met these four days past, in this, the Capital of our Ally, Iran, and have shaped and confirmed our common policy." Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Western betrayal
• List of World War II conferences
• Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
• Iran-Britain relations
• Iran-Russia relations

Western betrayal is a popular term in many Central European nations (including Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and the Baltic States) which refers to the foreign policy of several Western countries which violated allied pacts and agreements during the period from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 through... List of World War II conferences of the Allied forces In total Churchill attended 14 meetings, Roosevelt 12, Stalin 5. ... Combatants Allies (UK, India and USSR) Persia/ Iran The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the invasion of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Countenance, from August 25 to September 17 of 1941. ... The Shah of Iran saluting Winston Churchill on the occasion of Churchills 69th birthday at the close of the Tripartite Conference of Tehran November 1943. ... Relations between Russia and Persia (pre-1935 Iran), officially commenced in 1592, with the Safavids in power. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Stalingrad, by Antony Beevor, ISBN 0-14-024985-0
2. ^ He declared that he would rather be taken outside and shot rather than agree to Stalin's proposal of summary executions for German officers. He stormed out of the room but was brought back in by Stalin who convinced him that he wasn't serious. Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting November 29, 1943 Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Antony Beevor (born on December 14, 1946) is a British historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Best, Geoffrey. Churchill: A Study in Greatness. London: Hambledon and London, 2001.

• Clemens, Diane S. "Yalta Conference." World Book. 2006 ed. vol. 21. 2006, 549.

• "Cold War: Teheran Declaration." CNN. 1998. 26 March 2006. <http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/documents/yalta.html>.

• Meacham, John. Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship. New York: Random House Inc., 2003.

• O’Neil, William L. World War II: a Student Companion. New York: Oxford UP, 1999.

• Persico, Joseph E. Roosevelt’s Secret War. New York: Random House, 2001.

• “Portraits of Presidents: Franklin D. Roosevelt.” School Arts Magazine Feb. 1999: 37. Student Research Center. EBSCO Host. Philadelphia. 2 April 2006. Keyword: FDR.

• Snyder, Louis L. World War II. New York: Grolier Company, 1981.

• Sulzberger, C L. American Heritage New History of World War II. Ed. Stephen E. Ambrose. New York: Viking Penguin, 1998.

• "Teheran Conference." Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 24 March 2006. Wikipedia Foundation. 26 March 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference>.

• "Western Betrayal." Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 29 March 2006. Wikipedia Foundation. 2 April 2006. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_betrayal>.

• “Yalta Conference.” Funk and Wagnells New Encyclopedia. World Almanac Education Group, 2003. SIRS DISCOVER. Philadelphia. 2 April 2006. Keyword: Yalta Conference.

• Miscellaneous No. 8 (1947) Military Conclusions of the Tehran Conference. Tehran, 1st December, 1943. British Parliamentary Papers. By Royal Command. CMD 7092 Presented by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Parliament by Command of His Majesty.

March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The Division of Europe Online Documents Collection
• United States Department of

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