Soviet-Turkish border as per treaty

The Treaty of Kars (Turkish: Kars Antlaşması, Russian: Карсский договор) was a friendship treaty^[1] between TBMM, (which was declared Turkey in 1923), and the Soviet Union by the representatives of Russian SFSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR. It was signed in Kars on October 23, 1921 by Nationalist Representative Karabekir and Soviet Ambassador Yakov Ganetsky and ratified in Yerevan on September 11, 1922. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1682x1490, 382 KB) Borders in South Caucasus per Kars Treaty of 1921. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1682x1490, 382 KB) Borders in South Caucasus per Kars Treaty of 1921. ... The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ... State motto: Russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 km² 13% Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 1st in the... State motto: Бүтүн өлкәләрин пролетарлары, бирләшин! Workers of the world, unite! Official language None. ... State motto: ÕŠÖ€Õ¸Õ¬Õ¥Õ¿Õ¡Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€ Õ¢Õ¸Õ¬Õ¸Ö€ Õ¥Ö€Õ¯Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ«, միացեք! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... State motto: პროლეტარ ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 km² -- Population  - Total (1989)  - Density Ranked... Kars (Armenian: Ô¿Õ¡Ö€Õ½) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of the Kars Province, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Yakov Stanislavovich Ganetsky also known as Jakub Fürstenberg (Fuerstenberg) (Russian: ) (15 March 1879, Warsaw — 26 November 1937), a prominent Old Bolshevik and close associate of Vladimir Lenin[1]. Famous as one of the financial wizards who arranged via close working relationship with Alexander Parvus the secret German funding that... Location Location of Yerevan in Armenia Government Country Armenia Established 782 BC Mayor Yervand Zakharyan Geographical characteristics Area  - City 227 km² Population  - City (2004)    - Density 1,226,000   5196. ... This article is about the date September 11 in general. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

The agreement

In the treaty, Turkey ceded Adjara with its largest city of Batumi to the Soviet Union and the Transcaucasian SFSR in return for sovereignty over the Kars-Ardahan region (an area roughly corresponding to the Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır Provinces of present-day Turkey as well as parts of the present day Artvin and Erzurum Provinces), thus allowing Turkey to assume control over parts of Russian Armenia without the consent of the Armenian people. The decision to make Nakhichevan an autonomous republic of Azerbaijan, which had been previously determined in a referendum, was reaffirmed in the treaty. It was also decided that the territory of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) would be attached to Nakhichevan. Additionally, a strip of Sharur's territory would be ceded to Turkey, allowing it to share a border with Azerbaijan. Moreover, Turkey and Russia became a guarantor of Nakhichevan's status. Most of the territories ceded to Turkey were acquired by Russia during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 with the Iğdır region (which encompassed Mount Ararat) being the only exception, as that was acquired by Russia in the Treaty of Turkmanchai with Iran. Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area  - Total  - % water 2,900 km² n/a Population  - Total (1989)  - Density 392,432 135. ... A general view of Batumi Batumi (Georgian: , formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... The Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922-1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union. ... Kars (Armenian: Ô¿Õ¡Ö€Õ½) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of the Kars Province, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. ... Ardahan ( Ardı han in old Turkish, Ô±Ö€Õ¤Õ¡Õ°Õ¡Õ¶ in Armenian) is the capital of Ardahan Province in north-eastern Turkey. ... Kars is a province of Turkey, and is located in the northeastern part of the country, next to the border with Armenia. ... shows the Location of the Province Ardahan Ardahan is a province in the northwestern-most corner of Turkey, along part of the border with Georgia. ... shows the Location of the Province IÄŸdır Igdir is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the border with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. ... Artvin Province is a province in north-eastern Turkey next to the Black Sea and Georgia (country). ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia is the portion of Ottoman Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, Armenian: Õ†Õ¡Õ­Õ«Õ»Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Ô»Õ¶Ö„Õ¶Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Russian: Нахичеванская Автономная Республика, Persian:جمهوری خودمختار نخجوان, Turkish: Nahçıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti), known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. ... Map of Azerbaijan showing Sharur rayon Sharur is a rayon of Azerbaijan in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. ... Combatants Russia, Romania Ottoman Empire The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and liberating the Orthodox Christian Slavic peoples of the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgarians, Serbians) from the Islamic-ruled Ottoman Empire. ... shows the Location of the Province IÄŸdır Igdir is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the border with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. ... Mount Ararat,Kurdish Ciyaye Agiri/Ararat Armenian: , Kurdish: , Greek: , Persian: ‎, Russian: , Georgian: არარატის, Azeri: AÄŸrıdaÄŸ, Hebrew: ‎, Tiberian Hebrew: ) is the tallest peak in modern Turkey. ... [[Image:Turkmanchai. ...

Aftermath

Attempted annulment

After World War II, the Soviet Union attempted to annul the Kars treaty and regain its lost territory. On June 7, 1945, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov told the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the regions should be returned to the USSR, in the name of both the Georgian and Armenian republics. Turkey found itself in a difficult position: it wanted good relations with the Soviet Union but at the same time they refused to give up the territories. Some British diplomats noted that as early as 1939, Soviet politicians might reopen the question. Turkey itself was in no condition to fight a war with the Soviet Union, which had emerged as a superpower after the second world war. By the autumn of 1945, Soviet troops in the Caucasus were already assembling for a possible invasion of Turkey. Combatants Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ...

Soviet claims were put forth by the Armenians to the leaders of the Allies of World War II; however, opposition stemmed from British leader Winston Churchill who objected to these territorial claims as additional areas of where the Soviet government could exert its influence while President of the United States, who was Harry S. Truman, felt that the matter should not concern other parties. The big three is a term used to refer to three large powers or companies. ... Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, soldier, and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884–December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953); as Vice President, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ...

Armenia and the Treaty of Kars

Since its establishment in 1991, the government of the Republic of Armenia has made no official declaration of acceptance or rejection of the Kars treaty. Recognition of the treaty by Armenia is in diffuse; arguments regarding both rejection and acceptance had been voiced from successive governments of Armenia. Still, because the Transcaucasian republics are the legal successor entities of the former Soviet Union, their borders as established by the treaty have been recognized internationally.

Notes

See also

• Aftermath of World War I
• Armenian Genocide
• Democratic Republic of Armenia
• Caucasus Campaign
• Treaty of Sèvres
• Treaty of Lausanne
• History of Adjara