NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Turbinate

In anatomy, a turbinate (or nasal concha) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in humans and other vertebrates. ^[1] File links The following pages link to this file: Ethmoid bone Nasal cavity Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 4 Categories: Public domain images ... Your skull is in your back (this is obviously not true, I was just testing the website to see if it really works) The ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale) is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. ... Image File history File links Illu_nose_nasal_cavities. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... For other uses, see Nose (disambiguation). ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. ... This article is about modern humans. ... Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ...

In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. cross-section of two cilia, showing 9+2 structure A cilium (plural cilia) is a fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly beats in one direction. ...

Structure and functions of turbinates

Turbinates are composed of pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium with a thick, vascular and erectile glandular tissue layer. ^[2] The turbinates are located laterally in the nasal cavities, curling medially and downwards into the nasal airway. Each pair is composed of one turbinate in either side of the nasal cavity, divided by the septum.^[2] Columnar epithelia are cells whose heights are at least twice their width. ... cross-section of two cilia, showing 9+2 structure A cilium (plural cilia) is a fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly beats in one direction. ... This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ... f you all The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... A gland is an organ in an animals body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Anatomical terms of location. ... The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. ...

The inferior turbinates are the largest turbinates, and can be as long as the index finger, and are responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.^[1] The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. ... The Index finger The index finger, pointer finger or forefinger is the second digit of a human hand, located between the thumb and the middle finger. ...

The middle turbinates are smaller, usually as long as the pinky finger. They project downwards over the openings of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, and act as buffers to protect the sinuses from coming in direct contact with pressurized nasal airflow. Most inhaled airflow travels between the inferior turbinate and the middle turbinate.^[1] The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. ... The pinky finger is the last and usually smallest finger on the far sides of the human hand, opposite the thumb, next to the ring finger. ... The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus. ... The ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale) is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. ...

The superior turbinates are smaller structures, connected to the middle turbinates by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the olfactory bulb.^[1] The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. ... The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors. ...

Role of turbinates in the respiratory system

The turbinates compose most of the mucosal tissue of the nose and are required for functional respiration. The turbinates are enriched with airflow pressure and temperature sensing nerve receptors (linked to the “trigeminal” nerve route, the fifth cranial nerve), allowing for tremendous erectile capabilities of nasal congestion and decongestion (very much like the penis), in response to the climatic conditions and changing needs of the body.^[2] The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... For other uses, see Nose (disambiguation). ... The Respiratory System Among four-legged animals, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ... The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (V) cranial nerve, and carries sensory information from most of the face, as well as motor supply to the muscles of mastication (the muscles enabling chewing), tensor tympani (in the middle ear), and other muscles in the floor of the mouth, such as the... The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (V) cranial nerve, and carries sensory information from most of the face, as well as motor supply to the muscles of mastication (the muscles enabling chewing), tensor tympani (in the ear) and other muscles in the floor of the mouth. ... Nasal congestion is the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels. ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ...

The turbinates are also responsible for filtration, heating and humidification of air inhaled through the nose. Of these three, filtration is the most important reason to breathe through the nose.^{[citation needed]} As air passes over the turbinate tissues it is heated to body temperature, humidified (up to 98% water saturation) and filtered.^[2] An air filter is a device which cleans dirty air. ... The dew point (or dewpoint) is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. ...

Role of turbinates as an immunological defense

The respiratory epithelium which covers the erectile tissue (or Lamina propria) of the turbinates, plays a major role in the body’s first line of immunological defense. The respiratory epithelium is partially composed of mucus producing goblet cells. This secreted mucus covers the nasal cavities, and serves as a filter, by trapping air-borne particles larger than 2 to 3 micrometers. The respiratory epithelium also serves as a means of access for the lymphatic system which protects the body from being infected by viruses or bacteria.^[1] This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ... The lamina propria is a thin vascular layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelium of an organ. ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... Mucus is a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. ... Goblet cells are glandular epithelial cells that are specifically designed to secrete mucus. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer), symbol µm, is an SI unit of length. ... The human lymphatic system The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. ...

Role of turbinates in olfaction

The turbinates provide, first and foremost, the humidity needed to preserve the delicate olfactory (smell) epithelium needed to keep the olfactory receptors healthy and alert. If the epithelial layer gets dry or irritated, it may cease to function. This is usually a temporary condition, but over time, may lead to chronic anosmia^[2]. The turbinates also increase the surface area of the inside of the nose, and by directing and deflecting airflow across the maximum mucosal surface of the inner nose, they are able to propel the inspired air. This, coupled with the humidity and filtration provided by the turbinates, helps to carry more scent molecules towards the higher, and very narrow regions of the nasal airways, where olfaction nerve receptors are located^[1]. This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ... Anosmia is the lack of olfaction, or a loss of the ability to smell. ... Area is the measure of how much exposed area any two dimensional object has. ...

The superior turbinates literally hood-over, and protect the nerve axons piercing through the cribriform plate (a porous bone plate that separates the nose from the brain) into the nose. Some areas of the middle turbinates are also innervated by the olfactory bulb. All three turbinates are innervated by pain and temperature receptors, via the trigeminal nerve (or, the fifth cranial nerve)^[2]. Research has shown that there is a strong connection between these nerve endings and activation of the olfactory receptors, but science has yet to fully explain this interaction. The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) [Fig. ... Nerves (yellow) Nerves redirects here. ... â€œHurtingâ€ redirects here. ... The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (V) cranial nerve, and carries sensory information from most of the face, as well as motor supply to the muscles of mastication (the muscles enabling chewing), tensor tympani (in the middle ear), and other muscles in the floor of the mouth, such as the... Cranial nerves are nerves which start directly from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord. ...

Turbinate dysfunction

Large, swollen turbinates may lead to blockage of nasal breathing. Allergies, exposure to environmental irritants, or a persistent inflammation within the sinuses, can lead to turbinate swelling. Deformity of the nasal septum can also result in enlarged turbinates. ^[3] This article needs cleanup. ... The word irritant may refer to: Something that causes irritation, often a chemical substance. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... Look up septum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Treatment of the underlying allergy or irritant may reduce turbinate swelling. In cases that do not resolve, or for treatment of deviated septum, turbinate reduction surgery may be required. Generally, because the turbinates are essential for respiration, only small amounts of turbinate tissue are removed. Extensive reduction of the inferior or middle turbinates can cause empty nose syndrome.^[3] An MRI image showing a congenitally deviated nasal septum A deviated septum commonly occurs when the anterior spine of the maxilla is severed in half. ... Right nasal airway passage Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a medical condition that is caused when too much inner nasal mucus-producing tissue (the turbinates) are cut out of the nose, leaving the nasal cavities too empty, too wide and too dry, with severely diminished capabilities to perform their functions...

See also

This article is about the skeletal organs. ... In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. ... The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. ... The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. ... The inferior nasal concha (Concha Nasalis Inferior; Inferior Turbinated Bone) extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. ... Right nasal airway passage Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a medical condition that is caused when too much inner nasal mucus-producing tissue (the turbinates) are cut out of the nose, leaving the nasal cavities too empty, too wide and too dry, with severely diminished capabilities to perform their functions...

Additional images

References

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since September 2007 | Head and neck | Skeletal system | Olfaction List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... Head and neck anatomy is a specialized study of the human body quite frequently studied in depth by surgeons, dentist, and dental technicians. ... â€œHuman Headâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Face (disambiguation). ... The occipital bone [Fig. ... In human anatomy, the forehead or brow is the bony part of the head above the eyes. ... For other uses, see Eye (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ear (disambiguation). ... The temple is the side of the head behind the eyes Temple indicates the side of the head behind the eyes. ... Look up Cheek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Cheeks are the fleshy area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear, the skin being suspended by the chin and the yaws. ... Look up Chin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. ... A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. ... The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. ... The accessory nasal cartilages are small cartilages of the nose connecting the greater alar cartilage and lateral nasal cartilage. ... The cartilage of the septum (or septal cartilage, or quadrangular cartilage) is somewhat quadrilateral in form, thicker at its margins than at its center, and completes the separation between the nasal cavities in front. ... The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. ... The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape. ... The part which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates... In the septum close to the nasopalatine recess a minute orifice may be discerned; it leads backward into a blind pouch, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, which is supported by a strip of cartilage, the vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobsons cartilage). ... Beneath the epithelium, and extending through the thickness of the mucous membrane, is a layer of tubular, often branched, glands, the olfactory glands (glands of Bowman), identical in structure with serous glands. ... The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. ... Choana (plural: Choanae) latinization from the Greek choanÄ“ meaning funnel is the posterior nasal aperture. ... Above the superior concha is a narrow recess, the sphenoethmoidal recess, into which the sphenoidal sinus opens. ... On the lateral wall of the middle meatus is a curved fissure, the hiatus semilunaris, limited below by the edge of the uncinate process of the ethmoid and above by an elevation named the bulla ethmoidalis; the middle ethmoidal cells are contained within this bulla and open on or near... The hiatus semilunaris is a groove in the side wall inside the human nose. ... Below the bulla ethmoidalis, and partly hidden by the inferior end of the uncinate process, is the ostium maxillare (or maxillary sinus ostium, or maxillary ostium, or opening from the maxillary sinus); in a frontal section this opening is seen to be placed near the roof of the sinus. ... á¹‡ The inferior meatus, the largest of the three meatuses of the nose, is the space between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity. ... The vomeronasal organ (VNO) or Jacobsons organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ... For other uses, see Lip (disambiguation). ... The philtrum (Greek philtron, from philein, to love; to kiss) is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development. ... Human jaw front view Human jaw left view Human jaw top view The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming, or near the entrance to, the mouth. ... The pterygomandibular raphÃ© (pterygomandibular ligament) is a tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia, attached by one extremity to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and by the other to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. ... A humans visible teeth. ... Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. ... Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. ... In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. ... The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. ... Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. ... ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... On either side lateral to the frenulum is a slight fold of the mucous membrane, the plica fimbriata, the free edge of which occasionally exhibits a series of fringe-like processes. ... The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves. ... The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2. ... The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2. ... The Frenulum Linguae is the frenulum of the tongue. ... The anterior tongue (or oral part) is the portion of the tongue in front of the terminal sulcus. ... The Posterior tongue, or pharyngeal part, is the part of the tongue behind the terminal sulcus. ... The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and vertebrate animals. ... The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, otherwise known as the palatine process of the maxilla, located in the roof of the mouth. ... The soft palate, or velum, is the soft tissue comprising the back of the roof of the mouth. ... The palatine raphe (or median raphe) is a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla. ... The incisive papilla is a projection on the palate near the incisors. ... The uvula (IPA: ) is a small, mucosa-covered set of muscles, musculus uvulae, hanging down from the soft palate, near the back of the throat. ... Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (fossa of RosenmÃ¼ller). ... The palatoglossal arch (glossopalatine arch, anterior pillar of fauces) on either side runs downward, lateralward, and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and is formed by the projection of the Glossopalatinus with its covering mucous membrane. ... The palatopharyngeal arch (pharyngopalatine arch, posterior pillar of fauces) is larger and projects farther toward the middle line than the anterior; it runs downward, lateralward, and backward to the side of the pharynx, and is formed by the projection of the Pharyngopalatinus, covered by mucous membrane. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ... For the toad wart, see parotoid gland. ... The parotid duct is also known as Stensens duct. ... The submandibular gland is one of the salivary glands, responsible for producing saliva. ... The submandibular duct (Whartons duct[1], submaxillary duct) is about 5 cm. ... The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. ... The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. ... Fascia is specialized connective tissue layer which surrounds muscles, bones, and joints, providing support and protection and giving structure to the body. ... Parotideomasseteric Fascia (masseteric fascia). ... The temporal fascia covers the Temporalis muscle. ... The Galea aponeurotica is connective tissue at the back of the head. ... The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. ...

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Structure and functions of turbinates GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");