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Encyclopedia > Timeline of cosmology
For a timeline of the cosmos (or universe), see Timeline of the Big Bang.
Physical cosmology
Universe · Big Bang
Age of the universe
Timeline of the Big Bang
Ultimate fate of the universe
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This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological catalog of the evolution of humankind's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia. Modern cosmological conceptions follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology. This box:      A graphical timeline is available here: Graphical timeline of the Big Bang This timeline of the Big Bang describes the events according to the scientific theory of the Big Bang, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. ... This article is about the physics subject. ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ... This box:      This article is about scientific estimates of the age of the universe. ... This box:      A graphical timeline is available here: Graphical timeline of the Big Bang This timeline of the Big Bang describes the events according to the scientific theory of the Big Bang, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. ... This box:      The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology. ... In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB) is the background particle radiation composed of neutrinos. ... CMB redirects here. ... This article is about the physical phenomenon. ... This box:      Hubbles law is a statement in physical cosmology which states that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ... This box:      The metric expansion of space is a key part of sciences current understanding of the universe, whereby spacetime itself is described by a metric which changes over time in such a way that the spatial dimensions grow or stretch as the universe gets older. ... The Friedmann equations relate various cosmological parameters within the context of general relativity. ... // The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations of general relativity and which describes a homogeneous, isotropic expanding/contracting universe. ... The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within physical cosmology. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Large-scale structure of the cosmos. ... In astrophysics, the questions of galaxy formation and evolution are: How, from a homogeneous universe, did we obtain the very heterogeneous one we live in? How did galaxies form? How do galaxies change over time? A spectacular head-on collision between two galaxies is seen in this NASA Hubble Space... This box:      In physical cosmology, the term large-scale structure refers to the characterization of observable distributions of matter and light on the largest scales (typically on the order of billions of light-years). ... A pie chart indicating the proportional composition of different energy-density components of the universe. ... In physical cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe. ... For other uses, see Dark matter (disambiguation). ... Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. ... In astronomy, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (Two-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Gurvey), or 2dFGRS is a redshift survey conducted by the Anglo-Australian Observatory in the 1990s. ... SDSS Logo The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2. ... The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was the first satellite built dedicated to cosmology. ... The Telescope being readied for launch The BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics) measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital (high altitude) balloon flights. ... Artist depiction of the WMAP satellite at the L2 point The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ... Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman or Friedmann (Александр Александрович Фридман) (June 16, 1888 – September 16, 1925) was a Russian cosmologist and mathematician. ... Monsignor Georges Lemaître, priest and scientist. ... Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. ... Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, 1933) is an American physicist and winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in physics. ... Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American physicist. ... George Gamow (pronounced GAM-off) (March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968) , born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (Георгий Антонович Гамов) was a Ukrainian born physicist and cosmologist. ... Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American experimental physicist, who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity. ... Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich (Russian:Яков Борисович Зельдович) (March 8, 1914 – December 2, 1987) was a prolific Soviet physicist. ... John Cromwell Mather (b. ... Vera (Cooper) Rubin (born 23 July 1928) is an astronomer who has done pioneering work on galaxy rotation rates. ... George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics with John C. Mather for their discovery of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This work helped cement the big-bang theory of... This is a list of cosmologists. ... For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ... The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apians Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539). ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογος (logos) word, reason, plan) is the quantitative (usually mathematical) study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... This article is about the physics subject. ...

Contents

Pre-1900

(9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC - other centuries) (800s BC - 790s BC - 780s BC - 770s BC - 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC - 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC - 700s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Golden age in Armenia Assyria... Sage Yajnavalkya (याज्ञवल्क्य) of Mithila advanced a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. ... A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. ... Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism (lower panel) in comparison to the geocentric model (upper panel) In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. ... (4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events The first two Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome over dominance in western Mediterranean Rome conquers Spain Great Wall of China begun Indian traders regularly visited Arabia Scythians occupy... For other uses of this name, including the grammarian Aristarchus of Samothrace, see Aristarchus Statue of Aristarchus at Aristotle University in Thessalonica, Greece Aristarchus (Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος; 310 BC - ca. ... The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... This article is about the geographer, mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... For other uses, see Aryabhata (disambiguation). ... Bhāskara, or Bhāskara I, (c. ... Ibn al-Shatir (or Ibn ash-Shatir) (1304–1375) was a Muslim astronomer of Damascus. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). ... Thomas Digges (1546 – August 24, 1595) was an English astronomer, son of Leonard Digges, inventor of the theodolite, and great populariser of science. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Giordano Bruno Giordano Bruno (1548, Nola – February 17, 1600, Rome) was an Italian philosopher, priest, cosmologist, and occultist. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other,[1] bound by gravitational attraction. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Kepler redirects here. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... For a list of set rules, see Laws of science. ... // Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ... Edmond Halley. ... Olbers paradox, described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers in 1826 and earlier by Johannes Kepler in 1610 and Halley and Cheseaux in the 18th century, is the paradoxical observation that the night sky is dark, when in a static infinite universe the night sky ought to be bright. ... // Events The third French and Indian War, known as King Georges War, breaks out at Port Royal, Nova Scotia The First Saudi State founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud Prague occupied by Prussian armies Ongoing events War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Births January 10 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President... Categories: Astronomers stubs | Swiss astronomers | 1718 births | 1751 deaths ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about Erasmus Darwin who lived 1731–1802; for his descendants with the same name see Erasmus Darwin (disambiguation). ... The frontispiece to The Botanic Garden, designed by Henry Fuseli The Botanic Garden (1791) is a set of two poems by Erasmus Darwin on botany: Economy of Vegetation and the more popular and well-known The Loves of the Plants, which had originally been published in 1789. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Categories: Astronomers stubs | 1758 births | 1840 deaths | German astronomers | German physicists | Lists of asteroids ... Olbers paradox, described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers in 1826 and earlier by Johannes Kepler in 1610 and Halley and Cheseaux in the 18th century, is the paradoxical observation that the night sky is dark, when in a static infinite universe the night sky ought to be bright. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ...

1900-1949

For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to special relativity. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... General relativity (GR) or general relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. ... For other uses of this term, see Spacetime (disambiguation). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Willem de Sitter (May 6, 1872 – November 20, 1934) was a mathematician, physicist and astronomer. ... In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity to achieve a stationary universe. ... This box:      The metric expansion of space is a key part of sciences current understanding of the universe, whereby spacetime itself is described by a metric which changes over time in such a way that the spatial dimensions grow or stretch as the universe gets older. ... A de Sitter universe is a solution to Einsteins field equations of General Relativity which is named after Willem de Sitter. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 – November 8, 1969) was an American astronomer. ... For other uses, see Galaxy (disambiguation). ... This article is about the physical phenomenon. ... Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman (June 16, 1888 – September 16, Russian cosmologist and mathematician. ... For other topics related to Einstein see Einstein (disambig) In physics, the Einstein field equation or the Einstein equation is a tensor equation in the theory of gravitation. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Monsignor Georges Lemaître, priest and scientist. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Howard Percy Robertson (January 27, 1903 - August 26, 1961) was a scientist known for contributions related to cosmology and the uncertainty principle. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edward Arthur Milne (February 14, 1896 – September 21, 1950) was a British mathematician and astrophysicist. ... The Cosmological Principle is a principle invoked in cosmology that severely restricts the large variety of possible cosmological theories: On large scales, the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Monsignor Georges Lemaître, priest and scientist. ... Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space even when devoid of matter (known as free space). ... In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a relation between state variables. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... The Dirac large numbers hypothesis refers to an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the universe to that of force scales. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ralph Asher Alpher (born 1921) is a U.S. cosmologist. ... Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced bay-tuh; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005), was a German-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. ... George Gamow (pronounced GAM-off) (March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968) , born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (Георгий Антонович Гамов) was a Ukrainian born physicist and cosmologist. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Professor Sir Hermann Bondi, KCB , FRS (1 November 1919–10 September 2005) was a British (formerly Austrian) mathematician and cosmologist. ... This article is about Thomas Gold, an Austrian astrophysicist. ... Sir Frederick Hoyle, FRS, (born on June 24, 1915 in Gilstead, Yorkshire, England – August 20, 2001 in Bournemouth, England)[1] was a British astronomer, he was educated at Bingley Grammar School and notable for a number of his theories that run counter to current astronomical opinion, and a writer of... In cosmology, the steady state theory (also known as the Infinite Universe Theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi and others as an alternative to the Big Bang theory (known, usually, as the standard cosmological model). ... George Gamow (pronounced GAM-off) (March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968) , born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (Георгий Антонович Гамов) was a Ukrainian born physicist and cosmologist. ... CMB redirects here. ...

1950 to 1999

Sir Frederick Hoyle, FRS, (born on June 24, 1915 in Gilstead, Yorkshire, England – August 20, 2001 in Bournemouth, England)[1] was a British astronomer, he was educated at Bingley Grammar School and notable for a number of his theories that run counter to current astronomical opinion, and a writer of... A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (or coined), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist and astrophysicist. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... This article is about life in general. ... In physics and cosmology, the anthropic principle states that we should take into account the constraints that our existence as observers imposes on the sort of universe that we could observe. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) at the 1970 Nobel Prize ceremonies Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (May 30, 1908; Norrköping, Sweden – April 2, 1995; Djursholm, Sweden) was a Swedish plasma physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work on the theory of magnetohydrodynamics. ... In the history of cosmology an ambiplasma is a hypothetical plasma containing a mixture of both matter and antimatter. ... The baryon asymmetry problem in astrophysics refers to the apparent fact that the baryons in the universe which have been observed are overwhelmingly matter as opposed to anti-matter. ... The Right Honourable Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, FRS (born 23 June 1942) is a professor of astronomy. ... Dennis William Siahou Sciama (November 18, 1926–December 18, 1999) was a British physicist who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War. ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, American physicist. ... Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American physicist. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist and astrophysicist. ... Philip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is an Canadian-American astronomer. ... David Todd Wilkinson (13 May 1935 – 5 September 2002) was a world-renowned pioneer in the field of cosmology, specializing in the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the Big Bang. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ... George Ellis is the Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems at the University of Cape Town (South Africa), in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. ... A gravitational singularity (sometimes spacetime singularity) is, approximately, a place where quantities which are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite. ... Philip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is an Canadian-American astronomer. ... For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Andrei Sakharov, 1943 For the historian, see Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov. ... Baryogenesis is the generic designation for the physical processes that generate matter (more specifically, a class of fundamental particle called baryon) from an otherwise matter-empty state (such as it is generally believed to be the state of the Universe at its onset, the so-called Big Bang). ... Combinations of three u, d or s-quarks with a total spin of 3/2 form the so-called baryon decuplet. ... For other uses, see Antimatter (disambiguation). ... Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it. ... John N. Bahcall (born December 30, 1934) is an American astrophysicist. ... Wallace Leslie William Sargent (February 15, 1935 – ) is an American astronomer. ... Maarten Schmidt (born December 28, 1929) is a Dutch astronomer who measured the distances of astronomical objects called quasars. ... A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. ... The fine-structure constant or Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, usually denoted , is the fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Brandon Carter is a theoretical physicist, most famous for his work on the properties of black holes and for introducing the anthropic principle. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Charles W. Misner is one of the authors of Gravitation. Kip Thorne John Archibald Wheeler http://www. ... Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist and astrophysicist. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Edward P. Tryon is a professor of physics at Hunter College in Manhattan. ... For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics. ... In the description of the interaction between elementary particles in quantum field theory, a virtual particle is a temporary elementary particle, used to describe an intermediate stage in the interaction. ... Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... For the British astronomer, see Alfred Fowler. ... Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance in the oceans of Earth of approximately one atom in 6500 of hydrogen (~154 PPM). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Year 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Name, Symbol, Number samarium, Sm, 62 Chemical series lanthanides Group, Period, Block n/a, 6, f Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 150. ... Oklo is a place in the West African state of Gabon. ... Natural Reactors refer to a handful of Uranium deposits that have been discovered, mostly in Oklo, Gabon. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... David Norman Schramm was an astrophysicist. ... James E. Gunn (born 1938) is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University. ... For the former Greek currency unit, see Greek drachma. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is the idea that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion that was driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Alan Harvey Guth (born February 27, 1947) is a physicist and cosmologist. ... In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is the idea that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion that was driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density. ... This article is about the year. ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was the first satellite built dedicated to cosmology. ... CMB redirects here. ... Isotropic means independent of direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented. ... As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within physical cosmology. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... The fine-structure constant or Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, usually denoted , is the fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. ... Adam Riess receiving the Shaw Prize for astronomy in 2006. ... Saul Perlmutter receiving the Shaw Prize for astronomy in 2006. ... In physical cosmology, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe. ... Multiwavelength X-ray image of the remnant of Keplers Supernova, SN 1604. ... In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity to achieve a stationary universe. ... CMB redirects here. ... The Telescope being readied for launch The BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics) measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital (high altitude) balloon flights. ... Look up anisotropy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Since 2000

  • 2006 - The long-awaited three-year WMAP results are released, confirming previous analysis, correcting several points, and including polarization data.

Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Artist depiction of the WMAP satellite at the L2 point The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. ... The Telescope being readied for launch The BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics) measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital (high altitude) balloon flights. ... A pie chart indicating the proportional composition of different energy-density components of the universe. ... In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation is the idea that the nascent universe passed through a phase of exponential expansion that was driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Not to be confused with the CfA2 Great Wall. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Artist depiction of the WMAP satellite at the L2 point The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang. ... CMB redirects here. ...

See also

This box:      A graphical timeline is available here: Graphical timeline of the Big Bang This timeline of the Big Bang describes the events according to the scientific theory of the Big Bang, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. ... This is a list of cosmologists. ... A non-standard cosmology is any cosmological framework that has been, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the big bang model of physical cosmology. ... Buddhist cosmology is the description of the shape and evolution of the universe according to the canonical Buddhist scriptures and commentaries. ... // an egg broke and out came the planets thanks to gods pet hen The Rig Veda describes the origin of the universe as: Then was not non-existence nor existence: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

  • Bunch, Bryan, and Alexander Hellemans, "The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People Who Made Them from the Dawn of Time to Today". ISBN 0-618-22123-9
  • P. Mauskopf et al.,astro-ph/9911444, Astrophys.J. 536 (2000) L59-L62.
  • A. Melchiorri et al.,astro-ph/9911445, Astrophys.J. 536 (2000) L63-L66.
  • P. de Bernardis et al., astro-ph/0004404, Nature 404 (2000) 955-959.

  Results from FactBites:
 
Physical cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2387 words)
Physical cosmology, as a branch of astrophysics, is the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution.
Cosmology is unusual in physics for drawing heavily on the work of particle physicists' experiments, and research into phenomenology and even string theory; from astrophysicists; from general relativity research; and from plasma physics.
The effect on cosmology of the dark energy that these models describe is given by the dark energy's equation of state, which varies depending upon the theory.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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