|
The United Provinces of Central America (UPCA) was a country that existed in Central America from July 1823 to approximately 1840. It was intended to be a federal republic modelled after the United States of America. The coat of arms in the nation's flag from 1823-1824 refers to the federation as the Provincias Unidas del Centro de America ("United Provinces of Central America") but its 1824 constitution, coat of arms and flag called it the "Federal Republic of Central America" (Republica Federal de Centroamérica/ Centro America). It is also often referred to in English as the "United States of Central America'".
The UPCA consisted of the states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In the 1830s an additional state was added, Los Altos, with its capital in Quetzaltenango, occupying parts of what is now the western highlands of Guatemala and the Mexican state of Chiapas. During the period of 1838-1840 the federation dissolved in civil war.
Map of Central America (1860s)
Politics
Central American liberals had high hopes for the federal republic, which they believed would evolve into a modern, democratic nation, enriched by trade crossing through it between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. These aspirations are reflected in the emblems of the federal republic: The flag shows a white band between two blue stripes, representing the land between two oceans. The coat of arms shows five mountains (one for each state) between two oceans, surmounted by a Phrygian cap, the emblem of the French Revolution.
In practice, however, the federation faced insurmountable problems. The liberal democratic project was strongly opposed by conservative factions allied to the Roman Catholic clergy and to the wealthy landowners. Transportation and communication routes between the states were extremely deficient. The bulk of the population lacked any sense of commitment towards the broader federation. The federal bureaucracy in Guatemala City proved ineffectual. Wars soon broke out between various factions both in the federation and within individual states. The poverty and extreme political instability of the region prevented the construction of an inter-oceanic canal (see Nicaragua Canal and Panama Canal), from which Central America could have obtained considerable economic benefits.
Presidents - 1823 – 1825 : José Cecilo del Valle
- 1825 – 1829 : Manuel José Arce
- 1829 – 1830 : José F. Barrundia (interim president after Arce's resignation)
- 1830 – 1839 : Francisco Morazán (continued as chief of state of the disintegrating republic until 1840)
Dissolution of the Union The Union dissolved in civil war between 1838 and 1840. Its disintegration began when Honduras separated from the federation on November 5, 1838. The Union effectively dissolved in 1840, by which time 4 of its 5 states had declared independence. The Union was only officially ended upon El Salvador's self-declaration of a republic in February 1841. Various attempts were made to reunite Central America in the 19th century, but none succeeded for any length of time. The first attempt was in 1842 by former President Morazán, who was quickly captured and executed. The abortive attempt aimed to restore the union as the Confederation of Central America and included El Salvador, Guatemala (which withdrew early), Honduras, and Nicaragua. This first attempt lasted until 1844. A second attempt was made and lasted from October to November 1852 when El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua created a Federation of Central America (Federacion de Centro America). Guatemalan President Justo Rufino Barrios attempted to reunite the nation by force of arms in the 1880s and was also killed in the process, like his 1842 predecessor. A third union of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador as the Greater Republic of Central America or "Republica Mayor de Centroamerica" lasted from 1896 to 1898. The latest attempt occurred between June 1921 and Jan 1922 when El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras formed a (second) Federation of Central America. This second Federation was nearly moribund from the start having only a Provisional Federal Council made up of delegates from each state.
Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the sense of shared history and the hope for eventual reunification persist in the nations formerly in the union. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by U.S. adventurer William Walker. Today, all five nations fly flags that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. (Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor).
See also - History of Central America
External link |
Feeds |
Contact