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Turkmen is not a literary language in Iran and Afganistan, where many Turkmen tend towards bilingualism, usually conversant in the local dialects of Persian.
The Turkmen were mainly a nomadic people for most of their history and they were not settled in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet system of government, which severely restricted freedom of movement and collectivized nomadic herdsmen by the 1930s.
In addition, an estimated 1,200 Turkmen refugees from northern Afghanistan currently reside in Turkmenistan due to the ravages of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and factional fighting in Afghanistan which saw the rise and fall of the Taliban.
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