NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Turkmen people

The Turkmen (Türkmen or Түркмен, plural Türkmenler or Түркменлер) are a Turkic people found primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan and in northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language which is classified as part of the Western Oghuz branch of Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkoman spoken in Iraq.^[7] Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... For other uses of Turkish, see Turkish (disambiguation). ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ... Central Asia is a region of Asia. ... Turkmen (Latin script: tÃ¼rkmen, Cyrillic: Ñ‚Ò¯Ñ€ÐºÐ¼ÐµÐ½, ISO 639-1: tk, ISO 639-2: tuk) is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan. ... For all Turkic groupings and Turkic history, see Turkic peoples. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Iraqi Turkoman. ...

Origins

The origin of the word "Turkmen" remains unclear. According to popular etymologies as old as the eleventh century, the word derives from Turk plus the Iranian language element manand, and means "resembling a Turk." Muslim chroniclers such as Ibn Kathir attribute the etymology from the mass conversion of 200,000 households in AH 349 (971 CE), causing them to be named Turk Iman, which is a combination of "Turk" and "Iman" إيمان (faith, belief), meaning "believing Turks", and the term later dropping the hard to pronounce hamza ^[8]. Modern scholars, on the other hand, have proposed that the element -man/-men acts as an intensifier and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks." ^[9] Ibn Kathir (Arabic : بن كثير ) was an Islamic scholar born in Busra, Syria in 1301 CE. He was taught by the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya in Damascus, Syria. ...

Historically, all of the Western or Oghuz Turks have been called Türkmen or Turkoman, however today the terms are usually restricted to two Turk groups: the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and adjacent parts of Central Asia, and the Turkomans of Iraq and Syria, which are similar but not identical ethnic groups. A Seljuk Prince. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Iraqi Turkoman. ...

During the Ottoman period these nomads were known by the names of Türkmen and Yörük or Yürük. These names were generally used to describe their way of life, rather than their ethnic origin. However, these terms were often used interchangeably. At the same time, various other words were used for these nomads, such as 'Konar-göçer', 'Göçebe', 'Göçer-yörük', 'Göçerler', and 'Göçer-evliler'. The most common one among these was 'Konar-göçer' - nomadic Turcoman Turks. All of these words are found in Ottoman archival documents and carry only the meaning of 'nomad'. Main areas inhabited by Yoruk tribes in Anatolia The YÃ¶rÃ¼k are a Turkic-speaking people primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European Balkan peninsula and Anatolia. ...

The modern Turkmen people descend, at least in part, from the Oghuz Turks of Transoxiana, the western portion of Turkestan, a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as Xinjiang. Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the Altay mountains in 7th century CE through the Siberian steppes and settled in this region, and also penetrated as far west as southern Russia and the Volga basin. These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native Iranian peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until the Russian conquest.^[10] A Seljuk Prince. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... For the town in southern Kazakhstan, see Hazrat-e Turkestan. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Siberian federal subjects of Russia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting all of northern Asia. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ...

History

Signs of advanced settlements have been found throughout Turkmenistan including the Djeitun settlement where neolithic buildings have been excavated and dated to the 7th millennium BCE.^[11] By 2000 BCE, various Ancient Iranian peoples began to settle throughout the region as indicated by the finds at the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex. Notable early tribes included the nomadic Massagatae and Scythians. The Achaemenid Empire annexed the area by the 4th century BCE and then lost control of the region following the invasion of Alexander the Great, whose Hellenistic influence had an impact upon the area and some remnants have survived in the form of a planned city which was discovered following excavations at Antiocheia (Merv). The Parni invaded the region as the Parthian Empire was established until it too fractured as a result of tribal invasions stemming from the north. Ephthalites, Huns, and Göktürks came in a long parade of invasions. Finally, the Sassanid Empire based in Persia ruled the area prior to the coming of the Muslim Arabs during the Umayyad Caliphate by 716 CE. The majority of the inhabitants were converted to Islam as the region grew in prominence. Next came the Oghuz Turks, who imparted their language upon the local population. A tribe of the Oghuz, the Seljuks, established a Turko-Iranian culture that culminated in the Khwarezmid Empire by the 12th century. Mongol hordes led by Genghis Khan conquered the area between 1219 to 1221 and devastated many of the cities which led to a rapid decline of the remaining Iranian urban population. The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Ancient Iranian peoples who settled Greater Iran in the 2nd millennium BC first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BC. They remain dominant throughout Classical Antiquity in Scythia and Persia. ... The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca. ... The Massagetae were an Iranian people of antiquity. ... The Scythians (, also ) or Scyths ([1]; from Greek ), a nation of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who spoke an Iranian language[2], dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Merv (Russian: ÐœÐµÑ€Ð², from Persian: Ù…Ø±Ùˆ, Marv, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf. ... The Central Asian steppe has been the home of Iranian nomadic tribes for centuries. ... Parthian Empire at its greatest extent, c60 BCE. The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... The GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks or KÃ¶k-TÃ¼rks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... A Seljuk Prince. ... The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... Turko-Iranian can refer to: The Turkic speaking minorities of Iran, can also be called as Iranian Turks, e. ... The Khwarezmid Empire (also known as the Khwarezmian Empire) was a Muslim Iranian state in the 11th century in Khwarezmia that lasted until the Mongol invasion in 1220. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... This article is about the person. ...

The Turkmen largely survived the Mongol period due to their semi-nomadic life-style and became traders along the Caspian, which led to contacts with Eastern Europe. Following the decline of the Mongols, Tamerlane conquered the area and his Timurid Empire would rule, until it too fractured, as the Safavids, Uzbeks, and Khanate of Khiva all contested the area. The expanding Russian Empire took notice of Turkmenistan's extensive cotton industry, during the reign of Peter the Great, and invaded the area. Following the decisive Battle of Geok-Tepe in January 1881, Turkmenistan became a part of the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet control was established by 1921 as Turkmenistan was transformed from a medieval Islamic region to a largely secularized republic within a totalitarian state. By 1991, with the fall of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan achieved independence as well, but remained dominated by a one-party system of government led by the authoritarian regime of President Saparmurat Niyazov until his death in December 2006. For Caspian Sea, go to: Caspian Sea CASPIAN Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering (CASPIAN) is a national grass-roots consumer group dedicated to fighting supermarket loyalty or frequent shopper cards. ... Statistical regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked red): Northern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current borders: Russia (dark orange), other countries formerly part of the USSR... For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... Flag of the Timurid Empire according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia, which lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. ... Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... Geok-Tepe (or Geok Depe) is a former fortress of the Turkomans, in Turkmenistan, in the oasis of Akhal-tekke, on the Transcaspian railway, 28 miles north-west of Ashgabat. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... Saparmyrat AtaÃ½ewiÃ§ NyÃ½azow (February 19, 1940, Gypjak, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union â€“ 21 December 2006), also commonly known by the romanization Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov of the Russian spelling Ð¡Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ð¼ÑƒÑ€Ð°Ñ‚ ÐÑ‚Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ¸ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð² of his Turkmen name, served as the head of state of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. ...

Language

Turkmen (Latin: Türkmen, Cyrillic: Түркмен) is the name of the language of the titular nation of Turkmenistan. It is spoken by over 3,600,000 people in Turkmenistan, and by roughly 3,000,000 people in other countries, including Iran, Afghanistan, and Russia.^[12] Up to 50% of native speakers in Turkmenistan also claim a good knowledge of Russian, a legacy of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Turkmen (Latin script: tÃ¼rkmen, Cyrillic: Ñ‚Ò¯Ñ€ÐºÐ¼ÐµÐ½, ISO 639-1: tk, ISO 639-2: tuk) is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...

Turkmen is not a literary language in Iran and Afghanistan, where many Turkmen tend towards bilingualism, usually conversant in the local dialects of Persian. Variations of the Perso-Arabic script are, however, used in Iran. Farsi redirects here. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ...

Culture and society

Image File history File links Younggirl. ... Image File history File links Younggirl. ...

Nomadic heritage

The Turkmen were mainly a nomadic people for most of their history and they were not settled in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet system of government, which severely restricted freedom of movement and collectivized nomadic herdsmen by the 1930s. Many pre-Soviet cultural traits have survived in Turkmen society however and have recently undergone a kind of revival.

Turkmen lifestyle was heavily invested in horsemanship and as a prominent horse culture, Turkmen horse-breeding was an ages old tradition. In spite of changes prompted by the Soviet period, a tribe in southern Turkmenistan has remained very well known for their horses, the Akhal-Teke desert horse - and the horse breeding tradition has returned to its previous prominence in recent years.^[13] Akhal-Teke The Akhal-Teke, Ahalteke in the Turkmen language, horse breed (pronounced ) is a breed from Turkmenistan, where they are the national emblem. ...

Many tribal customs still survive among modern Turkmen. Unique to Turkmen culture is kalim which is a groom's "dowry", that can be quite expensive and often results in the widely practiced tradition of bridal kidnapping.^[14] In something of a modern parallel, President Saparmurat Niyazov introduced a state enforced "kalim", wherein all foreigners are required to pay a sum of no less than $50,000 to marry a Turkmen woman. See also: A groom is a type of officer-servant in the British royal household. ... A dowry (also known as trousseau) is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage. ...

Other customs include the consultation of tribal elders, whose advice is often eagerly sought and respected. Many Turkmen still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas.^[15]

The music of the nomadic and rural Turkmen people reflects rich oral traditions, where epics such as Koroglu are usually sung by itinerant bards. These itinerant singers are called bakshy; they also act as healers and magicians and sing either a cappella or with instruments such as the two-stringed lute called dutar. The Epic of KÃ¶roÄŸlu (Turkish: KÃ¶roÄŸlu destanÄ±) is a legend prominent in the oral traditions of the Turkic peoples. ... The bakshy are traditional Turkmen musicians. ... A renaissance-era lute. ... Dotar Khorasan The dutar (also dotar or doutar) is a traditional long-necked two-stringed lute found in Central Asia. ...

Society today

Since Turkmenistan's independence in 1991, a cultural revival has taken place with the return of a moderate form of Islam and celebration of Novruz (an Iranian/Turkic tradition) or New Year's Day. For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The Zoroastrian new year, celebrated in the homelands of Zoroastrianism, corresponding to modern-day Iran and Azerbaijan. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ...

Turkmen can be divided into various social classes including the urban intelligentsia and workers whose role in society is different from that of the rural peasantry. Secularism and atheism remain prominent for many Turkmen intellectuals who favor moderate social changes and often view extreme religiousity and cultural revival with some measure of distrust.^[16] Atheist redirects here. ...

Self-proclaimed President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov was largely responsible for many of the changes that have taken place in modern Turkmen society. Mimicking the Turkish reformist policies of Atatürk in Turkey, Niyazov made nationalism an important element in Turkmenistan, while contacts with Turkmen in neighboring Iran and Afghanistan have increased. Significant changes to the names of the cities as well as calendar reform were introduced by President Niyazov as well. The calendar reform resulted in renaming months and days of the week from Persian or European-derived words into purely Turkmen ones, some of them eponymously related to the president or his family. Saparmyrat AtaÃ½ewiÃ§ NyÃ½azow (February 19, 1940, Gypjak, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union â€“ 21 December 2006), also commonly known by the romanization Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov of the Russian spelling Ð¡Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ð¼ÑƒÑ€Ð°Ñ‚ ÐÑ‚Ð°ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ¸ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð² of his Turkmen name, served as the head of state of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. ... Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk Mustafa Kemal AtatÃ¼rk (1881â€“November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... On August 10, 2002 the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of week. ... Farsi redirects here. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Family (disambiguation). ...

The five traditional carpet designs that form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag represent the five major tribes or houses. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes. starburst shaped variant of the Turkmen arms In addition, there is a starburst shaped variant of the Turkmen arms, more commonly used within the former Soviet Union. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001. ... This article is on the social structure. ... Teke can also refer to Telekinesis as in George R.R. Martinss Nightflyers The Teke are a tribe of southern Turkmenistan most famous for their horses, the Akhal-Teke desert horse. ... Tekke is a Turkish word which corresponds to the Arabic word Zawya or the Persian Dergah. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Afghan carpet. ...

Turkmen in Iran and Afghanistan

Turkmen in Iran and Afghanistan remain very conservative in comparison to their brethren in Turkmenistan. Islam plays a much more prominent role in Iran and Afghanistan where Turkmen follow many traditional Islamic practices that many Turkmen in Turkmenistan have abandoned as a result of decades of Soviet rule. In addition, many Turkmen in Iran and Afghanistan have remained at least semi-nomadic and traditionally work in agriculture/animal husbandry and the production of carpets.^[17] ^[18] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the Persian people, an ethnic group found mainly in Iran. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... It has been suggested that Gilek be merged into this article or section. ... Lurs are an ethnic group of Iranian peoples. ... Lurs are an ethnic group of Iranian peoples. ... Language(s) Balochi Religion(s) Islam Sunni (predominantly) and Zikris around Turbat[17][18] [19] Related ethnic groups Iranian people Especially Pashtuns, Kurds, Laks, Zazas Persians and Mazandaranis The Baloch (Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ†; alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Bloach,Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush et al. ... This article is about the Azerbaijani ethnic group. ... For the language, see Qashqai language. ... Iranian Arabs (Persian: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ù† Ø§ÙŠØ±Ø§Ù†) are the Arabic-speaking citizens of Iran. ... Iranian Arabs (Persian: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ù† Ø§ÙŠØ±Ø§Ù†) are the Arabic-speaking citizens of Iran. ... Language(s) Pashto (plus second languages from countries of residence) Religion(s) Islam (predominantly Sunni) Pashtuns (Pashto/Urdu/Persian: or Ù¾Ø®ØªÙˆÙ† , also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (Urdu: Ù¾Ù¹Ú¾Ø§Ù†, Hindi: à¤ªà¤ à¤¾à¤¨ ) or ethnic Afghans (Pashto: Ø§ÙØºØ§Ù† )[9][10] are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in eastern and... Talysh (also Talishi, Taleshi or Talyshi) are an Iranian people who speak Talysh language one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. ...

Demographics and population distribution

The Turkmen people of Central Asia live in: Image File history File links Turkmengirlandbaby. ... Image File history File links Turkmengirlandbaby. ...

As of 2005, there remain approximately 60,000 Turkmen refugees in Pakistan, largely in the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan. A Soviet soldier on guard in Afghanistan in 1988. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are a Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement [2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance, United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. ... Iran consists of 30 provinces: Provinces are governed from a local center, mostly the largest local city. ... GolestÄn (Persian: Ú¯Ù„Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is one of the 28 provinces of Iran. ... North Khorasan (in Persian: Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù† Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ÛŒ) is a province located in northeastern Iran. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Stub | Provinces of Afghanistan ... Jowzjan province is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. ... Categories: Afghanistan geography stubs | Provinces of Afghanistan ... The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: Å›imÄl maÄ¡ribÄ« sarhadÄ« sÅ«ba Ø´Ù…Ø§Ù„ Ù…ØºØ±Ø¨ÛŒ Ø³Ø±ØØ¯ÛŒ ØµÙˆØ¨Û) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: Ø¨Ù„ÙˆÚ†Ø³ØªØ§Ù†) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...

There are also scattered communities of Turkmens in Russian province of Stavropol and elsewhere in the Caucasus, descending from the tribes who emigrated from Turkmenistan in 18th century and call themselves "Trukhmen". Stavropol (Russian: ) is a city located in south-western Russia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Trukhmens are an ethnic group of Turkmens that mostly live in Stavropol Krai of Russia. ...

Age structure: 0-14 years: 35.7% (male 909,113; female 860,128),15-64 years: 60.2% (male 1,462,198; female 1,516,836),65 years and over: 4.1% (male 78,119; female 125,687) (2005 est.)

See also

Turkmen (Latin script: tÃ¼rkmen, Cyrillic: Ñ‚Ò¯Ñ€ÐºÐ¼ÐµÐ½, ISO 639-1: tk, ISO 639-2: tuk) is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan. ... A Seljuk Prince. ... Ethnolinguistic groups in Iran Irans population was declared 70,049,262 in 2006 census. ... This article focuses on ethnic minorities in Iran and their related political issues and current realities. ... Main areas inhabited by Yoruk tribes in Anatolia The YÃ¶rÃ¼k are a Turkic-speaking people primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European Balkan peninsula and Anatolia. ...

Notes

Russian Census may refer to: Russian Empire Census (1897), the only complete population census conducted in Imperial Russia Russian Census (1920) Russian Census (2002), the only population census conducted in the post-Soviet Russia Russian Census (2010), Russian population census scheduled to start in October 2010 Soviet Census Category: ...

References

Image File history File links Iran_tricolour. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... Afshar or Afshari, is a Turkic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ... ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. ... Bulgar (also BolÄŸar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia. ... Chulyum also known as Chulym-Turkic , Chulym Tatar (not at all related to the Tatar language), or KÃ¼erik is a language of Chulyms. ... Chuvash (Chuvash: Ð§Ó‘Ð²Ð°ÑˆÐ»Ð°, ÄŒÄƒvaÅ¡la, IPA: ; also known as ChÄƒvash, Chuwash, Chovash, Chavash, Ã‡uvaÅŸ or Ã‡uaÅŸ) is a Turkic language spoken to the west of the Ural Mountains in central Russia. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Cuman language was a Turkic language spoken by the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans) similar to todays Crimean Tatar language. ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... FuyÃ¼ GÃ¯rgÃ¯s or Fu-Yu Kirgiz is the easternmost Turkic language. ... The Gagauz language (Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, used by Gagauz people, official language of Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova. ... The Hunnic language is an extinct language of the Huns. ... Ili Turki is a language spoken primarily in China. ... The Karachay-Balkar language (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹-ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐºÑŠÐ°Ñ€ /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Bashkirs and Nogay. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , â€Ž; pronounced ) is a Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southern Siberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia, in Russia. ... Khalaj is a language spoken primarily in Iran and Afghanistan. ... Language spoken by the medieval Khazar tribe. ... Khorasani Turkic (ØªØ±ÙƒÙŠ Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù†ÙŠ / Xorasan TÃ¼rkÃ§eÉ™sÄ±) is variety of speech belonging to the Turkic language family. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Kyrgyz tili, ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸, Ù‚Ù‰Ø±Ø¹Ù‰Ø² Ù´ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰) is a Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northeastern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China. ... Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. ... Old Tatar language (Iske imla: ÙŠØ³ÙƒÙ‰ ØªØ§ØªØ§Ø± ØªÙ„Ù‰ (translit. ... The Turkic language spoken by the Gokturks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: â€Ž ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Pecheneg language is the extinct Turkic language spoken by the Pechenegs in Eastern Europe, similar to Cuman. ... Qashqai (also spelled Ghashghai, Qashqai, Qashqay, and Kashkai) is a Turkic language. ... Sakha, or Yakut, is a Turkic language with around 363,000 speakers spoken in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation. ... Salar is a Turkic language spoken by the Salar people, who mainly live in the provinces of Qinghai and Gansu in China, some also live in Ghulja, Xinjiang. ... The Shor language is one of the Turkic languages. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars. ... Tofa, also known as Tofalar or Karagas, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ‹Ð» Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Uyghur (â€Ž/Uyghurche//, or â€Ž/Uyghur tili//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also â€œSinkiangâ€ and â€œChinese Turkestan,â€ a Central Asian region administered by China. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... The Altay or Altai are a Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. ... The Balkars (Karachay-Balkar: sg. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... Not to be confused with Bulgarians. ... The Chulyms (Чулымцы in Russian; self-designation: Чулымские люди, or Chulymian people) are a Turkic people in the Tomsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. ... The Chuvash (Chuvash ; Russian: Ð§ÑƒÐ²Ð°ÑˆÐ¸; Tatar: Ã‡uaÅŸlar, Ð§ÑƒÐ°ÑˆÐ»Ð°Ñ€) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Cuman, also called Polovtsy, Polovtsian, or the Anglicized Polovzian (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Turkish: , Bulgarian: , Romanian: , Hungarian: ), is a Western European exonym for the western Kipchaks. ... The Dolgans (Russian: ; self-designation: Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ð½, Ñ‚Ñ‹Ð°-ÐºÐ¸Ñ…Ð¸, ÑÐ°Ñ…Ð°) are a Turkic people, who inhabit Taymyr Autonomous Okrug in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. ... The Gagauz are a minority Turkic people in southern Moldova (in Gagauzia) and southwestern Ukraine (in Budjak) that numbers around 250,000. ... The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) (Turkish:Irak TÃ¼rkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic ethnic group living in Iraq, notably in the cities of Arbil, Tal Afar, Kirkuk, and Mosul. ... The Karachays (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ñ‹Ð»Ð°, QaraÃ§aylÄ±la) are a Turkic people of the Ciscaucasus, mostly situated in the Russian Karachay-Cherkess Republic. ... The Crimean Karaites (Crimean Karaim: sg. ... The Karakalpaks are ethnic group of Turkic people who mainly live in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the (former) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea. ... The Karapapak are a small ethnic group of Turkic people who mainly live in north west province of West Azerbaijan (Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi) in and around the Sulduz area and North West of Turkey near the border with Georgia. ... Language(s) Kazakh, Russian (and/or languages in country of residence) Religion(s) Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò›Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ IPA: ; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ…Ð¸; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of... The Khakas, or Khakass, are a Turkic people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in the southern Siberia. ... The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari ×›×•×–×¨×™ Kuzarim ×›×•×–×¨×™×; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹; Tatar sing XÃ¤zÃ¤r XÃ¤zÃ¤rlÃ¤r; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Î§Î±Î¶Î¬ÏÎ¿Î¹/Î§Î¬Î¶Î±ÏÎ¿Î¹; PersianØ®Ø²Ø± khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... Kmek or Kimak was a nomadic tribe lived in modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia in 9th-13th century. ... Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200 C.E. Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Ukrainian: (polovtsy), Crimean Tatar: , Karachay-Balkar: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Uzbek: , Kazakh: ÒšÑ‹Ð¿ÑˆÐ°Ò›, Kumyk: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Kyrgyz: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Nogai: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Turkish: KÄ±pÃ§ak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western... The Krymchaks (Krymchak: sg. ... Flag of the Kumyks Kumyks are a Turkic people occupying the Kumyk plateau in north Dagestan and south Terek, and the lands bordering the Caspian Sea. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Kyrgyz language. ... Language(s) Turkish, Russian, Georgian,Azerbaijanian Religion(s) Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Turks, Terekeme, other Muslims of Meskheti Meskhetian Turks are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia), along the border with Turkey. ... NaÄŸaybÃ¤k (; plural NaÄŸaybÃ¤klÃ¤r; Russian: Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð¹Ð±Ð°ÐºÐ¸) is a group of KerÃ¤ÅŸen Tatars, frequently viewed as one of indigenous peoples of Russia. ... The Nogais, also spelled Nogay, Noghai, and often called the Caucasian Mongols (Caucasian refers to their geographic position, in the Caucasus mountains, not to their ethnicity), are a Turkic people, and an important ethnic group in the Daghestan region who speak the Turkic Nogai language. ... A Seljuk Prince. ... For the language, see Qashqai language. ... The Salar people (Chinese: æ’’æ‹‰æ—, Pinyin: SÄlÄzÃº) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China. ... Syrian Turkmen or Syrian Turkomen[1] are Syrian citizens of Oghuz Turkish descent, who had been living in the Syrian province of the Ottoman Empire before its dissolution and continue to live in the modern country of Syria. ... This article is about the people. ... The Finnish Tatar community, about 800 people, is recognized as a national minority by the government of Finland, which considers their language as a non-territorial language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. ... The Lipka Tatars were a noble military caste of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who followed the Sunni branch of the Islamic religion and whose origins can be traced back to the Mongol Empire of Ghengis Khan, through the Khanate of the White Horde of Siberia. ... The Native Western Siberian Tatars (200,000) are an ethnic group or a sub-group of the Tatars. ... Volga Tatars are a Turkic people who live in the central and Eastern European parts of Russia. ... A Telengit is a member of an ethnic group in Russia. ... According to the 2002 census, there were 2650 Teleuts in Russia. ... Tofalars (Ð¢Ð¾Ñ„Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹, Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ„Ð° (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as ÐºÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑ‹, or karagas) are a Turkic-speaking people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. ... Turkish Cypriots are those inhabitants of Cyprus who are ethnically Turkish[1], as opposed to those who are of Greek (the Greek Cypriots) or other ethnicities. ... For other uses of Turkish, see Turkish (disambiguation). ... Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ€, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... Main areas inhabited by Yoruk tribes in Anatolia The YÃ¶rÃ¼k are a Turkic-speaking people primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European Balkan peninsula and Anatolia. ... The Yugur people are an ethnic group. ... The history of the Turkic peoples (Turkic speaking peoples). ... Turkic peoples listed geographically. ... Turanism, or Pan-Turanism, is a political movement for the union of all Turanian peoples. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family. ... // Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [1] Bashkortostan Chuvashia Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Tatarstan Tuva These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklÃ¢l MarÅŸÄ±(Turkish) Independence March Capital Nicosia (LefkoÅŸa in Turkish) Official languages Turkish Government Representative democratic republic1 - President Mehmet Ali Talat - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence from Cyprus - Proclaimed November 15, 1983 - Recognition By Turkey only Area - Total 3,355 kmÂ² (167th ranked together with Cyprus... // Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [1] Bashkortostan Chuvashia Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Tatarstan Tuva These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language. ... The Altai Republic (Russian: ; Altay: ÐÐ»Ñ‚Ð°Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ(Russian) Protsvetanie v edinstve(transliteration) Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°(Russian) Nivy i gory tvoi volshebny, Rodina(transliteration) Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) with respect to Ukraine (light blue). ... , Chuvash Republic (Russian: ; ), or Chuvashia () is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in central Russia. ... Anthem Gagauziya Milli MarÅŸÄ± Location of Gagauzia (purple) Capital (and largest city) Comrat Official languages Gagauz, Moldovan (Romanian), Russian Government - Governor Mihail Formuzal - Chairman of the Peoples Assembly Stepan Esir Autonomous region of Moldova - Created April 23, 1994 Area - Total 1,832 kmÂ² 707 sq mi Population - 19961 estimate... Karakalpakstan (Uzbek: Qoraqalpogiston Respublikasi or ÒšÐ¾Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð¾Ò“Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸; Karakalpak: ÒšÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ò›Ð°Ð»Ð¿Ð°Ò›ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹ or Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasÄ±) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. ... Khakassia or Khakasiya (Russian: or ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south central Siberia. ... This article is about the autonomous region. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Sakha: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar Cyrillic: Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑ‹, Latin: Tatarstan RespublikasÄ±) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Tyva Republic IPA: (Russian: IPA: ; Tuvan: ), or Tuva (), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Nomadic Empires, sometimes also called Steppe Empires, Central or Inner Asian Empires, are the empires erected by the bow wielding, horse riding, Eurasian nomads, from Classical Antiquity (Scythia) to the Early Modern era (Dzungars). ... The GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks or KÃ¶k-TÃ¼rks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ... The Proto-Turkic language is the proto-language of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples in the course of the Turkic expansion from ca. ... The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. ...

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