University of Pennsylvania
Motto:	Leges sine moribus vanae (Laws without morals are useless.)
Established:	1740[1]
Type:	Private
Endowment:	US $6.78 billion[2]
President:	Amy Gutmann
Staff:	4,603
Undergraduates:	9,710
Postgraduates:	10,103
Location:	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Campus:	Urban, 269 acres (1.1 km²)
Colors:	Red & blue
Nickname:	Quakers
Athletics:	NCAA Division I
Affiliations:	Ivy League, AAU, COFHE
Website:	www.upenn.edu

Philadelphia Portal

The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn)^[3][4] is a private university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penn was America's first university^[5] and is the fourth-oldest^[6] institution of higher education in the United States. Penn is also a member of the Ivy League and is one of the Colonial Colleges. For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is the organizing body of Pennsylvanias state-related schools. ... This article is about the state-related university. ... Image File history File links Penn_color_shield. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... The date of establishment or date of founding of an institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... A private university is a university that is run without the control of any government entity. ... A financial endowment is a transfer of money or property donated to an institution, with the stipulation that it be invested, and the principal remain intact. ... USD redirects here. ... University President is the title of the highest ranking officer within a university, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as Chancellor or rector. ... For the novelist see Amy Gutman Amy Gutmann (1949 - ), Ph. ... This article is about work. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... Degree ceremony at Cambridge. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... This article is about the unit of measurement. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... School colors are the colors chosen by a school to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification. ... In heraldry, gules is the tincture with the colour red, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures called colours. In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of vertical lines or else marked with gu. ... The term Azure (from Persian لاژورد lazhward) can refer to any of the following: The blueish color of the sky. ... The athletic nickname, or equivalently athletic moniker, of a university or college within the United States of America is the name officially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its athletic teams. ... Quaker redirects here. ... NCAA redirects here. ... Division I (or DI) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. ... COFHE is an acronym for The Consortium on Financing Higher Education. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Image File history File links Penn_fulllogo. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... A private university is a university that is run without the control of any government entity. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775–1783). ...

Benjamin Franklin, Penn's founder, advocated an educational program that focused as much on practical education for commerce and public service as on the classics and theology. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities, concentrating several "faculties" (e.g., theology, classics, medicine) into one institution. Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ...

Penn is a leader in the arts and humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences, architecture, communications and education.^[7][8] Penn is particularly noted for its schools of business, law and medicine, each of which was the first in North America.ref>USNews.com: America's Best Graduate Schools 2008</ref> About 4,500 professors serve nearly 10,000 full-time undergraduate and 10,000 graduate and professional students.

In FY2007, Penn's academic research programs undertook more than $787 million in research, involving some 4,200 faculty, 870 postdoctoral fellows, 3,800 graduate students, and 5,400 support staff. Much of the funding is provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for biomedical research. A fiscal year (or financial year or accounting reference date) is a 12-month period used for calculating annual (yearly) financial statements in businesses and other organizations. ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ...

Penn tops the Ivy League in annual spending, with a projected 2007 budget of $5.18 billion. In 2007, it ranked fourth among U.S. universities in fundraising, bringing in about $392.4 million in private support.^[9] For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ...

Penn is incorporated as "The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania." The university is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities. The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. ...

History

Liora Pollick Statue, in front of College Hall

In 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the evangelist Rev. George Whitefield. Designed and built by Edmund Woolley, it was the largest building in the city and it was also planned to serve as a charity school. The fundraising, however, fell short and although the building was erected, the plans for both a chapel and the charity school were suspended. In the fall of 1749, eager to create a college to educate future generations, Benjamin Franklin circulated a pamphlet titled "Proposals for the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania," his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of Philadelphia."^[10] However, according to Franklin's autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first drew up a proposal for establishing the academy, "thinking the Rev. Richard Peters a fit person to superintend such an institution." Unlike the other three American Colonial colleges that existed at the time — Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale — Franklin's new school would not focus merely on education for the clergy. He advocated an innovative concept of higher education, one which would teach both the ornamental knowledge of the arts and the practical skills necessary for making a living and doing public service. The proposed program of study became the nation's first modern liberal arts curriculum. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 832 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 832 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was a minister in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. ... Edmund Woolley (c. ... Events While in debtors prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... // Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ... The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775–1783). ... Harvard redirects here. ... The College of William and Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M or The College) is a small, selective, coeducational public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. ... Yale redirects here. ...

Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees (November 13, 1749) the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. Although a lot across Sixth Street from Independence Hall was offered without cost by James Logan, its owner, the Trustees realized that the building erected in 1740, which was still vacant, would be an even better site. On February 1, 1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. In 1751 the Academy, using the great hall at 4th and Arch Streets, took in its first students. A charity school also was opened in accordance with the intentions of the original "New Building" donors, although it lasted only a few years. For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events While in debtors prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). ... Independence Hall is a U.S. national landmark located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th Streets. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Quad in the Fall, facing Ware College House

For its date of founding, the University uses 1740, the date of "the creation of the earliest of the many educational trusts the University has taken upon itself"^[11] (the charity school mentioned above) during its existence. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x541, 681 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x541, 681 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...

The institution was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost Rev. William Smith's loyalist tendencies, the revolutionary State Legislature created a University of the State of Pennsylvania.^[12] The result was a schism, with Rev. William Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into the University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new board of trustees.^[13] These three schools were part of the same institution and were overseen by the same board of Trustees.^[14] The Rev. ... Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American born Loyalists. ... The Rev. ...

Penn has three claims to being the first university in the United States, according to university archive director Mark Frazier Lloyd: founding the first medical school in America in 1765, makes it the first university de facto, while, by virtue of the 1779 charter, "no other American institution of higher learning was named University before Penn."^[5]Also, as previously noted, Harvard, William and Mary and Yale were merely colleges dedicated to the education of the clergy. First university in the United States is a status asserted by more than one U.S. university. ...

After being located in downtown Philadelphia for more than a century, the campus was moved across the Schuylkill River to property purchased from the Blockley Almshouse in West Philadelphia in 1872, where it has since remained in an area now known as University City. The Schuylkill River, pronounced SKOO-kull (IPA: ), is a river in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... The Blockley Almshouse, also known as Philadelphia General Hospital was a charity hospital and poorhouse located in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. ... West Philadelphia is a section of the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. ... Homes in Cedar Park University City is a district in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whose name reflects the proximity of several institutions of higher learning, including the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Lincoln University Urban Center, and The Restaurant School...

Heads of the University of Pennsylvania

George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was a minister in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... The Rev. ... The Rev. ... William Pepper (August 21, 1843 - July 28, 1898), American physician, was born in Philadelphia. ... Thomas Sovereign Gates (1873–1948) was an American investment banker and educator. ... Harold Edward Stassen (April 13, 1907 - March 4, 2001) was the 25th Governor of Minnesota from 1939 to 1943. ... Gaylord Probasco Harnwell CBE (September 29, 1903 - April 1982), was an American educator and physicist, who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1953 to 1970. ... Martin Meyerson (born November 14, 1922 - died June 2, 2007)[1] was a United States city planner and academic leader best known as the President of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) between 1970 and 1981. ... Sheldon Hackney is Boies Professor of United States History and chairman of the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Claire M. Fagin RN PhD FAAN FRCN is a US nurse and fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. ... Judith Rodin (born 1944) Ph. ... For the novelist see Amy Gutman Amy Gutmann (1949 - ), Ph. ...

Other historical facts of the University of Pennsylvania

College Hall and Logan Hall viewed from Woodland Ave., ca. 1892.

Sign outside the University of Pennsylvania

One United States president (William Henry Harrison); nine signers of the Declaration of Independence (Benjamin Franklin, James Wilson, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, Robert Morris, George Ross, Francis Hopkinson, Thomas McKean, and William Paca); eleven signers of the Constitution (Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, Rufus King, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and Hugh Williamson); and three United States Supreme Court justices (William Brennan, Owen Roberts, and James Wilson) are associated with the University. Image File history File links Universityofpennsylvaniacollegehall. ... Image File history File links Universityofpennsylvaniacollegehall. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 658 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Taken on the sidewalk outside the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the Univ. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1944 × 2592 pixel, file size: 658 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Taken on the sidewalk outside the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the Univ. ... William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... William Joseph Brennan, Jr. ... For other persons named James Wilson, see James Wilson (disambiguation). ...

Penn's educational innovations include: the nation's first medical school in 1765; the first university teaching hospital in 1874; the Wharton School, the world's first collegiate school of business, in 1881; the first American student union building, Houston Hall, in 1896;^[15] the country's second school of veterinary medicine; and the home of ENIAC, the world's first electronic, large-scale, general-purpose digital computer in 1946. Penn is also home to the oldest Psychology department in North America and where the American Medical Association was founded.^[16][17] The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... The Perelman quadrangle: Houston Hall (at left), Logan Hall (center) and College Hall (right). ... ENIAC ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ... The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ...

Motto

Penn's motto is based on a line from Horace’s III.24 (Book 3, Ode 24), quid leges sine moribus vanae proficiunt? ("of what avail empty laws without [good] mores?") From 1756 to 1898, the motto read Sine Moribus Vanae. When a wag pointed out that the motto could be translated as "Loose women without morals," the university quickly changed the motto to literae sine moribus vanae ("Letters without morals [are] useless"). In 1932, all elements of the seal were revised, and as part of the redesign it was decided that the new motto "mutilated" Horace, and it was changed to its present wording, Leges Sine Moribus Vanae ("Laws without morals [are] useless").^[18] Horace, as imagined by Anton von Werner Quintus Horatius Flaccus, (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus. ...

Colors

The official school colors are red with hex value 990000, and blue with hex value 011F5B.^[19] In printed materials they are PMS 201 red and PMS 288 blue.^[20]

Academics

Undergraduate programs

The University of Pennsylvania has four undergraduate schools:

Lower Quad in Winter, from Riepe College House

• The School of Arts & Sciences
• The School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)
• The School of Nursing
• The Wharton School

The College of Arts & Sciences is the undergraduate division of the School of Arts and Sciences, which also contains the Graduate Division and the College of General Studies, Penn's division for non-traditional undergraduate and graduate students. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1364 KB) Summary Penn in Winter (Quad) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1364 KB) Summary Penn in Winter (Quad) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is an undergraduate and graduate institution at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...

Penn has a strong focus on interdisciplinary learning and research. It emphasizes joint degree programs, unique majors and academic flexibility. Penn's One University policy allows undergraduates access to courses at all of Penn's undergraduate and graduate schools, excepting the medical and dental schools. This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ...

Undergraduate students at Penn may also take courses at area colleges participating in the Quaker consortium, including Swarthmore, Haverford, and Bryn Mawr. Swarthmore College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in the United States with an enrollment of about 1,450 students. ... Haverford College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. ... Bryn Mawr College (pronounced ) is a highly selective womens liberal arts college located in Bryn Mawr, a community in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, ten miles northwest of Philadelphia. ...

Graduate and professional schools

The following schools offer graduate programs:

University of Pennsylvania Dental School

• Annenberg School for Communication
• Graduate School of Education
• Law School
• Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
• School of Dental Medicine
• School of Design (Formerly the Graduate School of Fine Arts)
• Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science
• School of Medicine
• Graduate School of Nursing
• School of Social Policy & Practice
• School of Veterinary Medicine
• The Wharton School

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2039x1138, 1032 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2039x1138, 1032 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Annenberg School for Communication is the communications school at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education is one of the professional schools at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Silverman Hall of the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania Law School is the law school of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine was established in 1878 as a private institution with a long history in dental education, research and patient care. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Design (PennDesign) is the design school of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is an undergraduate and graduate institution at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvanias School of Medicine, presently located in the University City section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the countrys first school of medicine, founded at the College of Philadelphia, as the University was then called. ... The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...

Joint-degree and interdisciplinary programs

Penn offers specialized joint-degree programs, which award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the University upon completion of graduation criteria of both schools. Undergraduate programs include:

• The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology
• The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business
• Nursing and Health Care Management
• The Roy and Diana Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management
• Civic Scholars Program^[21]

Dual Degree programs which lead to the same multiple degrees without participation in the specific above programs are also available. Unlike joint-degree programs, "dual degree" students fulfill requirements of both programs independently without involvement of another program. Specialized Dual Degree programs include Liberal Studies and Technology as well as a Computer and Cognitive Science Program. Both programs award a degree from the College of Arts and Science and a degree from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology is a Joint-Degree Program offered at the University of Pennsylvania for undergraduates. ... The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business is a Joint-Degree Program offered by the Wharton School and the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Nursing and Health Care Management Program (or NHCM for short) at the University of Pennsylvania is a Joint-Degree Program offered through the School of Nursing and the Wharton School of Business. ... The Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management is a 4-year joint-degree undergraduate program between the College of Arts & Sciences and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, introduced in the fall of 2006. ...

For graduate programs, there are many formalized joint degree graduate programs such as a joint J.D./MBA. Penn is also the home to interdisciplinary institutions such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. Lauder Institute for Management and International Studies, the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, and the Executive Master's in Technology Management Program.

Academic Medical Center and Biomedical Research Complex

Penn's health-related programs - including the Schools of Nursing, Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine, and programs in bioengineering (School of Engineering) and health management (the Wharton School) - are among the university's strongest academic components. The combination of intellectual breadth, research funding (each of the health sciences schools ranks in the top 5 in annual NIH funding), clinical resources and overall scale ranks Penn with only a small handful of peer universities in the U.S.

The size of Penn's biomedical research organization, however, adds a very capital intensive component to the university's operations, and introduces revenue instability due to changing government regulations, reduced Federal funding for research, and Medicaid/Medicare program changes. This is a primary reason highlighted in bond rating agencies' views on Penn's overall financial rating, which ranks one notch below its academic peers. Penn has worked to address these issues by pooling its schools (as well as several hospitals and clinical practices) into the University of Pennsylvania Health System, thereby pooling resources for greater efficiencies and research impact. Medicaid is the US health insurance program for individuals and families with low incomes and resources. ... President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment. ...

Admissions selectivity

The university received 22,634 applications for the Class of 2011 entering in the fall of 2007; Penn admitted 15.9 percent of those applicants, representing its most selective admissions year in history. The College of Arts and Sciences itself had an about 11% acceptance rate. For comparison, in recent years, Penn has received 18,000–20,000 applications for each freshman class, has admitted 20–25% of applications and yielded 60–67% of its extended offers.

At the graduate level, Penn's admissions rates—like most universities'—vary considerably based on school and program. Based on admission statistics from U.S. News, Penn's most selective programs include its law school, the health care schools (medicine, dental medicine, nursing), and its business school.

Rankings

U.S. News & World Report ranked Penn fifth for undergraduate education in 2008, fourth in the Ivy League behind Princeton, Harvard, and Yale.^[22] Penn was previously ranked #4 by U.S. News in both 2005 and 2006. Additionally, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, an often cited ranking compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Penn is the 15th best University in the world.^[23] Newsweek in 2006 ranked Penn the 13th most global university, fourth in the Ivy League school behind Harvard, Yale, and Columbia.^[24] The Center for Measuring University Performance ranks Penn in its top cluster of research universities in the nation tied with Columbia, Harvard, MIT and Stanford universities.^[25] U.S. News & World Report is a weekly newsmagazine. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ...

In 2007, The Washington Monthly published a unique ranking that focused on universities' contributions to national service (Research: total research spending, Ph.D.s granted in science and engineering; Community Service: the number of students in ROTC, Peace Corps, etc.; and Social Mobility: percentage of, and support for, Pell grant recipients); Penn ranked 17th overall, and 4th among private institutions behind Cornell, Stanford and MIT.^[26] The Washington Monthly is a monthly magazine of United States politics and government that is based in Washington, DC. Its founder is Charles Peters, who started the magazine in 1969 and continues to write columns occasionally. ...

Logan Hall, home of The College of Arts and Sciences and former home of The Wharton School

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Undergraduate programs

In the humanities and arts, the departments of African American Studies, anthropology, art history, biology, communications, demography, English, economics, French, history, political science, psychology, sociology, and Spanish are also extremely well regarded. At the undergraduate level, Penn's business and nursing schools have maintained their #1, 2 or 3 rankings since U.S. News began reviewing such programs. Wharton's undergraduate program has been ranked number one by BusinessWeek also. In the School of Engineering, top departments are bioengineering (typically ranked in the top 5 by U.S. News), chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and nanotechnology. The school is also strong in select areas of computer science and artificial intelligence. African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ... This is about the social science. ... This article is about the academic discipline of art history. ... For the song by Girls Aloud see Biology (song) Biology studies the variety of life (clockwise from top-left) E. coli, tree fern, gazelle, Goliath beetle Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, life; and λόγος, logos, speech lit. ... For the Bobby Womack album, see Communication (1972 album). ... Map of countries by population Population growth showing projections for later this century Demography is the statistical study of all populations. ... English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other areas), English linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... Psychological science redirects here. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... U.S. News & World Report is a weekly newsmagazine. ... The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... BusinessWeek is a business magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ... Biological engineering (also biosystems engineering and bioengineering) deals with engineering biological processes in general. ... U.S. News & World Report is a weekly newsmagazine. ... Chemical engineers design, construct and operate plants Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e. ... Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. ...

Graduate and professional programs

Penn's graduate schools are among the most distinguished schools in their respective fields. Historically, Penn's graduate level programs have ranked higher in their respective academic fields than the overall undergraduate program relative to other colleges. Significant investments in Penn's faculty, in marketing the institution to new students and more aggressive sourcing of research and endowment funds have allowed Penn to maintain the standing of its graduate schools even as the university focused intensively on advancing its undergraduate programs.

Penn's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences is generally regarded as one of the top schools in the nation (see 1995 rankings by the National Research Council). A study updated the NRC rankings and adjusted them for faculty size and also factored out reputational surveys (stating that such surveys were lagging indicators of actual academic quality). That study, titled, "The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era", ranked Penn's arts, humanities and sciences departments seventh in the US.

Among its professional schools, the schools of business (Wharton School), architecture and urban planning (School of Design), communications (Annenberg School for Communication), medicine (School of Medicine), dentistry, nursing and veterinary medicine rank in the top five nationally (see U.S. News, National Research Council, Planetizen, DesignIntelligence magazines). Penn's law school is ranked sixth and the social work and education schools are ranked in the top twelve (U.S. News). The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... The Annenberg School for Communication entrance. ... The University of Pennsylvanias School of Medicine, presently located in the University City section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the countrys first school of medicine, founded at the College of Philadelphia, as the University was then called. ... Silverman Hall of the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania Law School is the law school of the University of Pennsylvania. ...

Campus

Overlooking Lower Quad from Upper Quad

Much of Penn's architecture was designed by Cope & Stewardson. The two architects combined the Gothic architecture of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, retaining some of their classical elements, with the local landscape to establish the Collegiate Gothic style. The present core campus covers over 269 acres (~1 km²) in a contiguous area of western Philadelphia's University City district. All of Penn's schools and most of its research institutes are located on this campus. Recent improvements to the surrounding neighborhood includes the opening of several restaurants, a large upscale grocery store, and a movie theater on the western edge of campus. Image File history File linksMetadata Foliage_at_Penn_2005_035. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Foliage_at_Penn_2005_035. ... Image:Cope. ... The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ... The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin San Sebastian Church in Manila, Philippines made entirely of steel. ... Homes in Cedar Park University City is a district in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whose name reflects the proximity of several institutions of higher learning, including the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Lincoln University Urban Center, and The Restaurant School...

Penn recently acquired approximately 35 acres of land located between the campus and the Schuylkill River (the former site of the Philadelphia Civic Center and a nearby 24-acre site owned by the United States Postal Service), which will be redeveloped for expanded educational, research, biomedical, and mixed-use facilities over the next ten years. Philadelphia Civic Center Philadelphia Civic Center. ... USPS and Usps redirect here. ... The AbioCor artificial heart, an example of a biomedical engineering application of mechanical engineering with biocompatible materials for Cardiothoracic Surgery using an artificial organ. ... Mixed-use development refers to the practice of allowing more than one type of use in a building or set of buildings. ...

Upper Quad Gate.

The postal site extends from Market Street on the north to Penn's Bower Field on the south. It encompasses the main U.S. Postal Building at 30th and Market Streets (the retail post office at the east end of the building will remain open), the Postal Annex between Chestnut Street and Walnut Street, the Vehicle Maintenance Facility Garage along Chestnut Street and the 14 acres of surface parking south of Walnut Street. Acquisition of the Postal Lands, which will become official in 2007, will allow Penn to create new connections between the campus and the city, including a pedestrian bridge, and provide additional space for research, teaching, housing and retail. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x525, 794 KB) UpperQuad Gate in Fall I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x525, 794 KB) UpperQuad Gate in Fall I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...

In addition to its properties in West Philadelphia, the University owns the 92-acre Morris Arboretum in Chestnut Hill in northwestern Philadelphia, the official arboretum of the state of Pennsylvania. Penn also owns the 687-acre (2.78 km²) New Bolton Center, the research and large-animal health care center of its Veterinary School. New Bolton Center received nationwide media attention when Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro underwent surgery at its Widener Hospital for injuries suffered while running in the Preakness Stakes. It is located near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. West Philadelphia is a section of the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. ... The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania (37 ha / 92 acres) is the official arboretum of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. ... Chestnut Hill is a place in the State of Massachusetts in the United States of America: see Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine’s New Bolton Center in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, is one of the busiest large animal teaching veterinary clinics in the nation. ... The Hannah Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. ... Barbaro (April 29, 2003 – January 29, 2007) was an American thoroughbred that decisively won the 2006 Kentucky Derby but shattered his leg two weeks later, in the 2006 Preakness Stakes, ending his racing career and eventually leading to his death. ... The Preakness Stakes is a Grade I stakes race 1 3/16 mile (1. ... Kennett Square is a borough in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. ...

Penn borders Drexel University and is near the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (USP). Also nearby is the University City High School. Drexel University is an institution of higher learning and research located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in a variety of health-related disciplines, including pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management, pharmacology, physical therapy, biology, chemistry, toxicology, cell biology, biochemistry, medical technology, and bioinformatics. ...

Libraries

Fisher Fine Arts Library, also referred to as the Furness Library or simply the Fine Arts Library

Penn's library began in 1750 with a donation of books from cartographer Louis Evans. Twelve years later, then-provost William Smith sailed to England to raise additional funds to increase the collection size. More than 250 years later, it has grown into a system of 15 libraries (13 are on the contiguous campus) with 400 FTE employees and a total operating budget of more than $48 million. The library system holds 5.7 million book and serial volumes. It subscribes to 44,000 print serials and e-journals.^[27] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The exterior of the library The interior of the library The Anne & Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library, also known as The Furness Library, and Fine Arts Library is a library located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. ... Year 1750 (MDCCL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... William Smith is the name of: William Smith (1697–1769), father of John Smith, Doctor Thomas Smith, Joshua Hett Smith, and Chief Justice William Smith William Smith (abolitionist) (1756–1835), dissenter and British M.P. whose constituencies included Camelford, Sudbury, and Norwich William Smith (actor) (born 1934) William Smith (boxer...

Penn's Libraries, with associated school or subject area:

• Annenberg (School of Communications), located in the Annenberg School
• Biddle (Law), located in the Law School
• Biomedical, located adjacent to the Robert Wood Johnson Pavilion of the Medical School
• Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, located on Walnut Street at Washington Square
• Chemistry, located in the 1973 Wing of the Chemistry Building
• Dental
• Engineering
• Fine Arts, located within the Fisher Fine Arts Library, designed by Frank Furness.
• Lippincott (Wharton School), located on the second floor of the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center
• Math/Physics/Astronomy, located on the third floor of David Rittenhouse Laboratory
• Museum (Anthropology)
• Rare Books and Manuscripts
• Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center (Humanities and Social Sciences)
• Lea Library, located within the Van Pelt Library
• Veterinary
• High Density Storage

The exterior of the library The interior of the library The Anne & Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library, also known as The Furness Library, and Fine Arts Library is a library located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. ... Frank Heyling Furness (November 12, 1839 - June 27, 1912) was a noted American architect. ...

The University Museum

Main article: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

The University Museum, as it is commonly called, was founded in 1887. During the early twentieth century UPM conducted some of the first and most important archaeological and anthropological expeditions to Egypt, Mesopotamia, Africa, East Asia and South America, thus the collection includes a very large number of antiquities from ancient Egypt and the Middle East. Its most famous object is the goat rearing into the branches of a rosette-leafed plant, from the royal tombs of Ur. The Museum also has a strong collection of Chinese artifacts. Features of its Beaux-Arts building include a dramatic rotunda and gardens that include Egyptian papyrus. UPM's scientific division, MASCA, focuses on the application of modern scientific techniques to aid the interpretation of archaeological contexts. The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology is a small, but very high quality museum in West Philadelphia. ... The third dynasty of Ur reinstalled Sumerian rule after several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian kings (Sumerian Renaissance). ... Beaux-Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. ... In Mosta, Malta, the Rotunda of Santa Marija Assunta is covered by a saucer dome. ... For other uses, see Papyrus (disambiguation). ...

The Institute of Contemporary Art based on Penn's campus, showcases various exhibitions of art throughout the year. The Institute of Contemporary Art or ICA is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is associated with the University of Pennsylvania. ...

Residences

• Stouffer College House
• Fisher Hassenfeld College House
• Rodin College House
• Harrison College House
• Harnwell College House
• Hill College House
• DuBois College House
• Gregory College House
• Kings Court / English House
• Sansom Place East / West
• Ware College House
• Riepe College House

Student life

Main article: Student life at the University of Pennsylvania

Locust Walk lit up during the winter season

Of those accepted for admission to the Class of 2009, 39.2 percent are Asian, Hispanic, African, or Native American. Women comprise 51.3 percent of all students currently enrolled. A total of 2,440 international students applied for admission to Penn's undergraduate schools for the Class of 2008, and 489 (20%) were accepted. More than 13% of the first year class are international students. Of the international students accepted to the Class of 2008, 15.8% were from Africa and the Middle East, 48.1% from Asia, 0.4% from Australia and the Pacific, 11.7% from Canada and Mexico, 10% from Central/South America and the Caribbean, and 14.1% from Europe. Penn had 4,192 international students enrolled at all levels in Fall 2004. Student life at The University of Pennsylvania has many traditions. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Winter_Penn_010. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Winter_Penn_010. ...

The Castle on 36th and Locust.

The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1813, is the oldest continually-existing student group in the United States. The Daily Pennsylvanian has been published since 1885, and is among the top college papers in the country, regularly winning Pacemaker and CSPA Gold Circle awards. The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl is one of the nation's oldest humor magazines. The student-run TV station UTV13 is the oldest college TV station in the country. The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club is one of the oldest continually-operating collegiate choruses in the United States, having been founded in 1862. The Mask and Wig Club is the oldest all-male musical comedy troupe in the country. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... College Hall of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Daily Pennsylvanian is the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The National Pacemaker Awards are awards for excellence in American student journalism, given annually since 1927. ... Logo of the Columbia Scholastic Press Association. ... Gold Circle, an upscale discount chain similar to Target, was the discount division of Lazarus Department Stores, both owned by Federated Department Stores. ... The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl is a humor magazine published by students at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Founded in 1862, the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club is the oldest continually running Glee Club in the United States. ... The Mask and Wig Club, founded in 1889 by Clayton Fotterall McMichael, is the oldest all-male collegiate musical comedy troupe in the United States. ...

The University's Political Science Department is known for publishing a semesterly scholarly journal of undergraduate research called "Sound Politicks." The journal is student-run and is widely noted for the originality and quality of the articles it publishes. It accepts submissions from Penn students year round. There are many such journals across the university.

The University of Pennsylvania Band has been a fixture of student life on campus since 1897. The Penn Band performs at football and basketball games as well as University functions throughout the year and has a current membership of approximately 80 students. The Penn Band The University of Pennsylvania Band (commonly known as the Penn Band) is among the most active collegiate band programs in the country. ...

Athletics

Athletic Logo

The first athletic team at Penn was its cricket team.^[28] In the sport of football, "Penn first fielded a team against Princeton at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.^[29] Image File history File links Quakers. ... Image File history File links Quakers. ... The clubhouse of the Germantown Cricket Club in 1893 The Germantown Cricket Club was a cricket club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... Year 1876 Pick up Sticks(MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Penn's sports teams are called the Quakers. They participate in the Ivy League and Division I (Division I FCS for football) in the NCAA. In recent decades they often have been league champions in football (12 times from 1982 to 2003) and basketball (22 times from 1970 to 2006). Penn football made many contributions to the sport in its early days. During the 1890s Penn's famed coach George Woodruff introduced the quarternick kick, a forerunner of the forward pass, as well as the place-kick from scrimmage and the delayed pass. In 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1904 Penn was generally regarded the national champion of collegiate football.^[30] The achievements of two of Penn's outstanding players from that era—John Heisman and John Outland—are remembered each year with the presentation of the Heisman Trophy to the most outstanding college football player of the year and the Outland Trophy to the most outstanding college football interior lineman of the year. For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... Division I (or DI) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. ... NCAA redirects here. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Heisman John William Heisman (October 23, 1869 – October 3, 1936) was a prominent American football player and college football coach in the early era of the sport and is the namesake of the Heisman Trophy awarded annually to the seasons best college football player. ... John H. Outland (March 7, 1871 – March 24, 1947) was an All-American college football player and the namesake of the Outland Trophy. ... Heisman redirects here. ... Football Writers Association logo The Outland Trophy is awarded to the best United States college football interior lineman. ...

Franklin Field

Each year the Chuck Bednarik Award is given to college football's best defensive player; Chuck (Penn class of 1949) was the NFL's last 60 minute man. Penn basketball is steeped in tradition. Penn made its only (and the Ivy League's second) Final Four appearance in 1979, where the Quakers lost to the Magic Johnson-led Michigan State Spartans in Salt Lake City. (Dartmouth twice finished second in the tournament in the 1940s, but that was before the beginning of formal League play). Penn is also is one of the teams in the Big Five, along with La Salle, Saint Joseph's, Temple and Villanova. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1271x498, 273 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1271x498, 273 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... NCAA Tournament Final Four 1979 Conference Regular Season Champions 1953, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 // Name of School: University of Pennsylvania (Penn) Location (Zip): Philadelphia, Pa. ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ... Final Four is a sports term that is commonly applied to the last four teams remaining in a playoff tournament. ... Earvin Johnson redirects here. ... For other uses of the term Big Five and its variants, see Big five (disambiguation). ... La Salle University is a private, co-educational, comprehensive university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Named for St. ... This article is about the university in the United States. ... For the private Christian university in Tennessee, see Tennessee Temple University. ... Villanova University is a private university located in Radnor Township, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. ...

The Palestra, "Cathedral of Basketball"

Penn's home court, the Palestra, is an arena used for Big Five contests as well as high-school sporting events. The Palestra has hosted more NCAA Tournament basketball games than any other facility. Franklin Field, where the Quakers play football, hosts the annual collegiate track and field event "the Penn Relays," and once was the home field of the National Football League's Philadelphia Eagles. It was also the site of the early Army-Navy football games. Franklin Field, the oldest stadium still operating for football games, was also the home to the first commercially-televised football game, and was also the first stadium to sport two tiers. In 2004, Penn Men's Rugby won the EPRU championship. In 2007, the Men's Basketball team won their third consecutive Ivy League title, then lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament to Texas A&M. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 995 KB) Free to use I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 995 KB) Free to use I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... For the Greek and Roman sports arenas, see Palaestra The Palestra is a historic arena and the home gym of the University of Pennsylvania Quakers mens and womens basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and Philadelphia Big 5 mens basketball. ... Big five can have the following meanings: // In international diplomacy, it refers to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the Greek and Roman sports arenas, see Palaestra The Palestra is a historic arena and the home gym of the University of Pennsylvania Quakers mens and womens basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and Philadelphia Big 5 mens basketball. ... Franklin Field is the University of Pennsylvanias stadium for football, field hockey, lacrosse, sprint football, and track and field (and formerly for soccer). ... Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ... The Penn Relays (also Penn Relays Carnival) is the oldest and largest track and field carnival in the United States, hosted annually since April 21, 1895 by the University of Pennsylvania at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... NFL redirects here. ... City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Team colors Midnight Green, Black, White, and Silver Head Coach Andy Reid Owner Jeffrey Lurie General manager Tom Heckert Fight song Fly, Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1933–present) Eastern Division (1933-1949) American Conference (1950-1952) Eastern Conference (1953-1969) Capitol... M*A*S*H, see The Army-Navy Game (M*A*S*H episode). ... Franklin Field is the University of Pennsylvanias stadium for football, field hockey, lacrosse, sprint football, and track and field (and formerly for soccer). ... The Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union, Inc. ... This article is about NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship. ...

Notable people

This statue of Benjamin Franklin donated by Justus C. Strawbridge to the City of Philadelphia in 1899 now sits in front of College Hall^[31]

See also: List of University of Pennsylvania people

Some noted University of Pennsylvania alumni include the ninth President of the United States, William Henry Harrison,^[32] real estate mogul Donald Trump, CEO and investor Warren Buffett,^[33] Cisco Systems co-founder Len Bosack, linguist and activist Noam Chomsky, Pelican Shakespeare general editor Alfred Harbage, poets Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams, American industrialist Jon Huntsman, philanthropist Walter Annenberg, E. Digby Baltzell who is credited with the acronym WASP, U.S. Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Drew Gilpin Faust, first woman president of Harvard University, and numerous other past and present U.S. Ambassadors, members of Congress, governors, Cabinet members, corporate leaders, and signers of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. Charles Addams (the Addams Family), Harold Prince and singer John Legend were also Penn graduates. The legendary 'Doc' Holliday graduated from Penn's dental school in 1872. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 1136 KB) Statue of Benjamin Franklin in front of College Hall. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 1136 KB) Statue of Benjamin Franklin in front of College Hall. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... College Hall was the first building erected on the campus of the Agriculture College of the State of Michigan (now Michigan State University), and the first in the United States to be erected for the teaching of scientific agriculture. ... This is a list of current and former faculty, alumni, and non-graduating attendees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. ... William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. ... Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946 in Queens, New York, New York) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, television and radio personality and author. ... Warren Edward Buffett (born August 30, 1930, in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American investor, businessman and philanthropist. ... “Cisco” redirects here. ... Len Bosack, co-founder of Cisco Systems. ... Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. ... Alfred Bennett Harbage (July 18, 1901 – May 1976) was an influential Shakespeare scholar of the mid-20th century. ... Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States, October 30, 1885 – Venice, Italy, November 1, 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in early-to-mid 20th century poetry. ... William Carlos Williams Dr. William Carlos Williams (sometimes known as WCW) (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963), was an American poet closely associated with modernism and Imagism. ... There are two notable individuals, a father and son, named Jon Huntsman: Jon Huntsman, Sr. ... Walter H. Annenberg Walter H. Annenberg KBE (March 13, 1908 – October 1, 2002) was an American billionaire publisher, philanthropist, and diplomat. ... E. Digby Baltzell E. Digby Baltzell (Edward Digby Baltzell) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1915 to a wealthy, Episcopalian family. ... White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, commonly abbreviated to the acronym WASP, is a term which originated in the United States. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... William J. Brennan, official portrait, 1976. ... Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust (born September 18, 1947[1]) is an American historian and academic administrator, currently dean of Harvards Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and president-elect of Harvard University. ... Harvard redirects here. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme...

Controversy

The university has come under fire several times in recent years for free speech issues. In spite of this, Penn is one of only two Ivy League universities (the other being Dartmouth College) to receive the highest possible free speech rating from the watchdog group Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, founded by noted Penn professor and civil libertarian Alan Charles Kors. Dartmouth College is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Incorporated as Trustees of Dartmouth College,[6][7] it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. ... The FIRE logo. ... President George W. Bush and Laura Bush stand with 2005 National Humanities Medal recipient Alan Kors. ...

See also: University of Pennsylvania controversy

The 1993 water buffalo incident concerned a Penn student who was charged with violating Penns racial harassment policy for shouting Shut up, you water buffalo from his dorm window to a crowd of noisy, mostly-black sorority sisters. ...

Selected Penn publications

• Daily Pennsylvanian - The independent, student-run newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania
• First Call Magazine - Penn's Undergraduate Magazine
• CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal
• Knowledge@Wharton - online business journal of the Wharton School
• PennScience - undergraduate science research journal
• Res - undergraduate journal of research writing
• Sound Politicks - undergraduate political science journal
• Penn Triangle - science and technology magazine, a student-run SEAS publication

Gallery

The Quad Dormitories Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 524 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 671 pixel, file size: 402 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Description: The Quadrangle Dormitory at the University of Pennsylvania, Photographer: Saad Saadi, Date: 2/19/2003 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into...	The Quad Tower Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	The Castle Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Riepe College House Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (453 × 604 pixel, file size: 67 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
The Furness Library Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	The Quad Dormitories Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	The Quad Dormitories Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	The Quad Courtyard Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Riepe College House Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Hayden Hall Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	College Green in Winter Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...	Law School Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Irvine Auditorium Eddie Irvine, USGP, 2002, by Rick Dikeman File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...	Silverman Hall, Penn Law School Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 971 KB) free to use I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...	High-rise dorms, St. Mary's church in the foreground Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 849 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...	Exterior of the Fisher Fine Arts Library Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 987 KB) Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
The Henry Charles Lea Library, located in Van Pelt Library Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1283 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...	Perelman Quadrangle Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1281 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...	Fisher-Bennett Hall Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 966 KB)free to use |month=December|day=29|year=2006}} File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

See also

• The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club
• Penn Singers
• Wistar Institute
• Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia
• Van Pelt Library
• Philomathean Society, the nation's oldest continually-existing literary society
• The University of Pennsylvania Band
• WQHS Radio, the only student-run campus radio station
• WXPN, Penn's radio station and the home of NPR's World Cafe
• General Robotics Automation Sensing and Perception Lab (GRASP Lab), a leading research center for robotics and related technologies

Founded in 1862, the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club is one of the oldest continually running Glee Clubs in the United States. ... Penn Singers is a light opera company at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Wistar Institute is a scientific institute located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States specializing in the fields of immunology and cell biology. ... The Institute of Contemporary Art or ICA is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is associated with the University of Pennsylvania. ... Built in 1962, The Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library at the University of Pennsylvania was designed by architects Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, & Larson. ... The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is the oldest continuously-existing literary society in the United States and the oldest student group at Penn. ... The Penn Band The University of Pennsylvania Band (commonly known as the Penn Band) is among the most active collegiate band programs in the country. ... WQHS is the student-operated radio station at the University of Pennsylvania. ... WXPN (88. ... NPR logo For other meanings of NPR see NPR (disambiguation) National Public Radio (NPR) is a private, not-for-profit corporation that sells programming to member radio stations; together they are a loosely organized public radio network in the United States. ... World Cafe is a two-hour long nationally syndicated radio program that originates from WXPN, a non-commercial radio station on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

University of Pennsylvania

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

About

• Satellite view of University of Pennsylvania at WikiMapia
• University of Pennsylvania's website
• Office of University Communications
• John Legend - University of Pennsylvania video (Class of 1999)
• Andrea Mitchell - University of Pennsylvania video (Class of 1967)
• John Heisman - University of Pennsylvania video (Class of 1892)
• Research at Penn (Research news and resources)
• Arts at Penn (Event listings and venue information)
• Penn History and Traditions (via Penn Library)
• Histories of Penn (via Penn Archives)
• Gift Planning at University of Pennsylvania
• Penn alumni Forging 50 States
• Building Penn's Brand (Pennsylvania Gazette) Background on the trustees' reasons for "re-dating [Penn's] founding from 1749 to 1740" in 1899.
• The Water Buffalo Incident (book excerpt)

• University of Pennsylvania is at coordinates 39°57′14″N 75°11′35″W / 39.953885, -75.193048 (University of Pennsylvania)Coordinates: 39°57′14″N 75°11′35″W / 39.953885, -75.193048 (University of Pennsylvania)

Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Selected campus organizations

• Penn Student Groups homepages
• Alpha Kappa Delta Phi (nation's 1st and largest Asian Interest Sorority)]
• Alpha Phi Omega (Alpha Phi Omega is Penn's only co-ed community service fraternity)
• The Daily Pennsylvanian (student run campus newspaper)
• Delta Sigma Pi (The Wharton School's business fraternity)
• UP Artists' Circle Fraternity (The UPenn Artists' Circle Fraternity)
• Delta Tau Delta, Omega Chapter
• Fels Institute of Government
• Kite and Key Society (Penn’s oldest and largest service organization)
• The Mask And Wig Club (sketch comedy)
• Penn Alumni Student Society
• The Penn Band
• Penn Cycling (Penn's Road and Mountain Bike Race Team)
• Penn Outdoors: The University of Pennsylvania Outing Club
• Penn Singers (light opera company, which performs a G&S operetta each spring)
• The Penn Triangle (Penn's science and engineering magazine)
• Pennsylvania Punch Bowl (humor magazine)
• PennQuest (we're ready to hike)
• Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania (The nation's oldest continually-existing literary society)
• Robert A. Fox Leadership Program
• Sigma Psi Zeta[19] (Penn's first and largest Asian-interest sorority)
• SPEC (Social Planning and Events Committee]
• STWing, Science and Technology Wing of the University of Pennsylvania
• Undergraduate Assembly (Student Government)
• The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club (The nation's oldest continually-operating collegiate chorus)
• University of Pennsylvania Jazz Ensemble (The first student-run jazz big-band group in the Ivy League)
• West Philadelphia Tutoring Project (Penn's largest community service organization)
• The Nominations and Elections Committee (Member of The University of Pennsylvania's Student Government)

Alpha Phi Omega (commonly known as APO, but also ΑΦΩ, A-Phi-O, and A-Phi-Q) is a co-ed service fraternity organized to provide community service, leadership development, [1] and social opportunities to college students. ... The Artists Circle, is a fraternity based in the University of the Philippines which maintains a long history of service and association with its College of Fine Arts. ... Sigma Psi Zeta Sorority, Inc. ...

Data sources

• The Penn World Table - Heston and Summers' Purchasing Power Parity charts

Notes

v • d • e The University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
	Schools	Wharton School · School of Arts and Sciences · The School of Engineering and Applied Science · Annenberg School for Communication · Graduate School of Education · Law School · School of Medicine · School of Design · Moore School of Electrical Engineering · School of Dental Medicine This page is about the university system across Massachusetts. ... The University of Connecticut is the State of Connecticuts land-grant university. ... William Penn University is a private, liberal arts university in Oskaloosa, Iowa, USA. It was founded by Quakers in 1873 as Penn College. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 282 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (903 × 1920 pixel, file size: 361 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Cropping of Image:Benjamin Franklin statue in front of College Hall. ... The Wharton School Wharton School is the business school of University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Logan Hall, home of The College of Arts and Sciences The School of Arts and Sciences (also known as SAS) is the liberal arts school at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is an undergraduate and graduate institution at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Annenberg School for Communication is the communications school at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education is one of the professional schools at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Silverman Hall of the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania Law School is the law school of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvanias School of Medicine, presently located in the University City section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the countrys first school of medicine, founded at the College of Philadelphia, as the University was then called. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Design (PennDesign) is the design school of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4th, 1923. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine was established in 1878 as a private institution with a long history in dental education, research and patient care. ...
	Programs	The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business · The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology · Lauder Institute · Liberal Studies and Technology · Nursing and Health Care Management · Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management · Vagelos Scholars Program In Molecular Life Sciences The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business is a Joint-Degree Program offered by the Wharton School and the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology is a Joint-Degree Program offered at the University of Pennsylvania for undergraduates. ... The Joseph H. Lauder Institute of Management & International Studies combines a world-renowned Wharton MBA, a Master’s in International Studies from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Arts & Sciences and customized language training. ... The Nursing and Health Care Management Program (or NHCM for short) at the University of Pennsylvania is a Joint-Degree Program offered through the School of Nursing and the Wharton School of Business. ... The Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management is a 4-year joint-degree undergraduate program between the College of Arts & Sciences and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, introduced in the fall of 2006. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
	Places	University City · College Hall · Fisher Fine Arts Library · Houston Hall · Irvine Auditorium · Kelly Writers House · Morris Arboretum · New Bolton Center · Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology · Van Pelt Library · Institute of Contemporary Art Homes in Cedar Park University City is a district in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whose name reflects the proximity of several institutions of higher learning, including the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Lincoln University Urban Center, and The Restaurant School... College Hall and Logan Hall viewed from Woodland Ave. ... The exterior of the library The interior of the library The Anne & Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library, also known as The Furness Library, and Fine Arts Library is a library located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Perelman quadrangle: Houston Hall (at left), Logan Hall (center) and College Hall (right). ... Irvine Auditorium is a performance venue on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. ... Kelly Writers House The Kelly Writers House is a non-profit, community organization dedicated to the literary arts, particularly creative writing. ... The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania (37 ha / 92 acres) is the official arboretum of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine’s New Bolton Center in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, is one of the busiest large animal teaching veterinary clinics in the nation. ... The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology is a small, but very high quality museum in West Philadelphia. ... Built in 1962, The Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library at the University of Pennsylvania was designed by architects Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, & Larson. ... The Institute of Contemporary Art or ICA is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is associated with the University of Pennsylvania. ...
	Athletics	Basketball · Palestra · Franklin Field · Penn Relays · The Band · Philadelphia Big 5 · Ivy League NCAA Tournament Final Four 1979 Conference Regular Season Champions 1953, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 // Name of School: University of Pennsylvania (Penn) Location (Zip): Philadelphia, Pa. ... For the Greek and Roman sports arenas, see Palaestra The Palestra is a historic arena and the home gym of the University of Pennsylvania Quakers mens and womens basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and Philadelphia Big 5 mens basketball. ... Franklin Field is the University of Pennsylvanias stadium for football, field hockey, lacrosse, sprint football, and track and field (and formerly for soccer). ... The Penn Relays (also Penn Relays Carnival) is the oldest and largest track and field carnival in the United States, hosted annually since April 21, 1895 by the University of Pennsylvania at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... The Penn Band The University of Pennsylvania Band (commonly known as the Penn Band) is among the most active collegiate band programs in the country. ... For other uses of the term Big Five and its variants, see Big five (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ...
	Media	34th Street Magazine · Pennsylvania Punch Bowl · Penn Press · Wharton School Publishing · The Daily Pennsylvanian · WQHS Radio · WXPN 34th Street Magazine is the weekly arts and entertainment magazine published by The Daily Pennsylvanian, the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl is a humor magazine published by students at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The University of Pennsylvania Press (or Penn Press) was originally incorporated with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on 26 March 1890, and the imprint of the University of Pennsylvania Press first appeared on publications in the closing decade of the nineteenth century--among the earliest such imprints in America. ... Wharton School Publishing (known colloquially as WSP) is a publishing house, a division of Wharton School and Pearson Education. ... The Daily Pennsylvanian is the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. ... WQHS is the student-operated radio station at the University of Pennsylvania. ... WXPN (88. ...
	Life	Student life · Penn People · Wharton people · Penn Glee Club · Penn Masala · Philomathean Society · Mask and Wig · Penn Singers · Penny Loafers · Hail, Pennsylvania! · The Red and the Blue · The University of Pennsylvania Band Student life at The University of Pennsylvania has many traditions. ... This is a list of current and former faculty, alumni, and non-graduating attendees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. ... The Wharton alumni network has 81,000+ members in 142 countries around the world. ... Founded in 1862, the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club is one of the oldest continually running Glee Clubs in the United States. ... Penn Masala is the worlds first Hindi a cappella group, formed in 1996 by students at the University of Pennsylvania. ... The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is the oldest continuously-existing literary society in the United States and the oldest student group at Penn. ... The Mask and Wig Club, founded in 1889 by Clayton Fotterall McMichael, is the oldest all-male collegiate musical comedy troupe in the United States. ... Penn Singers is a light opera company at the University of Pennsylvania. ... Penny loafers are low, leather step-in shoes whose tops resemble a moccasin, but have broad flat heels. ... Hail, Pennsylvania! written by Edgar M. Dilley in 1897 is the official state song of the state Pennsylvania of the United States. ... The Red & the Blue may refer to: A nickname used collectively for the University of Pennsylvania sports teams. ... The Penn Band The University of Pennsylvania Band (commonly known as the Penn Band) is among the most active collegiate band programs in the country. ...