Transpirational pull is the main phenomenon driving the flow of sap in the xylem tissues of large plants.
Transpirational pull results ultimately from the evaporation of water from the surfaces of cells in the interior of the leaves. This evaporation causes the surface of the water to pull back into the pores of the cell wall. Inside the pores, the water forms a concave meniscus. The high surface tension of water pulls the concavity outwards, generating enough force to lift water as high as a hundred meters from ground level to a tree's highest branches. This only works because the vessels transporting the water are very small in diameter, otherwise cavitation will break the water column.
Until recently, the negative pressure could only be measured indirectly, by applying external pressure with a Scholander bomb to counteract it. The name comes from the inventor, PF Scholander, and from its disconcerting tendency to explode in the experimenter's face. When the technology to perform direct measurements with a pressure probe was developed, there was initially some controversy about whether the classic theory was correct, because some workers were unable to demonstrate negative pressures. More recent measurements do tend to validate the classic theory, for the most part. This is a very complicated subject, as xylem transport is driven by a combination of transpirational pull from above, capillary action and root pressure.
The comprehensive textbook Biology, 6th ed., by Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece, published by Benjamin Cummings, has been used as a source.
C. WEI, E. STEUDLE, M. T. TYREE3 & P. M. LINTILHAC, The essentials of direct xylem pressure measurement, Plant, Cell and Environment (2001) 24, 549?555, is the main source used for the paragraph on recent research.
External Link
Research reported by E. Steudle (http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta/research/steudle/steu5a.htm)
The transpiration ratio is the ratio of the mass of watertranspired to the mass of dry matter produced; the transpiration ratio of crops tends to fall between 200 and 1000 (i.e., crop plantstranspire 200 to 1000 kg of water for every kg of dry matter produced) (Martin, Leonard and Stamp 1976, p.
Transpiration functions to effect the ascent of sap from the roots to the leaves (thus supplying the food-manufacturing cells with water needed for photosynthesis) and to provide the moisture necessary for the diffusion of carbon dioxide into and oxygen out of these cells.
Transpirationalpull is the main phenomenon driving the flow of sap in the xylem tissues of large plants.
Transpirationalpull results ultimately from the evaporation of water from the surfaces of cells in the interior of the leaves.
The high surface tension of waterpulls the concavity outwards, generating enough force to lift water as high as a hundred meters from ground level to a tree's highest branches.
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