NationMaster - Encyclopedia: War of the Triple Alliance

The War of the Triple Alliance, also known as the Paraguayan War, was fought from 1864 to 1870, and was by some measures the bloodiest war in the history of the Americas. It was fought between Paraguay and the allied countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1446x945, 459 KB) Summary detail of CÃ¡ndido Lopez, Episodio de la 2da DivisiÃ³n Buenos Aires en la batalla de TuyutÃ, Mayo 24 de 1866, RepÃºblica del Paraguay (1876-1885) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders JosÃ© E. DÃaz, Isidoro Resquin and Vicente Barrios BartolomÃ© Mitre Strength 23,000 to 24,000 men 32,000 to 35,000 men Casualties 6,000 dead, 6,000 to 7,000 wounded 996 dead; 2,935 to 3,068 wounded The Battle... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Paraguay. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uruguay. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Empire_of_Brazil. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Francisco Solano LÃ³pez Francisco Solano LÃ³pez (24 July 1827 - 1 March 1870) was president of Paraguay from 1862 until his death in 1870. ... A dagger (â€ , &dagger;, U+2020) is a typographical symbol or glyph. ... General JosÃ© E. DÃaz JosÃ© Eduvigis DÃaz was a celebrated Paraguayan general. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Empire_of_Brazil. ... Dom Pedro II (pron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Second_Empire_of_Brazil. ... The Duke of Caxias in profile The Duke of Caxias in military dress LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, the duke of Caxias (August 25, 1803-May 7, 1880), was the most important Brazilian military commander in history. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... BartolomÃ© Mitre MartÃnez (1821-1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uruguay. ... Venancio Flores was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders Francisco Solano LÃ³pez Strength Casualties The Mato Grosso campaign was an early Paraguayan offensive in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... Combatants Paraguay Brazil Commanders Pedro InÃ¡cio Meza Francisco Manoel Barroso Strength 8 ships, 36 cannons 9 ships, 59 cannons Casualties three steamers, 6 barges, Unknown personnel One steamer, 247 personnel {{{notes}}} The naval Battle of Riachuelo was a key point in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... Combatants Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil Paraguay Commanders Venancio Flores Pedro Duarte Strength 4,500 Argentineans; 1,450 Brazilians and 2,440 Uruguayans 2,700 - 3,200 men Casualties 83 killed, 257 wounded {{{notes}}} The battle of JataÃ in the War of the Triple Alliance ocurred on August 17, 1865. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders JosÃ© E. DÃaz, Isidoro Resquin and Vicente Barrios BartolomÃ© Mitre Strength 23,000 to 24,000 men 32,000 to 35,000 men Casualties 6,000 dead, 6,000 to 7,000 wounded 996 dead; 2,935 to 3,068 wounded The Battle... The Battle of Curupaity was a key battle in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders Francisco Solano LÃ³pez MarquÃªs de Caxias Strength Casualties The Piquissiri maneuver was a tactical move by Brazilian commander LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, the MarquÃªs de Caxias in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... Combatants Brazilian Empire Paraguay Commanders Marshall of the Army LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias Colonel Bernardino Caballero Strength 13,000 5,000 Casualties 3,000 1,200 On the morning of December 6, Marshall of the Brazilian Army, LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva... The battle of Cerro CorÃ¡ was fought on 1 March 1870 on a hill with the same name, in the north of Paraguay. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... // List of conflicts in North America Before the 16th Century 1006 Norseman versus Beothuk along the coast of Newfoundland Sixteenth Century 1520 Aztecs force CortÃ©s from Tenochtitlan 1521 CortÃ©s captures the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan 1524 Alvarado burns the Mayan kingdom of QuichÃ© 1530 Alvarado enslaves the Mayan kingdoms... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

The start of the war has been widely attributed to causes as varied as the after-effects of colonialism in Latin America, the struggle for physical power over the strategic River Plate region, Brazilian and Argentinian meddling in internal Uruguayan politics, British economic interests in the region, and the expansionist ambitions of Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López.^[1] It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... River Plate can refer to: RÃo de la Plata, known to a large proportion of English speakers as River Plate â€” a large estuary between Argentina and Uruguay Club AtlÃ©tico River Plate, an Argentinian football (soccer) team Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, also known as River Plate Stadium, in... Francisco Solano LÃ³pez Francisco Solano LÃ³pez (24 July 1827 - 1 March 1870) was president of Paraguay from 1862 until his death in 1870. ...

The outcome of the war was the utter defeat of Paraguay. After the Triple Alliance defeated Paraguay in conventional warfare, the conflict turned into a drawn-out guerrilla-style resistance that would devastate the Paraguayan population, both military and civilian. One estimate places total Paraguayan losses — through both war and disease — as high as 1.2 million people, or 90% of its pre-war population.^[2]^[3] A perhaps more accurate estimate^{[citation needed]} places Paraguayan deaths at approximately 300,000 people out of its 500,000 to 525,000 prewar inhabitants.^[4] The Treaty of the Triple Alliance allied Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...

It took decades for Paraguay to recover from the chaos and demographic imbalance in which it had been placed; what had been by name one of the first South American republics only chose its first democratically-elected president in 1993. In Brazil, the war helped bring about the end of slavery, moved the military into a key role in the public sphere, and caused a ruinous increase of public debt, which took decades to pay, seriously reducing the country's growth. The war would lead to the modernization of Argentina. After the war, that country quickly became Latin America's wealthiest nation, a position it lost several decades later. For Uruguay, it was the last time that Brazil and Argentina would take such an interventionist role in its internal politics.^[5] A republic in its basic sense, is constitutional government. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Slave redirects here. ...

The setup

Paraguay before the war

Historians have long considered that Paraguay under José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (1813–1840) and Carlos Antonio López (1841–1862) developed quite differently from other South American countries. The aim of Rodríguez de Francia and Carlos López was to encourage self-sufficient economic development in Paraguay by imposing isolation from neighboring countries.^[6] But historiography is ever-changing: in the 1960s and 1970s, many historians claimed that the War of the Triple Alliance was caused by pseudo-colonial influence of the British who were in need of a new source of cotton due to the United States civil war.[4] JosÃ© Gaspar RodrÃguez de Francia, El Supremo Dr. JosÃ© Gaspar RodrÃguez de Francia y Velasco (January 6, 1766 â€“ September 20, 1840) was the first leader of Paraguay following its independence from Spain. ... Carlos Antonio LÃ³pez (November 4, 1790-September 10, 1862) was a Paraguayan political figure. ... The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy...

The regime of the López family was characterized by a harsh centralism without any room for the creation of a true civil society. There was no distinction between the public and the private sphere, and the López family ruled the country as it would a large property estate.^[7]

The government controlled all exports. The yerba mate and valuable wood exported maintained the balance of commerce.^[8] Paraguay was extremely protectionist, never accepting loans from the outside and, through high tariffs, refusing the entrance of foreign products. Francisco Solano López, son of Carlos Antonio López, replaced the father as president-dictator in 1862, and generally continued the political policies of his predecessors. Binomial name Ilex paraguariensis A. St. ... Francisco Solano LÃ³pez Francisco Solano LÃ³pez (24 July 1827 - 1 March 1870) was president of Paraguay from 1862 until his death in 1870. ...

In the area of the military, however, Solano López modernized and expanded in ways that eventually would lead to war.^[9] More than 200 foreign technicians, hired by the government, installed telegraph lines and railroads to aid the steel, textiles, paper, ink, naval construction and gunpowder industries. The Ybycuí foundry, installed in 1850, manufactured cannons, mortars and bullets of all calibers. Warships were built in the Asunción shipyards. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

This growth required contact with the international market, but Paraguay was landlocked. Its ports were river ports and ships had to travel down the Río Paraguay and the Río Paraná to reach the estuary of the Rio de la Plata and the ocean. Solano López conceived a project to obtain a port in the Atlantic Ocean: he perhaps intended to create a "Greater Paraguay" by capturing a slice of Brazilian territory that would link Paraguay to the coastline.^[10] The Paraguay River near AsunciÃ³n The River Paraguay (Rio Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese) is a major river in south central South America, running through Brazil and Paraguay and forming a border between Brazil and Bolivia as well as Paraguay and Argentina. ... The sun rising over the ParanÃ¡ River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ... The term Rio de la Plata may refer to the following: Rio de la Plata, a river in the U.S. Territory of Puerto Rico River Plate, an Estuary in South America This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...

To maintain his expansionist intentions, López began to prepare Paraguay's military. He encouraged the industry of war, mobilized a large quantity of men for the army (mandatory military service already existed in Paraguay), submitted them to intensive military training, and built fortifications at the mouth of the Río Paraguay.

Diplomatically, Solano López wanted to ally himself with Uruguay's ruling Blanco Party. The Colorados were tied to Brazil and Argentina.^[11] The National Party (Partido Nacional), also known as the White Party (Partido Blanco), is a major center-right political party in Uruguay, currently the major opposition party to the ruling Frente Amplio government. ... The Colorado Party (Spanish: Partido Colorado) is a political party in Uruguay. ...

River Plate politics

Since Brazil and Argentina had become independent, the fight between the governments of Buenos Aires and of Rio de Janeiro for hegemony in the River Plate basin profoundly marked the diplomatic and political relations between the countries of the region.^[12] Brazil almost entered into war with Argentina twice. For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Hegemony (pronounced or ) (Greek: ) is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ...

The government of Buenos Aires intended to reconstruct the territory of the old Viceroyalty of the River Plate, enclosing Paraguay and Uruguay. It carried out diverse attempts to do so during the first half of the 19th century, without success — many times due to Brazilian intervention. Fearing excessive Argentine control, Brazil favored a balance of power in the region, helping Paraguay and Uruguay retain their sovereignty. Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del RÃo de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ...

Brazil, under the rule of the Portuguese, was the first country to recognize the independence of Paraguay in 1811. While Argentina was ruled by Juan Manuel Rosas (1829–1852), a common enemy of both Brazil and Paraguay, Brazil contributed to the improvement of the fortifications and development of the Paraguayan army, sending officials and technical help to Asunción. As no roads linked the province of Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian ships needed to travel through Paraguayan territory, going up the Río Paraguay to arrive at Cuiabá. Many times, however, Brazil had difficulty obtaining permission to sail from the government in Asunción. Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas y López de Osornio (born Juan Manuel Ortiz de Rozas, 1793-1877) was a conservative Argentinian politician who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Flag of Mato Grosso See other Brazilian States Capital CuiabÃ¡ Largest City CuiabÃ¡ Area 903,357. ... This article is about the Brazilian city. ... Coordinates: , Country Brazil Region Central-West State Mato Grosso Government - Mayor Wilson Pereira dos Santos PSDB Area - City 3,538 kmÂ² (1,366 sq mi) Elevation 165 m (541 ft) Population (2000) - City 542,861 - Density 153. ...

Brazil carried out three political and military interventions in Uruguay - in 1851, against Manuel Oribe to fight Argentine influence in the country; in 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorados, who were traditionally supported by the Brazilian empire; and in 1864, against Atanásio Aguirre. This last intervention would be the fuse of the War of the Triple Alliance. These interventions were aligned to the British desire for the fragmentation of the River Plate region to stop any attempt to monopolize the region's minerals as well as the control of both shores of the River Plate, therefore, controlling the access of all ships going upriver. Manuel Oribe (1792 - 1857) was a Uruguayan political figure. ... Venancio Flores was a Uruguayan political figure. ... The Colorado Party (Spanish: Partido Colorado) is a political party in Uruguay. ... River Plate can refer to: RÃo de la Plata, known to a large proportion of English speakers as River Plate â€” a large estuary between Argentina and Uruguay Club AtlÃ©tico River Plate, an Argentinian football (soccer) team Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, also known as River Plate Stadium, in...

Intervention against Aguirre

In April 1864, Brazil sent a diplomatic mission to Uruguay led by José Antônio Saraiva to demand payment for the damages caused to gaucho farmers in border conflicts with Uruguayan farmers. The Uruguayan president Atanásio Aguirre, of the National Party, refused the Brazilian demands. For other uses, see Gaucho (disambiguation). ... The National Party (Partido Nacional), also known as the White Party (Partido Blanco), is a major center-right political party in Uruguay, currently the major opposition party to the ruling Frente Amplio government. ...

Solano López offered himself as mediator, but was turned down by Brazil. López subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Brazil — in August 1864 — and declared that the occupation of Uruguay by Brazilian troops would be an attack on the equilibrium of the River Plate region.

On October 12, Brazilian troops invaded Uruguay. The followers of the Colorado Venancio Flores, who had the support of Argentina, united with the Brazilian troops and deposed Aguirre.^[13]

The War

The war begins

When attacked by Brazil, the Uruguayan Blancos asked for help from Solano López, but Paraguay did not directly come to their ally's aid. Instead, on November 12, 1864, the Paraguayan ship Tacuari captured the Brazilian ship Marquês of Olinda which had sailed up the Río Paraguay to the province of Mato Grosso.^[14] Paraguay declared war on Brazil on December 13 and on Argentina three months later, on March 18, 1865. Uruguay, already governed by Venancio Flores, aligned itself with Brazil and Argentina. is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Flag of Mato Grosso See other Brazilian States Capital CuiabÃ¡ Largest City CuiabÃ¡ Area 903,357. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

At the beginning of the war, the military force of the Triple Alliance was inferior to that of Paraguay, which included more than 60,000 well-trained men - 38,000 of whom were immediately under arms - and a naval squadron of 23 vapores and five river-navigating ships, based around the gunboat the Tacuari.^[15] Its artillery included about 400 cannons. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x685, 36 KB) Summary Soldados dos VoluntÃ¡rios da Patria que combateram na Guerra do Paraguai. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x685, 36 KB) Summary Soldados dos VoluntÃ¡rios da Patria que combateram na Guerra do Paraguai. ...

The armies of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay were a fraction of the total size of the Paraguayan army. Argentina had approximately 8,500 regular troops and a squadron of four vapores and one goleta. Uruguay entered the war with fewer than 2,000 men and no navy. Many of Brazil's 16,000 troops were initially located in its southern garrisons.^[16] The Brazilian advantage, though, was in its navy: 42 ships with 239 cannons and about 4,000 well trained crew. A great part of the squadron already met in the River Plate basin, where it had acted, under the Marquis of Tamandaré, in the intervention against Aguirre. The Marquis of TamandarÃ©, was the admiral in control of the Brazilian naval fleet for much of the War of the Triple Alliance. ...

Brazil, however, was unprepared to fight a war. Its army was unorganized. The troops used in the interventions in Uruguay were composed merely of the armed contingents of gaucho politicians and some of the staff of the National Guard. The Brazilian infantry who fought in the War of the Triple Alliance were not professional soldiers but volunteers, the so called Voluntários da Pátria. Many were slaves sent by farmers. The cavalry was formed from the National Guard of Rio Grande Do Sul. Flag of Rio Grande do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Porto Alegre Largest City Porto Alegre Area 282,062 kmÂ² Population - Total - Density 10. ...

Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay would sign the Treaty of the Triple Alliance in Buenos Aires on May 1, 1865, allying the three River Plate countries against Paraguay. They named Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, as supreme commander of the allied troops.^[17] The Treaty of the Triple Alliance allied Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... BartolomÃ© Mitre MartÃnez (1821-1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. ...

Paraguayan offensive

During the first phase of the war Paraguay took the initiative. The armies of López dictated the location of initial battles — invading Mato Grosso in the north in December 1864, Rio Grande do Sul in the south in the first months of 1865 and the Argentine province of Corrientes. Flag of Mato Grosso See other Brazilian States Capital CuiabÃ¡ Largest City CuiabÃ¡ Area 903,357. ... Flag of Rio Grande do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Porto Alegre Largest City Porto Alegre Area 282,062 kmÂ² Population - Total - Density 10. ... Corrientes is a province in northeast Argentina, in the Mesopotamia region. ...

Two bodies of Paraguayan troops invaded Mato Grosso simultaneously. Due to the numerical superiority of the invaders the province was captured quickly.

Five thousand men, transported in ten ships and commanded by the colonel Vicente Barrios, went up the Río Paraguay and attacked the fort of Nova Coimbra. The garrison of 155 men resisted for three days under the command of the lieutenant-colonel Hermenegildo de Albuquerque Porto Carrero, later baron of Fort Coimbra. When the munitions were exhausted the defenders abandoned the fort and withdrew up the river on board the gunship Anhambaí in direction of Corumbá. After they occupied the empty fort the Paraguayans advanced north taking the cities of Albuquerque and Corumbá in January 1865. Nickname: Location in Brazil Coordinates: , Country Brazil Region Center-West State Mato Grosso do Sul Founded 1778 Government - Mayor Ruiter Cunha de Oliveira (Workers Party) Area - City 65,000 kmÂ² (25,096. ...

The second Paraguayan column, which was led by Colonel Francisco Isidoro Resquín and included four thousand men, penetrated a region south of Mato Grosso, and sent a detachment to attack the military frontier of Dourados. The detachment, led by Major Martín Urbieta, encountered tough resistance on December 29, 1864 from Lieutenant Antonio João Ribeiro and his 16 men, who died without yielding. The Paraguayans continued to Nioaque and Miranda, defeating the troops of the colonel José Dias da Silva. Coxim was taken in April 1865. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x774, 31 KB) Argentinian boy and soldier at the Triple Alliance War (non-copyrigted image, more than 100 years old) File links The following pages link to this file: War of the Triple Alliance ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x774, 31 KB) Argentinian boy and soldier at the Triple Alliance War (non-copyrigted image, more than 100 years old) File links The following pages link to this file: War of the Triple Alliance ... Dourados is a city in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, 225 km Southwest of Campo Grande, the states capital. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Nioaque is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. ... Coxim is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. ...

The Paraguayan forces, despite their victories, did not continue to Cuiabá, the capital of the province. Augusto Leverger had fortified the camp of Melgaço to protect Cuiabá. The main objective was to distract the attention of the Brazilian government to the north as the war would lead to the south, closer to the River Plate estuary. The invasion of Mato Grosso was a diversionary maneuver. Coordinates: , Country Brazil Region Central-West State Mato Grosso Government - Mayor Wilson Pereira dos Santos PSDB Area - City 3,538 kmÂ² (1,366 sq mi) Elevation 165 m (541 ft) Population (2000) - City 542,861 - Density 153. ... Location - Country Portugal - Region Norte - Subregion Minho-Lima - District or A.R. Viana do Castelo Mayor AntÃ³nio Solheiro - Party PS Area 238. ... A satellite view of the estuary Another satellite view of the estuary The RÃo de la Plata (from the Spanish: River of Silver, also known by the English name River Plate (as in the Battle of the River Plate) or sometimes [La] Plata River), is the estuary formed from...

The invasion of Corrientes and of Rio Grande do Sul was the second phase of the Paraguayan offensive. To raise the support of the Uruguayan Blancos, the Paraguayan forces had to travel through Argentine territory. In March of 1865, López asked the Argentine government's permission for an army of 25,000 men (led by General Wenceslao Robles) to travel through the province of Corrientes. The president - Bartolomé Mitre, an ally of Brazil in the intervention in Uruguay - refused. The city of Corrientes and the ParanÃ¡ River, photographed from the International Space Station. ... Flag of Rio Grande do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Porto Alegre Largest City Porto Alegre Area 282,062 kmÂ² Population - Total - Density 10. ... BartolomÃ© Mitre MartÃnez (1821-1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author. ...

In the March 18, 1865, Paraguay declared war on Argentina. A Paraguayan squadron, coming down the Río Paraná, imprisoned Argentine ships in the port of Corrientes. Immediately, General Robles's troops took the city. is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The sun rising over the ParanÃ¡ River, from the north-east of Rosario, Argentina. ...

In invading Corrientes, López tried to obtain the support of the powerful Argentine caudillo Justo José de Urquiza, governor of the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos, and the chief federalist hostile to Mitre and to the government of Buenos Aires.^[18] But Urquiza assumed an ambiguous attitude towards the Paraguayan troops—which would advance around 200 kilometers south before ultimately ending the offensive in failure. Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word usually used to designate a political-military leader at the head of an authoritative power. ... Justo JosÃ© de Urquiza y GarcÃa (October 18, 1801 â€“ April 11, 1870) was an Argentine general and politician. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...

Along with Robles's troops, a force of 10,000 men under the orders of the lieutenant-colonel Antonio de la Cruz Estigarriba crossed the Argentine border south of Encarnación, in May 1865, driving for Rio Grande do Sul. They traveled down Río Uruguay and took the town of São Borja on June 12. Uruguaiana, to the south, was taken on August 5 without any significant resistance. The Brazilian reaction was yet to come. Flag of Rio Grande do Sul See other Brazilian States Capital Porto Alegre Largest City Porto Alegre Area 282,062 kmÂ² Population - Total - Density 10. ... SÃ£o Borja is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul Categories: Cities in Brazil ...

Brazil reacts

Brazil sent an expedition to fight the invaders in Mato Grosso. A column of 2,780 men led by Colonel Manuel Pedro Drago left Uberaba in Minas Gerais in April 1865, and arrived at Coxim in December after a difficult march of more than two thousand kilometers through four provinces. But Paraguay had abandoned Coxim by December. Drago arrived at Miranda in September 1866 - and Paraguay had left once again. In January 1867, Colonel Carlos de Morais Camisão assumed command of the column, now only 1,680 men, and decided to invade Paraguayan territory, where he penetrated as far as Laguna. The expedition was forced to retreat by the Paraguayan cavalry. Image File history File links Candidolopez. ... Image File history File links Candidolopez. ... Painter and South American military figure. ... Flag of Mato Grosso See other Brazilian States Capital CuiabÃ¡ Largest City CuiabÃ¡ Area 903,357. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Flag of Minas Gerais See other Brazilian States Capital Belo Horizonte Largest City Belo Horizonte Area 586,528. ...

Despite the efforts of Colonel Camisão's troops and the resistance in the region, which succeeded in liberating Corumbá in June 1867, Mato Grosso remained under the control of the Paraguayans. They finally withdrew in April 1868, moving their troops to the main theatre of operations, in the south of Paraguay.

Communications in the River Plate basin was solely by river; few roads existed. Whoever controlled the rivers would win the war, so the Paraguayan fortifications had been built on the edges of the lower end of Río Paraguay.

The naval battle of Riachuelo occurred on June 11, 1865. The Brazilian fleet commanded by Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva won, destroying the powerful Paraguayan navy and preventing the Paraguayans from permanently occupying Argentine territory. The battle practically decided the outcome of the war in favour of the Triple Alliance, which controlled, from that point on, the rivers of the River Plate basin up to the entrance to Paraguay.^[19] Image File history File links Batalla_Riachuelo. ... Image File history File links Batalla_Riachuelo. ... Meirelless Combate Naval do Riachuelo Victor Meirelles de Lima (August 18, 1832 - February 22, 1903) was a 19th century painter. ... Combatants Paraguay Brazil Commanders Pedro InÃ¡cio Meza Francisco Manoel Barroso Strength 8 ships, 36 cannons 9 ships, 59 cannons Casualties three steamers, 6 barges, Unknown personnel One steamer, 247 personnel {{{notes}}} The naval Battle of Riachuelo was a key point in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Commodore Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva directed the Brazilian fleet while the Marquis of TamandarÃ© was absent during the Battle of Riachuelo in the War of the Triple Alliance. ...

While López ordered the retreat of the forces that occupied Corrientes, the Paraguayan troops that invaded São Borja advanced, taking Itaqui and Uruguaiana. A separate division (3,200 men) that continued towards Uruguay, under the command of the major Pedro Duarte, was defeated by Flores in the bloody battle of Jataí on the banks of the Río Uruguay. SÃ£o Borja is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul Categories: Cities in Brazil ... Itaqui is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, located near the Argentinian border, by the Uruguay River, in the southwestern part of the state, between Uruguaiana and SÃ£o Borja. ... Uruguaiana is an important city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul Categories: Brazil geography stubs | Cities in Brazil ... Combatants Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil Paraguay Commanders Venancio Flores Pedro Duarte Strength 4,500 Argentineans; 1,450 Brazilians and 2,440 Uruguayans 2,700 - 3,200 men Casualties 83 killed, 257 wounded {{{notes}}} The battle of JataÃ in the War of the Triple Alliance ocurred on August 17, 1865. ...

The allied troops united under the command of Mitre in the camp of Concórdia, in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos, with the field-marshal Manuel Luís Osório at the front of the Brazilian troops. Part of the troops, commanded by the lieutenant-general Manuel Marques de Sousa, baron of Porto Alegre, left to reinforce Uruguaiana. The Paraguayans yielded on September 18, 1865. is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

In the subsequent months the Paraguayans were driven out of the cities of Corrientes and San Cosme, the only Argentine territory still in Paraguayan possession. By the end of 1865, the Triple Alliance was on the offensive. Their armies numbered more than 50,000 men and were prepared to invade Paraguay. Metro San Cosme San Cosme Department San Cosme, Corrientes Category: ...

Invasion of Paraguay

The invasion of Paraguay followed the course of the Río Paraguay, from the Paso de la Patria. From April 1866 to July 1868, military operations concentrated in the confluence of the rivers Paraguay and Paraná, where the Paraguayans located their main fortifications. For more than two years, the advance of the invaders was blocked, despite initial Triple Alliance victories. An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory, or altering the established government. ...

The first stronghold taken was Itapiru. After the battles of the Paso de la Patria and of the Estero Bellaco, the allied forces camped on swamps of Tuyutí, where they were attacked. The first battle of Tuyutí, won by the allies on May 24, 1866, was the biggest pitched battle in the history of South America. Image File history File links Tuyuti. ... Image File history File links Tuyuti. ... Painter and South American military figure. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders JosÃ© E. DÃaz BartolomÃ© Mitre Strength 27,000 men 34,000 men Casualties 7,000 dead, 8,000 wounded 996 dead, 2935 wounded The battle of TuyutÃ was the last Paraguayan offensive in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Due to health reasons, in July 1866, Osório passed the command of the First Corps of the Brazilian army to General Polidoro da Fonseca Quintanilha Jordão. At the same time, the Second Corps—10,000 men—arrived at the theater of operations, brought from Rio Grande Do Sul by the baron of Porto Alegre.

To open the way to Humaitá, the biggest Paraguayan stronghold, Mitre attacked the batteries of Curuzu and Curupaity. Curuzu was taken by surprise by the baron of Porto Alegre, but Curupaity resisted the 20,000 Argentines and Brazilians, led by Mitre and Porto Alegre, with support of the squadron of admiral Tamandaré. This failure (5,000 men were lost in a few hours) created a command crisis and stopped the advance of the allies. HumaitÃ¡ is a town in southern Paraguay, lying on the Paraguay River. ... The Battle of Curupaity was a key battle in the War of the Triple Alliance. ...

During this phase of the war, many Brazilian servicemen distinguished themselves, amongst them, the heroes of Tuyutí: General José Luís Mena Barreto; Brigadier General Antônio de Sampaio, protector of the infantry weapons of the Brazilian Army; Lieutenant Colonel Emílio Luís Mallet, head of the artillery; and even Osório, head of the cavalry. In addition, Lieutenant Colonel João Carlos of Vilagrã Cabrita, head of weapons of engineering, died in Itapiru.

Caxias in command

Assigned on October 10, 1866 to command the Brazilian forces, Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis and, later, Duke of Caxias, arrived in Paraguay in November, finding the Brazilian army practically paralyzed. The contingent of Argentines and Uruguayans, devastated by disease, were cut off from the rest of the allied army. Mitre and Flores returned to their respective countries due to questions of internal politics. Tamandaré was replaced in command by the Admiral Joaquim José Inácio, future Viscount of Inhaúma. Osório organized a 5,000-strong third Corps of the Brazilian army in Rio Grande do Sul. In Mitre's absence, Caxias assumed the general command and restructured the army. is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Duke of Caxias in profile The Duke of Caxias in military dress LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, the duke of Caxias (August 25, 1803-May 7, 1880), was the most important Brazilian military commander in history. ...

Between November 1866 and July 1867, Caxias organized a health corps (to give aid to the endless number of injured soldiers and to fight the epidemic of cholera) and a system of supplying of the troops. In that period military operations were limited to skirmishes with the Paraguayans and to bombarding Curupaity. López took advantage of the disorganization of the enemy to reinforce his stronghold in Humaitá. The Battle of Curupaity was a key battle in the War of the Triple Alliance. ...

The march to flank the left wing of the Paraguayan fortifications constituted the basis of Caxias's tactics. Caxias wanted to bypass the Paraguayan strongholds, cut the connections between Asunción and Humaitá, and finally circle the Paraguayans. To this end, Caxias marched to Tuiu-Cuê. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

But Mitre, who had returned to the command in August 1867, insisted on attacking by the right wing, a strategy that had previously been disastrous in Curupaity. By his order, the Brazilian squadron forced its way past Curupaity but was forced to stop at Humaitá. New splits in the high command arose: Mitre wanted to continue, but the Brazilians instead captured São Solano, Pike and Tayi, isolating Humaitá from Asunción. In reaction, López attacked the rearguard of the allies in Tuiuti, but suffered new defeats. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x632, 36 KB) Summary Oficial e soldado do ImpÃ©rio do Brasil, uniformes da Guerra do Paraguai. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (500x632, 36 KB) Summary Oficial e soldado do ImpÃ©rio do Brasil, uniformes da Guerra do Paraguai. ... Look up Pike and pike in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

With the removal of Mitre in January 1868, Caxias reassumed the supreme command and decided to bypass Curupaity and Humaitá, carried out with success by the squadron commanded by Captain Delfim Carlos de Carvalho, later Baron of Passagem. Humaitá fell on 25 July after a long siege.

En route to Asunción, Caxias's army went 200 kilometers to Palmas, stopping at the Piquissiri river. There López had concentrated 18,000 Paraguayans in a fortified line that exploited the terrain and supported the forts of Angostura and Itá-Ibaté. Resigned to frontal combat, Caxias ordered the so-called Piquissiri maneuver. While a squadron attacked Angostura, Caxias made the army cross on the right side of the river. He ordered the construction of a road in the swamps of the Chaco, upon which the troops advanced to the northeast. At Villeta, the army crossed the river again, between Asunción and Piquissiri, behind the fortified Paraguayan line. Instead of it advancing to the capital, already evacuated and bombarded, Caxias went south and attacked the Paraguayans from behind. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders Francisco Solano LÃ³pez MarquÃªs de Caxias Strength Casualties The Piquissiri maneuver was a tactical move by Brazilian commander LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, the MarquÃªs de Caxias in the War of the Triple Alliance. ... The name Angostura may refer to Angostura bitters and the associated company Angostura Ltd. ... There are things that have the name Chaco: South America: Gran Chaco, a region in South America Chaco Province, Argentina in the northeastern part of the country Chaco, a region in Paraguay Chaco Department, historical in Paraguay and proposed in Bolivia Gran Chaco Province, Bolivia (in Tarija Department) Chaco War... Villeta is a town in Central Department, Paraguay. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Caxias had obtained a series of victories in December 1868, when he went back south to take Piquissiri from the rear, capturing Itororó, Avaí, Lomas Valentinas and Angostura. On December 24 the three new commanders of the Triple Alliance (Caxias, the Argentine Juan Andrés Gelly y Obes, and the Uruguayan Enrique Castro) sent a note to Solano López asking for surrender. But López turned it down and fled for Cerro Leon. Combatants Brazilian Empire Paraguay Commanders Marshal of the Army LuÃs Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias Colonel Bernardino Caballero Strength 13,000 5,000 Casualties 3,000 1,200 On the morning of December 6, 1868, Marshal of the Brazilian Army, LuÃs Alves de Lima e... AvaÃ is a municipality in the state of SÃ£o Paulo in Brazil. ...

Asunción was occupied on January 1, 1869 by commands of Colonel Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca, father of the future Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. On the fifth day, Caxias entered in the city with the rest of the army and 13 days later left his command. is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (May 12, 1855 - September 9, 1923) was a Brazilian soldier and politician. ...

The end of the war

Command of Count d'Eu

The son-in-law of the emperor Dom Pedro II, Luís Filipe Gastão de Orléans, Count d'Eu, was nominated to direct the final phase of the military operations in Paraguay. He sought not just a total rout of Paraguay, but also the strengthening of the Brazilian Empire. In August 1869, the Triple Alliance installed a provisional government in Asunción headed by Paraguayan Cirilo Antonio Rivarola. Dom Pedro IIs family Dom Pedro II and President Ulysses S. Grant, Philadelphia Exposition, 1876 Dom Pedro II in his old age Dom Pedro II of Brazil Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil was the second and final Brazilian Emperor. ... Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston dOrlÃ©ans, comte dEu (1842-1922) was the eldest son of Louis Charles Philippe Raphael, duc de Nemours and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cirilo Antonio Rivarola was President of Paraguay March 1, 1870 - December 10, 1870. ...

Solano López organized the resistance in the mountain range northeast of Asunción. At the head of 21,000 men, Count d'Eu led the campaign against the Paraguayan resistance, the Campaign of the Mountain Range, which lasted over a year. The most important battles were the battles of Piribebuy and of Acosta Ñu, in which more than 5,000 Paraguayans died. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Piribebuy is a district of the Cordillera Department of Paraguay. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...

Two detachments were sent in pursuit of Solano López, who was accompanied by 200 men in the forests in the north. On March 1, 1870, the troops of General José Antônio Correia da Câmara surprised the last Paraguayan camp in Cerro Corá, where Solano López was fatally injured by a spear as he tried to swim away down the Aquidabanigui stream. His last words were: "Muero por mi patria" (I die for my homeland). This marks the end of the war of the Triple Alliance. is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Cerro CorÃ¡ may refer to: Argentina Cerro CorÃ¡, Misiones Brazil Cerro CorÃ¡, Rio Grande do Norte Paraguay The Battle of Cerro CorÃ¡, 1 March 1870 Cerro CorÃ¡, Alto Paraguay Cerro CorÃ¡, Amambay Club Cerro CorÃ¡ (football team) See also Special:Allpages/Cerro Cor* Category: ...

Mortality

The Paraguayan people had been fanatically committed to López and the war effort, and as a result they fought to the point of dissolution. Paraguay suffered massive casualties, losing perhaps the majority of its population. The war left it utterly prostrate.

The specific numbers of casualties are hotly disputed, but it has been estimated that 300,000 Paraguayans, mostly civilians, died; up to 90% of the male population may have been killed. According to one numerical estimation, the prewar population of approximately 525,000 Paraguayans was reduced to about 221,000 in 1871, of which only about 28,000 were men. Definitively accurate casualty numbers will probably never be determined. Image File history File links Prisioneros_Paraguayos. ... Image File history File links Prisioneros_Paraguayos. ...

Of the around 123,000 Brazilians that fought in the War of the Triple Alliance, the best estimates say that around 50,000 died. Uruguayan forces counted barely 5,600 men (some of whom were foreigners), of whom about 3,100 died. Argentina lost around 18,000 of its 30,000 combatants.

The high rates of mortality, however, were not the result of the armed conflict in itself. Bad food and very bad hygiene caused most of the deaths. Among the Brazilians, two-thirds of the killed died in hospitals and during the march, before facing the enemy. In the beginning of the conflict, most of the Brazilian soldiers came from the north and northeast regions of the country; the changes from a hot to cold climate and the amount of food available to them were abrupt. Drinking the river water was sometimes fatal to entire battalions of Brazilians. Cholera was, perhaps, the main cause of death during the war. Cholera (or Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ...

Consequences of the war

Following Paraguay's final defeat in 1870, Argentina sought to enforce one of the secret clauses of the Triple Alliance Treaty, according to which Argentina would receive a large part of the Gran Chaco, a Paraguayan region rich in quebracho (a product used in the tanning of leather). The Argentinian negotiators proposed to Brazil that Paraguay should be divided in two, with each of the victors incorporating a half into its territory. The Brazilian government, however, was not interested in the end of the Paraguayan state, since it served as a cushion between the Brazilian Empire and Argentina. Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ... Landscape in the Gran Chaco, Paraguay The Gran Chaco (Quechua chaqu, hunting land), dubbed by some as the last South American frontier, is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland region of the RÃo de la Plata basin, divided between Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and a small portion in... Quebracho is one of the common names, in Spanish, of at least three similar species of trees that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America: Schinopsis lorentzii (quebracho colorado santiagueÃ±o), of the family Anacardiaceae; Schinopsis balansae (quebracho colorado chaqueÃ±o), of the same family; Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco... This article is about making hides into leather. ...

A standstill began, and the Brazilian army, which was in complete control of the Paraguayan territory, remained in the country for six years after the final defeat of Paraguay in 1870, only leaving in 1876 in order to ensure the continued existence of Paraguay. During this time, the possibility of an armed conflict with Argentina for control over Paraguay became increasingly real, as Argentina wanted to seize the Chaco region, but was barred by the Brazilian Army.

No single overall peace treaty was signed. The post-war border between Paraguay and Argentina was resolved through long negotiations, finalized in a treaty that defined the frontier between the two countries signed on February 3, 1876 and which granted Argentina roughly a third of the area it had intended to incorporate originally. The only region about which no consensus was reached — the area between the Río Verde and the main branch of Río Pilcomayo — was arbitrated by U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who declared it Paraguayan. (The Paraguayan department Presidente Hayes was named after Hayes due to his arbitration decision.) Brazil signed a separate peace treaty with Paraguay on January 9, 1872, obtaining freedom of navigation on the Río Paraguay. Brazil received the borders it had claimed before the war. The treaty also stipulated a war debt to the imperial government of Brazil that was eventually pardoned in 1943 by Getúlio Vargas in reply to a similar Argentine initiative. Rioverde is a city located two hours away from San Luis PotosÃ, the largest city in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. ... RÃo Pilcomayo RÃo Pilcomayo is a river in the central parts of South America, longest western tributary of the Paraguay River, and its watershed extends across 270,000 kmÂ². The Picomayo rises in the foothills of the Andes cordillera, between the Bolivian departments of PotosÃ and Oruro, east... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 â€“ January 17, 1893) was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877â€“1881). ... A department is geographic area of a centralized country which functions as an administrative unit. ... Presidente Hayes is a department in Paraguay. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Paraguay River near AsunciÃ³n The River Paraguay (Rio Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese) is a major river in south central South America, running through Brazil and Paraguay and forming a border between Brazil and Bolivia as well as Paraguay and Argentina. ... GetÃºlio Dornelles Vargas (pron. ...

In December 1975, when the presidents Ernesto Geisel and Alfredo Stroessner signed in Asunción a Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, the Brazilian government returned its spoils of war to Paraguay. Image File history File links Cadaveresparaguaios. ... Image File history File links Cadaveresparaguaios. ... Ernesto Beckmann Geisel, pron. ... Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled StrÃ¶ssner or StrÃ¶ÃŸner, (November 3, 1912, EncarnaciÃ³n - August 16, 2006, BrasÃlia) served as President of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The war still remains a controversial topic - especially in Paraguay, where it is considered either a fearless struggle for the rights of a smaller nation against the aggressions of more powerful neighbours, or a foolish attempt to fight an unwinnable war that almost destroyed a whole nation. In Argentina, as the war wore on, many Argentines saw the conflict as Mitre's war of conquest, and not as a response to aggression. They remembered that Solano López, believing he would have Mitre's support, seized the opportunity to attack Brazil created by Mitre, when he used the Argentinian Navy to deny access to the River Plate to Brazilian ships in early 1865, thus starting the war.

The Paraguayan villages destroyed by the war were abandoned and the peasant survivors migrated to the outskirts of Asunción, dedicating themselves to subsistence agriculture in the central region of the country. Other lands were sold to foreigners, mainly Argentines, and turned into estates. Paraguayan industry fell apart. The Paraguayan market opened itself to British products and the country was forced for the first time to get outside loans - totalling a million British pounds. In fact, Britain can be seen as the power that most benefited from the war: whilst the war ended the Paraguayan threat to their interests, Brazil and Argentina fell into massive debt, establishing a pattern that continues to this day. (Brazil repaid all British loans by the Getúlio Vargas era.) This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Like most farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa, this Cameroonian man cultivates at the subsistence level. ... GetÃºlio Dornelles Vargas (pron. ...

Argentina annexed part of Paraguayan territory and became the strongest of the River Plate countries. During the campaign, the provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes had supplied Brazilian troops with cattle, foodstuffs and other products. River Plate can refer to: RÃo de la Plata, known to a large proportion of English speakers as River Plate â€” a large estuary between Argentina and Uruguay Club AtlÃ©tico River Plate, an Argentinian football (soccer) team Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, also known as River Plate Stadium, in...

Brazil paid a high price for victory. The war was financed by the Bank of London, and by Baring Brothers and N M Rothschild & Sons. During the five years of war, Brazilian expenditure reached twice its receipts, causing a financial crisis. Barings Bank, previously known as Baring Brothers & Co. ... N. M. Rothschild and Sons is the investment bank company of the Rothschild family. ...

In total, Argentina and Brazil annexed about 140,000 km² (55,000 square miles) of Paraguayan territory: Argentina took much of the Misiones region and part of the Chaco between the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers; Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso province by claiming territories that had been disputed with Paraguay before the war. Both demanded a large indemnity (which was never paid) and occupied Paraguay until 1876. Meanwhile, the Colorados had gained political control of Uruguay, which they retained until 1958. Misiones is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamia region. ... Landscape in the Gran Chaco, Paraguay The Gran Chaco (Quechua chaqu, hunting land), dubbed by some as the last South American frontier, is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland region of the RÃo de la Plata basin, divided between Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and a small portion in... The Bermejo River is a river in South America that travels a total of 1450 km from Bolivia to the Paraguay River in Argentina. ... The Pilcomayo is a river rising in the Bolivian Andes, east of Lake Poopó, flowing over 700 miles across Chaco into the Paraguay River near Asunción. ... Flag of Mato Grosso See other Brazilian States Capital CuiabÃ¡ Largest City CuiabÃ¡ Area 903,357. ... Look up Indemnity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Colorado Party (Spanish: Partido Colorado) is a political party in Uruguay. ...

Slavery was undermined in Brazil as slaves were freed to serve in the war.^[20] The Brazilian army became a new and expressive force in national life. It transformed itself into a strong institution that, with the war, gained tradition and internal cohesion and would take a significant role in the later development of the history of the country. The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Military. ...

The war took its biggest toll on the Brazilian emperor. The economic depression and the fortification of the army would later play a big role in the deposition of the emperor Dom Pedro II and the republican proclamation in 1889. General Deodoro da Fonseca would become the first Brazilian president. Dom Pedro IIs family Dom Pedro II and President Ulysses S. Grant, Philadelphia Exposition, 1876 Dom Pedro II in his old age Dom Pedro II of Brazil Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil was the second and final Brazilian Emperor. ... Deodoro da Fonseca (Manuel) Deodoro da Fonseca (August 5, 1827 - August 23, 1892) overthrew Emperor Pedro II to become the first president of a Republic of Brazil. ...

Notes

^ Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1957. Page 55.
^ Byron Farwell, The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View, New York: WW Norton, 2001. Page 824.
^ Another estimate is that from the prewar population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
^ Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454-5.
^ Scheina, 331.
^ PJ O'Rourke, Give War a Chance. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Page 47.
^ Library of Congress Country Studies, "Carlos Antonio López." December 1988. [1] URL accessed December 30 2005.
^ Page 630 from The Encyclopedia of World History Sixth Edition, Peter N. Stearns (general editor), © 2001 The Houghton Mifflin Company, at Bartleby.com.
^ Robert Cowley, The Reader's Encyclopedia to Military History. New York, New York: Houston Mifflin, 1996. Page 479.
^ Brandon Valeriano, "A Classification of Interstate War: Typologies and Rivalry." Article based off talk given March 17-20, 2004 to the International Studies Association in Montreal. File available at [2], accessed December 30 2005.
^ Scheina, 313-4.
^ Whigwham, 118.
^ Scheina, 314.
^ Scheina, 313.
^ Scheina, 315-7.
^ Scheina, 318.
^ Scheina, 319.
^ Scheina, 319.
^ Scheina, 320.
^ Hendrik Kraay, Journal of Social History, "'The shelter of the uniform': the Brazilian army and runaway slaves, 1800-1888" Spring 1996.[3]

The Encyclopedia of World History is a classic single volume work detailing world history. ... Bartleby. ...

References

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

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