NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Temporomandibular joint disorder

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD, TMJ or TMD), or TMJ syndrome, is an umbrella term covering acute or chronic inflammation of the temporomandibular joint, which connects the lower jaw to the skull. The disorder and resultant dysfunction can result in significant pain and impairment. Because the disorder transcends the boundaries between several health-care disciplines—in particular, dentistry, neurology, physical therapy and psychology—there are a variety of quite different treatment approaches. Image File history File links Gray309. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14) Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws (K00) Disorders of tooth development and eruption (K01) Embedded and impacted teeth (K02) Dental caries (K03) Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth (K04) Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K040) Pulpitis (K05... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of: a rapid onset; a short course (as opposed to a chronic course). ... In medicine, a chronic disease is a disease that is long-lasting or recurrent. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... The temporomandibular joint (From the Latin for too much jaw) is a diarthrodial joint that connects the condyle of the mandible (lower jaw) to the temporal bone at the side of a skull. ... For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ... Pain redirects here. ... This article is about the dental profession. ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... Psychological science redirects here. ...

The temporomandibular joint is susceptible to all the conditions that affect other joints in the body, including ankylosis, arthritis, trauma, dislocations, developmental anomalies and neoplasia. Although treatment is often similar to other joints in the body, some variations exist. Ankylosis, or Anchylosis is a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. ... Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ... Dislocation (joint dislocation) occurs when bones at a joint move from their normal position. ... Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ...

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder vary in their presentation and can be very complex. Often the symptoms will involve more than one of the numerous TMJ components: Muscles, Nerves, Tendons, Ligaments, Bones, Connective Tissue and the Teeth.^[1] A top-down view of skeletal muscle Muscle (from Latin musculus little mouse [1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. ... A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers or axons, which includes the glia that ensheath the axons in myelin. ... A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue, attached on one end to a muscle and on the other to a bone. ... A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of long, stringy collagen molecules. ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ... Types of teeth Molars are used for grinding up foods Carnassials are used for slicing food. ...

Muscles

Disorders of the muscles of the temporomandibular joint are the most common complaints by TMD patients.^[2] The two major observations concerning the muscles are pain and dysfunction. Simple cases of this type of TMD are caused by overusage of the muscles. Common causes include chewing gum continuously, eating large volumes of un-shelled sunflower seeds, biting habits (fingernails and pencils), grinding habits and clenching habits. Most cases of TMJ are, however, not so simple. Muscles can also be damaged more insidiously: infection, trauma (past or present), bruising and scarring to name just a few ways. In less common cases, muscle pain can sometimes be associated with trigger points in muscle tissue.^[3] This is known as Myofascial pain syndrome. This article or section needs to be wikified. ... CambridgeBayWeather 02:48, 23 September 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Any dysfunction of the muscles may cause the teeth to occlude (bite) with each other incorrectly,^[4]if teeth are traumatized by this they may become sensitive demonstrating one of the many interplays between muscle, joint and tooth.

Temporomandibular joints

This is arguably the most complex set of joints in the human body. Unlike typical finger or vertebral junctions, each TMJ actually has two joints which allow it to both rotate and to translate (slide). With use it is common to see wear of both the bone and cartilage components of it. Clicking is common as are popping motions and deviations in the movements of the joint. It is considered a TMJ disorder when pain is involved.

In a healthy joint, the surfaces in contact with one another (bone and cartilage) do not have any receptors to transmit the feeling of pain. The pain therefore originates from one of the surrounding soft tissues. When receptors from one of these areas are triggered, the pain causes a reflex to limit the mandible's movement. Furthermore, inflammation of the joints can cause constant pain, even without movement of the jaw.

Due to close proximity of the ear to the temporomandibular joint, TMJ pain can often be confused with ear pain.^[5] The pain may be referred in around half of all patients and experienced as otalgia (earache).^[6]^[7] Conversely, TMD is an important possible cause of secondary otalgia.^[8] Treatment of TMD may then significantly reduce symptoms of otalgia and tinnitus,^[9] as well as atypical facial pain.^[10] Despite some of these findings, there are some researchers who question whether TMD therapy can reduce symptoms in the ear, and currently a debate is ongoing to settle the controversy.^[11] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Otalgia is ear pain or an earache. ... Otalgia is ear pain or an earache. ... Tinnitus (IPA pronunciation: or ,[1] from the Latin word for ringing[2]) is the perception of sound in the human ear in the absence of corresponding external sound(s). ...

The dysfunction involved is most often in regards to the relationship between the condyle of the mandible and the disc.^[12] The sounds produced by this dysfunction is usually described as a "click" or a "pop" when a single sound is heard. When there are multiple, rough sounds, it is described as "crepitation" or "crepitus".

Teeth

Disorders of the teeth can also be present in TMD patients.^[13] Tooth mobility can be caused by destruction of the supporting bone and by heavy forces being placed on teeth. Movement of the teeth affects how they contact one another when the mouth closes, and the overall relationship between the teeth, muscles, and joints can be altered. The heavy forces on the teeth have been associated with the presence of mandibular tori in TMD patients.^[14] Pulpitis, inflammation of the dental pulp, is another symptom that may result. It is usually caused by heavy forces on the teeth and can cause pain. Lastly, tooth wear is the most common sign associated with a dysfunction of the teeth, but it is not strongly associated with TMD symptoms.^[15] Tooth wear can be a result of bruxism or by interfering with the movement of the mandible during function, referred to as the "functional envelope of motion." Depending on the cause, the treatment for tooth wear differs. These are an example of large mandibular tori. ... Bruxism (from the Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth, typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. ...

Precipitating factors

There are many external factors that place undue strain on the TMJ. These include but are not limited to the following:

Over-opening the jaw beyond its range for the individual or unusually aggressive or repetitive sliding of the jaw sideways (laterally) or forward (protrusive). These movements may also be due to wayward habits or a malalignment of the jaw or dentition. This may be due to: In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. ...

Bruxism (from the Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth, typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. ...

Treatment

Restoration of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth

If the occlusal surfaces of the teeth have been damaged through dentistry or accidental trauma, the proper occlusion must be restored through modification of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth.

Pain relief

While conventional analgesic pain killers such as paracetamol or NSAIDs provide initial relief for some sufferers, the pain is often more neuralgic in nature which often does not respond well to these drugs.^{[citation needed]} An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ... Paracetamol (INN) (IPA: ) or acetaminophen (USAN), is the active metabolite of phenacetin, a so-called coal tar analgesic. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the nerves. ...

An alternative approach is for pain modification, for which off-label use of low-doses of Tricyclic antidepressant that have anti-muscarinic properties (e.g. Amitriptyline or the less sedative Nortriptyline) generally prove more effective.^{[citation needed]} Off-label use is the practice of prescribing drugs for a purpose outside the scope of the drugs approved label, most often concerning the drugs indication. ... Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. ... Amitriptyline (or Amitryptyline) hydrochloride (sold as Elavil, Tryptanol, Endep, Elatrol, Tryptizol, Trepiline, Laroxyl) is a tricyclic antidepressant drug. ... Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant marketed under the tradenames Aventyl® and Pamelor®. It is used to treat depression. ...

Long term approach

It is suggested that before the attending doctor commences any plan or approach utilizing medications or surgery a thorough search for inciting para-functional jaw habits must be performed. Correction of any discrepancies from normal can then be the primary goal.

An approach to eliminating para-functional habits involves the taking of a detailed history and careful physical examination. The medical history should be designed to reveal duration of illness and symptoms, previous treatment and effects, contributing medical findings, history of facial trauma and a search for habits that may have produced or enhanced symptoms. Particular attention should be directed in identifying perverse jaw habits such as clenching or teeth grinding, lip or cheek biting, or positioning of the lower jaw in an edge to edge bite. All of the above puts strain of the muscles of mastication (chewing) and resultant jaw pain. Palpation of these muscles will cause a painful response. A para-functional habit or parafunctional habit is the habitual exercise of a body part in a way that is other than the most common use of that body part. ...

Treatment is oriented to eliminating oral habits, physical therapy to the masticatory muscles and alleviating bad posture of the head and neck. A flat plane full coverage oral appliance, e.g. a non-repositioning stabilisation splint, often is helpful to control bruxism and take stress off the temporomandibular joint, albeit the fact that some individuals may bite harder on it resulting in a worsening of their conditions. The anterior splint with contact at the front teeth only may then prove helpful. Bruxism (from the Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth, typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. ...

According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), TMJ treatments should be reversible whenever possible. That means that the treatment should not cause permanent changes to the jaw or teeth.^[16]^[17] Examples of reversible treatments are:

Surgical

Irreversible Treatments According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, of the National Institutes of Health, irreversible treatments have not been proven to work and may make the problem worse.^[16]^[17] Examples of irreversible treatments are:

Further surgery following two previous procedures generally has a poor outlook for normal, pain-free joint function.^[16]^[17] Attempts in the last decade to develop surgical treatments based on MRI and CAT scans now receive less attention. These techniques are reserved for the most recalcitrant cases where other therapeutic modalities have changed. Exercise protocols, habit control, splinting, or more recently neuromuscular dentistry should be the first line of approach, leaving oral surgery as a last resort. Certainly a focus on other possible causes of facial pain and jaw immobility and dysfunction should be the initial consideration of the examining oral-facial pain specialist, oral surgeon or health professional. One option for oral surgery, is to manipulate the jaw under general anaesthetic and wash out the joint with a saline and anti-inflammatory solution in a procedure known as arthrocentesis.^[18] In some cases, this will reduce the swelling of the joint, and allow for fluid movement when the jaw opens and closes. â€œSurgeonâ€ redirects here. ... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ... CT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around... Physical therapy can help restore lost functionality in many people. ... Neuromuscular dentistry is a form of dentistry that focuses on correcting misalignment of the jaw at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). ... Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is a specialty of dentistry. ... Arthrocentesis is the clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule. ...

See also

Bruxism (from the Greek Î²ÏÏ…Î³Î¼ÏŒÏ‚ (brugmÃ³s), gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth, typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. ... Fibromyalgia (FM or FMS) is a chronic syndrome (constellation of signs and symptoms) characterized by diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, fatigue, and a wide range of other symptoms. ...

External links

GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ... The Family Practice Notebook is a medical database focused on family practice. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (often referred to simply as The Merck Manual) is one of the worlds most widely used medical textbooks. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 191.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 192.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 198.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 193.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 233.
^ Tuz H, Onder E, Kisnisci R (2003). "Prevalence of otologic complaints in patients with temporomandibular disorder.". Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123 (6): 620-3. PMID 12806339.
^ Ramírez L, Sandoval G, Ballesteros L (2005). "Temporomandibular disorders: referred cranio-cervico-facial clinic." (PDF - English & Spanish). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 10 Suppl 1: E18-26. PMID 15800464.
^ Peroz I (2001). "[Otalgia and tinnitus in patients with craniomandibular dysfunctions]". HNO 49 (9): 713-8. PMID 11593771.
^ Sobhy O, Koutb A, Abdel-Baki F, Ali T, El Raffa I, Khater A (2004). "Evaluation of aural manifestations in temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction.". Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29 (4): 382-5. PMID 15270827.
^ Quail G (2005). "Atypical facial pain--a diagnostic challenge." (PDF). Aust Fam Physician 34 (8): 641-5. PMID 16113700.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 234.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 204.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 227.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 229.
^ Okeson, Jeffrey P. "Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion". 5th edition. Mosby, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-323-01477-1. Page 230.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e National Institutes of Health: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. (1993). Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. Journal of the American Dental Association, 5 (10), 115-121.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. (1996). Management of temporomandibular disorders. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
^ "Temporomandibular Disorders", the Cleveland Clinic.

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | Pain | Dentistry | Musculoskeletal disorders | Medical terms This article is about the dental profession. ... If decay progresses to the first stage, a small filling will be required. ... Oral pathology, also known in the United States of America as oral and maxillofacial pathology is the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. ... Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is a specialty of dentistry. ... Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusions (improper bites), which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jaw relationships, or both. ... Pedodontics is a specialist branch of dentistry for the treatment of children. ... Periodontics is the study of clinical aspects of the supporting structures of the teeth (i. ... Prosthodontics is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA) and requires 3-4 years of additional formal training in an ADA approved program. ... Cosmetic dentistry is a discipline within dentistry in which the primary focus is the modification of appearance of a patients oral cavity and surrounding structures, in conjunction with the prevention and treatment of organic, structural, or functional oral disease. ... X-Ray picture of two rectangular dental implants inserted into the jaw. ... Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals. ... Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology, the proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be then presented in the interest of justice. ... For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... Oral pathology, also known in the United States of America as oral and maxillofacial pathology is the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. ... In dentistry, anodontia, also called anodontia vera, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the congenital absence of all primary or permanent teeth. ... In dentistry, hypodontia is the condition of naturally having fewer than the regular number of teeth. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Concrescence is a condition of teeth where the cementum overlying the roots of at least two teeth join together. ... In dentistry, tooth fusion is the joining of two teeth, resulting in a single large tooth. ... Gemination is when, during development, a tooth splits to form what appears to be two teeth. ... Dens envaginatus is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface appears to form an extra bump or cusp. ... A talon cusp, also known as an eagles talon, is an extra cusp on an anterior tooth. ... Dens invaginatus, also known as dens in dente, is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface folds inward. ... An enamel pearl is a condition of teeth where enamel is found on locations where enamel is not supposed to be, such as on a root surface. ... Macrodontia is a condition in which the teeth appear larger than normal. ... Microdontia is a condition in which teeth appear smaller than normal. ... Taurodontism is a condition found in teeth where the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged. ... It is a developmental disturbance in shape of teeth. ... Regional odontodysplasia is a developmental abnormality of teeth, usually localized to a certain area and nonhereditary. ... Turners hypoplasia is an abnormality found in teeth. ... Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an inherited condition that presents abnormal formation of the enamel or external layer of teeth. ... Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder of tooth development. ... Dentin dysplasia is a genetic disorder of teeth, commonly exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance. ... Attrition is the loss of tooth structure due to by mechanical forces from opposing teeth. ... Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element. ... Ankylosis, or Anchylosis is a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. ... Denticles are body surface structures found on some fish and insects. ... Erosion is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin. ... External resorption is a condition of a tooth where the root surface is lost. ... Picture of a mild case of fluorosis. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A medical condition that can occur mainly in reptiles when they consume something that they cannot digest. ... Internal resorption is an unusual condition of a tooth when the dentin and pulpal walls begin to resorb centrally within the root canal. ... Periodontitis, formerly known as Pyorrhea, is the name of a collection of inflammatory diseases affecting the tissues that surround and support the teeth. ... Pulpitis is an inflammation of the dental pulp. ... Mouth ulcer on the lower lip An oral ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ... A malocclusion refers to the misalignment of teeth and/or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. ... Micrognathism (or Micrognathia) is a condition where the jaw is undersized. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Retrognathism (or retrognathia) is a type of malocclusion which refers to a mandible which is further posterior than would be expected. ... An odontogenic keratocyst is a benign but locally aggressive developmental odontogenic cyst. ... These are an example of large mandibular tori. ... This is an example of palatal torus. ... Cherubism is a rare genetic disorder that causes prominace in the lower portion in the face. ... Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign tumor of odontogenic epithelium (the cells that create the enamel, or outside portion, of the teeth during development) much more commonly appearing in the mandible than the maxilla. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ... Drooling (also known as ptyalism) is when saliva flows outside the mouth. ... Benign lymphoepithelial lesion is a type of benign enlargement of the parotid and/or lacrimal glands. ... Necrotizing sialometaplasia is an ulcer which feels as if it causes part of the hard palate to fall out. ... A ranula is a type of mucocele found on the floor of the mouth. ... Sialadenitis is inflammation of a salivary gland. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. ... Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of saliva. ... An aphthous ulcer or canker sore is a type of mouth ulcer which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth, caused by a break in the mucous membrane. ... For other uses, see Lip (disambiguation). ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... A condition where there are deep cracks and splits at the corners of the mouth. ... Erythroplakia is a flat red patch or lesion on the oral or pharyngeal surfaces. ... Hairly leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. ... Leukoplakia is a condition of the mouth that involves the formation of white leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Geographic tongue (Migratory glossitis) is a medical condition that affects the tongue. ... Fissured tongue is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves (fissures) in dorsum of tongue. ... Glossitis is an abnormality of the tongue that results from inflammation. ... Glossodynia or burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth. ... A picture of Black hairy tongue. ...

Contents

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