Joyce lies in an ambulance under armed guard before being taken from British Second Army Headquarters to hospital.

William Joyce (April 24, 1906 – January 3, 1946), the man generally associated with the nickname Lord Haw-Haw, was a fascist politician and Nazi propaganda broadcaster to the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was executed for treason by the British as a result of his wartime activities. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... William Joyce (b. ... Image File history File links William_Joyce. ... Image File history File links William_Joyce. ... The British Second Army was extant in both World Wars. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

Early life

Joyce was born at 1906 Herkimer Street in Brooklyn, New York City, to an English Protestant mother and Irish Catholic father who had taken United States citizenship. A few years after his birth, the family returned to Galway, Ireland. He attended the Jesuit St. Ignatius College, Galway, from 1915 to 1921. Unusually for Irish Roman Catholics, both William Joyce and his father were strongly Unionist. William Joyce later claimed to have aided the Black and Tans and to have been a target of the Irish Republican Army because of this.[1]. This article is about the borough of New York City. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Connacht County: Dáil Éireann: Galway West European Parliament: North-West Dialling Code: 091 Postal District(s): G Area: 50. ... St. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In the context of Irish politics, Unionists are people in Northern Ireland, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union 1800, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which Northern Ireland, created in that latter Act, remains part of the United Kingdom of Great... For other senses of the term, see Black and tan (disambiguation). ... This article is about the historical army of the Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919–21, and the Irish Civil War 1922–23. ...

Following a failed assassination attempt in 1921 (which only failed due to the 16-year old Joyce taking a different route home from school) he left for England where he would briefly attend King's College School, Wimbledon, followed two years later by his family. William Joyce applied to Birkbeck College of the University of London and to enter the Officer Training Corps. At Birkbeck, Joyce developed an interest in fascism, and he joined the British Fascisti of Rotha Lintorn-Orman. In 1924, while stewarding a Conservative Party meeting, Joyce was attacked and received a deep razor slash that ran across his right cheek. It left a permanent scar which ran from the earlobe to the corner of the mouth. Joyce was convinced that his attackers were "Jewish communists". It was an incident that had a marked bearing on his outlook. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Kings College School Wimbledon, or KCS, is an independent boys school in Wimbledon, south-west London. ... Wimbledon (pronounced ) is a suburb of London, part of the London Borough of Merton and located seven miles (11. ... Birkbeck Birkbeck (sometimes still called Birkbeck College) is a College of the University of London. ... The University of London is a university based primarily in London. ... The Officers Training Corps (OTC) is a part of the British Army that provides military training to students at British universities. ... The British Fascisti were the first avowedly fascist organisation in Britain. ... Rotha Beryl Lintorn-Orman (1895-1935) was a pioneer for women in British politics who went on to found the earliest British Fascist movement. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ...

British Union of Fascists

Flag of the British Union of Fascists.

In 1932, Joyce joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) under Sir Oswald Mosley, and swiftly became a leading speaker, praised for his power of oratory. The journalist and novelist Cecil Roberts described a speech given by Joyce: Image File history File links British_Union_of_Fascists_flag. ... Image File history File links British_Union_of_Fascists_flag. ... The flag of the British Union of Fascists showing the Flash and Circle symbolic of action within unity The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a political party of the 1930s in the United Kingdom. ... The flag of the British Union of Fascists showing the Flash and Circle symbolic of action within unity The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a political party of the 1930s in the United Kingdom. ... Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (November 16, 1896 – December 3, 1980), was a British politician known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. ... Cecil Edric Mornington Roberts (1892-1976) was an English journalist and novelist. ...

"Thin, pale, intense, he had not been speaking many minutes before we were electrified by this man... so terrifying in its dynamic force, so vituperative, so vitriolic."

In 1934, Joyce was promoted to the BUF's director of propaganda and later appointed deputy leader. As well as being a gifted speaker, Joyce also gained the reputation of a savage brawler. Joyce's violent rhetoric and willingness to physically confront anti-fascist elements head-on played no small part in further marginalizing the BUF. After the bloody debacle of the June 1934 Olympia rally, Joyce spearheaded the BUF's policy shift from campaigning for economic revival through Corporatism to anti-Semitism. He was instrumental in changing the full name of the BUF to "British Union of Fascists and National Socialists" in 1936, and stood as a party candidate in the 1937 elections to London County Council. Anti-Fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of Fascism. ... The National Agricultural Hall in 1886. ... Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian: corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, and professional groups. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... London County Council emblem is still seen today on buildings, especially housing, from that era London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London from 1889 until 1965, when it was replaced by the Greater London Council. ...

However, Joyce was sacked from his paid position when Mosley drastically reduced the BUF staff shortly after the elections, and Joyce went on to form a breakaway organisation, the National Socialist League. Unlike Joyce, Mosley was never a committed anti-Semite, preferring to use anti-Jewish feelings only as an expedient political tool. After 1937, the party turned its focus away from anti-Semitism and towards activism opposing a war with Nazi Germany. Although Joyce had been deputy leader of the BUF from 1933 and a brave fighter and powerful orator, Mosley snubbed him in his autobiography and later denounced him as a traitor because of his wartime activities. The National Socialist League was a short lived political movement in the United Kingdom immediately before the Second World War. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Lord Haw-Haw

Main article: Lord Haw-Haw

In late August 1939, shortly before war was declared, Joyce and his wife Margaret fled to Germany. Joyce had been tipped off that the British authorities intended to detain him under Defence Regulation 18B. Joyce became a naturalised German in 1940. Lord Haw-Haw is the nickname of an announcer on the English language propaganda World War II radio programme Germany Calling. ... Defence Regulation 18B was the most famous of the Defence Regulations used by the British Government during World War II. It allowed for the internment of people suspected of being Nazi sympathisers. ...

In Berlin, Joyce could not find employment until a chance meeting with fellow Mosleyite sympathiser Dorothy Eckersley got him an audition at the Rundfunkhaus (radio centre). Despite having a heavy cold and almost losing his voice, he was recruited immediately for radio announcements and script writing at German radio's English service.

The name "Lord Haw-Haw of Zeesen" was coined by the pseudonymous Daily Express radio critic Jonah Barrington in 1939, but this referred initially to Wolf Mitler, (or possibly Norman Baillie-Stewart). When Joyce became the best-known propaganda broadcaster the nickname transferred to him. Joyce's broadcasts initially came from studios in Berlin, later transferring (due to heavy Allied bombing) to Luxembourg and finally to Apen near Hamburg, and were relayed over a network of German controlled radio stations that included Hamburg, Bremen, Luxembourg, Hilversum, Calais, Oslo and Zeesen. Joyce also broadcast on and wrote scripts for the German Büro Concordia organisation which ran several black propaganda stations (many of which pretended to broadcast illegally from within Britain) [2] Lord Haw-Haw is the nickname of an announcer on the English language propaganda World War II radio programme Germany Calling. ... For other uses, see Daily Express (disambiguation). ... Jonah Barrington was the pseudonym of the radio critic of the Daily Express, a British newspaper, around the outbreak of the Second World War. ... Norman Baillie-Stewart (January 15, 1909 – 1966) was a British army officer and traitor known as The Officer in the Tower when he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... A representation of the changes in territory controlled by Allies and Axis powers over the course of the war. ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  755 km² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 2,324 /km² (6,018... This article is about the city in Germany. ... is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. ... Calais (Kales in Dutch) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... County District Østlandet Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... Black propaganda is propaganda that purports to be from a source on one side of a conflict, but is actually from the opposing side. ...

Although listening to his broadcasts was officially discouraged (but not actually illegal), they became very popular with the British public. The German broadcasts always began with the announcer's words "Germany calling, Germany calling, Germany calling" (because of a nasal drawl this sounded like: Jairmany calling, Jairmany calling, Jairmany calling). These broadcasts urged the British people to surrender, and were well known for their jeering, sarcastic and menacing tone. However, far from breaking British morale they served only to increase either resentment or ridicule of Joyce. There was probably also a covert desire by listeners to hear what the other side was saying, since information during wartime was severely censored and restricted and at the start of the war it was possible for German broadcasts to be better informed than those of the BBC. This was a scenario which reversed towards the middle of the war, with some German high command officers tuning to the BBC for an accurate version of events. The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion. ...

Joyce recorded his final broadcast on April 30, 1945, during the Battle of Berlin[3]. In an exhausted, possibly intoxicated voice, he chided Britain's role in Germany's imminent defeat and warned that the war would leave Britain poor and barren. (There are conflicting accounts as to whether this last programme was actually transmitted, even though a tape was found in the Radio Hamburg studios.) He signed off with a final defiant "Heil Hitler" [4]. The next day Radio Hamburg was seized by British forces who on 4 May used it to make a mock "Germany calling" broadcast denouncing Joyce [5]. is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Nazi Germany Commanders 1st Belorussian Front – Georgiy Zhukov 2nd Belorussian Front – Konstantin Rokossovskiy 1st Ukrainian Front – Ivan Konev Army Group Vistula – Gotthard Heinrici then Kurt von Tippelskirch[2] Army Group Centre – Ferdinand Schörner Berlin Defense Area – Helmuth Reymann then Helmuth Weidling #[3] Strength 2,500... Radio Hamburg was a station of the Nazi German international broadcasting network that aimed programs at the British Isles. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Besides broadcasting, Joyce's duties included distributing propaganda among British prisoners of war, whom he tried to recruit into the British Free Corps. He wrote a book, Twilight Over England, which was promoted by the German Ministry of Propaganda, a work that unfavourably compared the evils of allegedly Jewish-dominated capitalist Britain with the wonders of National Socialist Germany. Adolf Hitler awarded Joyce the War Merit Cross (First and Second Class) for his broadcasts, although they never met in person. Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... A recruitment poster produced by the British Free Corps In World War II, the British Free Corps (BFC) or Britisches Freikorps was a unit of the Waffen-SS consisting of British and Dominion prisoners of war who had been recruited by the Nazis. ... The Propagandaministerium () (or State Ministry for Public enlightenment and Propaganda) was the Ministry of propaganda in Nazi Germany. ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Hitler redirects here. ... The War Merit Cross was a decoration of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, which could be awarded to civilians as well as military personel. ...

Capture and trial

At the end of the war, Joyce was captured by British forces at Flensburg near the Germany-Denmark border. He was engaged in conversation by soldiers who initially thought he was a German civilian. However, his voice betrayed him, and he was arrested and eventually returned to Britain. During the course of his arrest he was shot in the buttocks when the soldiers thought he was going for a gun (he was actually reaching for a false passport, claiming he was a schoolteacher, after one of the soldiers asked if he was "Lord Haw Haw"). Flensburg (Danish: Flensborg, Low Saxon: Flensborg, North Frisian: Flansborj) is an independent town in the North of the German state Schleswig-Holstein. ...

He was tried on three counts of high treason: {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ...

• William Joyce, on 18 September 1939, and on numerous other days between 18 September 1939 and 30 April 1945 did aid and assist the enemies of the King by broadcasting to the King's subjects propaganda on behalf of the King's enemies.
• William Joyce, on 26 September 1940, did aid and comfort the King's enemies by purporting to be naturalised as a German citizen.
• William Joyce, on 18 September 1939, and on numerous other days between 18 September 1939 and 2 July 1940 did aid and assist the enemies of the King by broadcasting to the King's subjects propaganda on behalf of the King's enemies.

During the processing of the charges Joyce's United States nationality came to light, and it seemed that he would have to be acquitted, based not upon innocence of the charges of aiding the Nazi war effort but rather upon a lack of jurisdiction; he could not be convicted of betraying a country that was not his own. However, the Attorney General, Sir Hartley Shawcross, successfully argued that Joyce's possession of a British passport, even though he had mis-stated his nationality to get it, entitled him (until it expired) to British diplomatic protection in Germany and therefore he owed allegiance to the King at the time he commenced working for the Germans. It was on this technicality, confirmed by the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords (on a split decision), that Joyce was convicted and sentenced to death. George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... Hartley Shawcross, Attorney-General of England and Wales 1945-51 The Right Honourable Hartley William Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, PC, GBE KC (February 4, 1902–July 10, 2003), was a British barrister and politician and the lead British prosecutor at the Nuremberg War Crimes tribunal. ... For other types of travel document, see Travel document. ... In international law, diplomatic protection (or diplomatic espousal) is a means for a State to take diplomatic and other action against another State on behalf of its national whose rights and interests have been injured by the other State. ... Her Majestys Court of Appeal is the second most senior court in the English legal system, with only the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords above it. ... The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, has a judicial function as a court of last resort within the United Kingdom. ...

Controversy

A number of questions were raised about the verdict. The first of these related to the jurisdictional issue. Joyce, in his appeal to the House of Lords, argued that jurisdiction had been wrongly assumed by the court in electing to try an alien for offences committed in a foreign country. This argument was rejected, on the basis that there existed a well-recognised principle in international law that a state may exercise jurisdiction on the basis of protective principle where the safety and security of the state is threatened.

Furthermore, there was a more widespread feeling that whatever the technicalities, the penalty by far outweighed the crime. To execute him would put him in the same category (in terms of penalty meted out) of war criminals as those in charge of the Manila massacre and the Auschwitz concentration camp. In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Slain children in the ruins of Manila The Manila massacre, February 1945, refers to the atrocities conducted against Filipino civilians in Manila, Philippines by retreating Japanese troops during World War II. Various credible Western and Eastern sources agree that the death toll was at least 100,000 people. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ...

Execution

He went to his death unrepentant and defiant. “In death as in life, I defy the Jews who caused this last war, and I defy the power of darkness which they represent. I warn the British people against the crushing imperialism of the Soviet Union. May Britain be great once again and the hour of the greatest danger in the West may the standard be raised from the dust, crowned with the words — you have conquered nevertheless. I am proud to die for my ideals and I am sorry for the sons of Britain who have died without knowing why.”

Joyce was executed on January 3, 1946, at Wandsworth Prison, aged 39. He was the second-last person to be hanged for a crime other than murder in the United Kingdom. (The last was Theodore Schurch who was executed for treachery the following day at Pentonville. In both cases the hangman was Albert Pierrepoint.) is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... HM Prison Wandsworth is a prison in Wandsworth in south London, England. ... Capital punishment in the United Kingdom, now abolished has a long history, from before the United Kingdom existed. ... Theodore William John Schurch (May 5, 1918 – January 4, 1946) was an Anglo-Swiss soldier who was the last person to be hanged for an offence other than murder in Britain. ... HMP Pentonville Pentonville Prison in 1842 HM Prison Pentonville is a prison built in 1842 in North London. ... Albert Pierrepoint (30 March 1905 – 10 July 1992) is the most famous member of a Yorkshire family who provided three of Britains Chief Executioners in the first half of the 20th century. ...

Joyce's family

The Crown considered trying his wife Margaret as well. It is not entirely clear why no trial took place. A straightforward explanation is that her nationality status was much more complex and a conviction thought unlikely. Some also consider a deal for clemency was made on her behalf, perhaps recorded in a secret memo. Margaret Joyce died in Soho in 1972, reportedly from alcohol abuse. Cast-iron architecture in Greene Street SoHo is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. ...

William Joyce had two daughters by his first wife, Hazel, one of whom, Heather Iandolo, has spoken publicly of her father. Joyce was reinterred in 1976 at the New Cemetery in Bohermore, County Galway, Ireland. Derived form the irish (gaelic) literally meaning the big road. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 km² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ...

The life of William Joyce was the inspiration for Kurt Vonnegut's character, Howard W. Campbell, in his novels Mother Night and Slaughterhouse Five. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. ... Mother Night is a novel by American author Kurt Vonnegut, first published in 1961. ... Slaughterhouse-Five; or, The Childrens Crusade: A Duty-Dance With Death is a 1969 novel by Kurt Vonnegut. ...

References

• The Trial of William Joyce ed. by C.E. Bechhofer Roberts [Old Bailey Trials series] (Jarrolds, London, 1946)
• The Trial of William Joyce ed. by J.W. Hall [Notable British Trials series] (William Hodge and Company, London, 1946)
• The Meaning of Treason by Dame Rebecca West (Macmillan, London, 1949)
• Lord Haw-Haw and William Joyce by William Cole (Faber and Faber, London, 1964)
• Hitler's Englishman by Francis Selwyn (Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1987)
• Renegades: Hitler's Englishmen by Adrian Weale (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1994)
• Germany Calling - a personal biography of William Joyce by Mary Kenny (New Island Books, Dublin, 2003)
• Haw-Haw: the tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce by Nigel Farndale (Macmillan, London, 2005)

Dame Rebecca West, DBE (December 21, 1892–March 15, 1983), whose real name was Cicely (she later changed it to Cicily) Isabel Fairfield, was a British-Irish feminist and writer famous for her novels and for her relationship with H. G. Wells. ... Adrian Weale, born 9 February 1964 in Knightsbridge, London, is a British writer, journalist, illustrator and photographer of Welsh origin. ... Mary Kenny is an Anglo-Irish author, broadcaster, playwright and journalist. ... Nigel Farndale (born September 30, 1964) is a British journalist and author, known for his award-winning interviews in the Sunday Telegraph. ...

See also

• Tokyo Rose
• Lord Haw-Haw
• Baghdad Bob (aka Comical Ali)
• Hanoi Hannah
• Seoul City Sue
• Azzam the American
• Jihad Johnny
• Stuttgart traitor
• Philippe Henriot
• Jean Hérold-Paquis

Tokyo Rose (alternate spelling Tokio Rose) was a generic name given by Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II to any of approximately one dozen English-speaking female broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. ... Lord Haw-Haw is the nickname of an announcer on the English language propaganda World War II radio programme Germany Calling. ... Iraqi Information Minister Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf (also Mohammed Said al-Sahhaf) (born 1940) is an Iraqi diplomat and politician. ... Trinh Thi Ngo (born 1931), known as Hanoi Hannah, was a Vietnamese woman who, during the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s, read broadcast radio messages and propaganda to convince U.S. troops to go AWOL, a psychological warfare scheme set forth by the Communist North Vietnamese. ... Seoul City Sue is the nickname given by American GIs to the female announcer of a series of North Korean propaganda radio broadcasts during the Korean War. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Adam Yahiye Gadahn. ... John Phillip Walker Lindh (born February 9, 1981) is an American who was captured during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan while fighting there for the Taliban. ... Paul Ferdonnet (1901-1945), dubbed the Stuttgart traitor (le traître de Stuttgart) by the French press, was a French journalist. ... Philippe Henriot (January 7, 1889, Reims—June 28, 1944, Paris) was a French politician. ... Jean Auguste Hérold, better known as Jean Hérold-Paquis (4 February 1912 - 11 October 1945), was a French journalist who fought for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

William Joyce

• Fascism and Jewry (first published 1933), reproduction of a pamphlet by William Joyce for the BUF.
• The final broadcast of William Joyce during the Battle of Berlin 1945.
• William Joyce, alias Lord Haw-Haw by Alex Softly.
• The Martyrdom of William Joyce by Michael Walsh.
• Germany Calling! Germany Calling! The Influence of Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) in Britain, 1939-1941 A thesis, in downloadable form, by Monash University student Helen Newman.
• The Jewish Boy Who Shot Lord Haw Haw article from Jerusalem Report (21/2/05) reminiscences from German Jewish refugee, Geoffrey Perry (aka Horst Pinschewer) who helped to capture Joyce.
• Transcript of the House of Lords decision in the Appeal of William Joyce, published four weeks after his execution.
• the voice of treason