NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Treaty of Nanking

The Treaty of Nanjing (Chinese: 南京條約, Nánjīng Tiáoyuē) is the agreement which marked the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and China. Combatants Qing China British East India Company Commanders Daoguang Emperor Charles Elliot, Anthony Blaxland Stransham The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between Great Britain and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium. ...

It was signed on 29 August 1842 aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in Nanjing (then known as "Nanking"). It is the first of the Unequal Treaties signed by China with a foreign power. August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... (Chinese: å—äº¬; Romanizations: NÃ¡njÄ«ng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal map spelling)) is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu Province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ... The Unequal Treaties (lit. ...

Under the treaty, China agreed to give Hong Kong Island (together with some small nearby islands) to the British Empire, and open the following treaty ports of China for foreign trade with low tariffs: Single European Act A treaty is a binding agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. ... The night view of the Island side as seen from the Kowloon side - the opposite side of the Victoria Harbour Hong Kong Island (Traditional Chinese: é¦™æ¸¯å³¶; Simplified Chinese: é¦™æ¸¯å²›; Cantonese Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2 dou2; Mandarin Pinyin: XiÄnggÇŽngdÇŽo) is the island where the colonial settlement of the Hong Kong territory... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Treaty ports were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the so-called Unequal Treaties, i. ...

(The first of the romanizations are in Postal map spelling, which were used in the treaty; the second Hanyu Pinyin, the modern spellings.) Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: 厦门; Traditional Chinese: 廈門; pinyin: Xiàmén; Wade_Giles: Hsiamen) is a coastal sub_provincial city in Fujian Province, southern China. ... A view of the Xiamen University campus Xiamen (Simplified Chinese: åŽ¦é—¨; Traditional Chinese: å»ˆé–€; Hanyu Pinyin: ) is a coastal sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, Peoples Republic of China. ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chou; BUC: HÃ³k-ciÅ; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow or Fuchow) is the provincial seat and the largest prefecture-level city of Fujian (ç¦å»º) province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Ningbo (Simplified Chinese: å®æ³¢; Traditional Chinese: å¯§æ³¢; pinyin: NÃngbÅ; Wade-Giles: Ning-po; literally Tranquil Waves) is a seaport sub-provincial city with a population of 800,000 in northeastern Zhejiang province, Peoples Republic of China. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system. ... Chinese Postal Map Romanization (Traditional Chinese: éƒµæ”¿å¼æ‹¼éŸ³; Pinyin: YÃ³uzhÃ¨ngshÃ¬ PÄ«nyÄ«n) refers to the system of romanization for Chinese place names which came into use in the late Qing dynasty and was officially sanctioned by the Imperial Postal Joint-Session Conference (å¸åœ‹éƒµé›»è¯å¸æœƒè°), which was held in Shanghai in the... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of...

In addition to these indemnities, China allowed British missionaries into the interior of China for the first time, and allowed British merchants to establish "spheres of influence" in and around British ports. A tariff is a tax placed on imported and/or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty. ... Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. ... Most favoured nation (or most favored nation, MFN) is a term used in international trade. ...

The treaty left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium trade with China, which was profitable for the British and devastating to the Chinese. The equivalent American treaty forbade the opium trade, but, as both the British and American merchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls, the trade continued. Thereafter, the opium trade flourished, and Hong Kong developed rapidly as an Anglo-Chinese enclave. Opium is a narcotic produced from opium poppies. ...

The governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong in 1984, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded under the Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to be transferred to the PRC on July 1, 1997. The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Peoples Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, was signed by the Prime Ministers of the Peoples... The night view of the Island side as seen from the Kowloon side - the opposite side of the Victoria Harbour Hong Kong Island (Traditional Chinese: é¦™æ¸¯å³¶; Simplified Chinese: é¦™æ¸¯å²›; Cantonese Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2 dou2; Mandarin Pinyin: XiÄnggÇŽngdÇŽo) is the island where the colonial settlement of the Hong Kong territory... The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a peninsula, in the south of the mainland part of the Hong Kong territory. ... The Convention of Peking (October 18, 1860), also known as the First Convention of Peking, was a treaty between the Qing Government of China and the British Empire, and between China and France, and China and Russia. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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