Compulsory Jewish badge under the Nazi occupation of Europe: the Star of David with the word "Jew" inside (this one in German)

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The Star of David The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text, the Leningrad Codex, dated 1008. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime · Hate groups Genocide · Holocaust · Pogrom Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Supremacism Kahanism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights LGBT rights Womens/Universal suffrage · Feminism Mens/Fathers rights · Masculinism Children... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1518x1372, 1426 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Star of David Yellow badge Talk:List of Jewish American journalists User:RolandR Metadata This file contains additional... This does not cite its references or sources. ... A timeline for antisemitism chronicles events from ancient times when hostile attitudes to the Jewish people can be found in among neighbouring civilisations, to the present day. ... This is a list of resources analyzing antisemitism in the alphabetical order of authors name. ... Racial antisemitism is hatred of Jews as a racial group, rather than hatred of Judaism as a religion. ... An example of state-sponsored atheist anti-Judaism. ... New antisemitism is the concept of an international resurgence of attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of antisemitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse, coming from three political directions: the political left, far-right, and Islamism. ... This is a list of countries where prevelent antisemitic sentiment has been experienced. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The relationship between Christianity and antisemitism has a long history. ... 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A yellow badge, also referred to as a Jewish badge, was a mandatory mark or a piece of cloth of specific geometric shape, worn on the outer garment in order to distinguish a Jew in public.

It is associated with anti-Semitism in Christian countries and with humiliation of Jews in Muslim ones. ^{[1] [2]} In some countries at times a badge was accompanied or replaced by identifying garb or hat. In the Middle Ages, clothes worn by different groups of people were regulated by sumptuary law. In the Muslim lands the practice of marking Muslims from Jews and Christians had its origin in early medieval Baghdad and was the most degrading of the regulations, although its enforcement was erratic. ^[3] The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Sumptuary laws (from Latin sumptuariae leges) were laws that regulated and reinforced social hierarchies and morals through restrictions on clothing, food, and luxury expenditures. ...

Origins and development

The use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities has been traced by historians to ancient times. In the early Islamic period non-Muslims might be required to wear distinctive marks, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. This appears to have derived from practices general in the ancient world including tattooing and branding of slaves and captives. However, both Jewish and Islamic religious authorities disapproved of the application of permanent markings and this may be why leaden or copper seals were used at some times in the Islamic world as a distinguishing mark for those who were non-Muslims or slaves or both. ^[4]

In Muslim lands

Non-Muslim residents in medieval Islamic states were set apart from Muslims in various ways. Islamic law and custom required them to carry signs of their difference and to adopt different dress. They had to avoid colours associated with Islam, particularly green. However, the enforcement of these rules was highly erratic. ^[5]

The practice of differentiating Muslims from Jews and Christians is not found in the Qur'an or hadith but appears to have been invented in early medieval Baghdad. ^[6] It was the most degrading of a series of regulations imposed upon non-Muslims (dhimmi). This article or section seems to contain too many quotations for an encyclopedia entry. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ...

According to Bernard Lewis: Prof. ...

Christians and Jews were to wear special emblems on their clothes. This, incidentally, is the origin of the yellow badge, which was first introduced by a caliph in Baghdad in the ninth century and spread into Western lands in later medieval times. Even when attending the public baths, non-Muslims were supposed to wear distinguishing signs suspended from cords around their necks, so that they might not be mistaken for Muslims when disrobed in the bathhouse.(Under Shi'a rules, they were not allowed to use the same bathrooms) ^[7] ...Finally, there was a third consideration, which became more important and perhaps dominant in the later centuries: the desire to humiliate, to remind the dhimmi of his inferiority, and to punish him if he ever tried to forget his quality and his place. The stigma of inferiority is expressed in a number of ways. The requirement that Jews and Christians, their families, and their slaves wear cloaks and headgear of distinctive colors is not in itself necessarily hostile. However, the requirements that they wear a patch of a different color on their outer garments is clearly intended to degrade as well as to differentiate.^[8]

In Christian lands

Similar dress codes were later imposed in Christian states for Jewish and Muslim residents. The Jewish Encyclopedia article on the Jewish badge^[9] cites D'Ohsson's 1854 "Histoire des Mogols"^[10] and Lane-Poole's 1901 "History of Egypt" ^[11]: The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ...

The idea of such a discrimination seems to have been derived from Islam, in which the dress of the Jews was distinguished by a different color from that of the true believer as early as the Pact of Omar (640), by which Jews were ordered to wear a yellow seam on their upper garments. This was a distinct anticipation of the Badge. In 1005 the Jews of Egypt were ordered to wear bells on their garments and a wooden calf to remind them of the golden one. Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... The Pact (Covenant) of Umar is a treaty supposedly agreed to between the eponymous second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab and the ahl al-dhimma (people of the book) vanquished in the first wave of Arab-Muslim jihad invasions. ... Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin: imagery influenced by the Greco-Roman bacchanal In the Hebrew Bible the golden calf was an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites during Mosess unexpectedly long absence. ...

(The document known as the Pact of Umar is now considered by historians to be of much later date.)

Timeline

Jews being beaten, from an English manuscript. The yellow badge is in the shape of the Tablets of the Law.

Jews (identifiable by Judenhut) being massacred by Crusaders. 1250 French Bible illustration.

717

Possible date of the Pact of Umar which stipulates that Christians (and by implication also Jews) living in Muslim lands are required to wear distinctive clothing. Although there are questions about the status of this document as a historic source, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh century and eighth century Iraq and Syria. ^[12]

807

Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders Jews to wear yellow belt, blue for Christians. ^[13]

850

A decree of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, reported by the tenth century historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, requires Christian and Jewish subjects to wear honey-coloured hoods and belts of a particular type. Distinguishing marks are also prescribed for their slaves. ^[14]

1005

Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim, orders Jewish and Christian residents to wear bells on their garments and a "golden calf" (made of wood) around the neck when bathing with Muslims. ^[15]

1058

Start of less tolerant policy towards Christians and Jews by the Seljuk authorities in the Abbasid empire. Existing laws imposing distinctive dress are enforced. Non-Muslims in Baghdad are forced to wear signs on their dress.^[16]

1085

Non-Muslims are required to wear distinctive signs on their turbans.^[16]

1091

Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadi decrees that the "non-believers" had to wear yellow headgear and girdles of various colors, and a sign of lead around their necks to show they had to pay the poll-tax. Women had to wear shoes of different colors, such as one red and the other black.^[16]

1121

A letter from Baghdad describes decrees regulating Jewish clothes: "two yellow badges, one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word dhimmi on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes." ^[17]

1215

Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress." ^[18]

1219

Pope Honorius III issues a dispensation to the Jews of Castile.^[9]

1222

Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton orders English Jews to wear white band, two fingers broad and four long. ^[9]

1227

Synod of Narbonne rules: "That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height." ^[19]

1228

James I orders Jews of Aragon to wear the badge.^[9]

1265

The Siete Partidas, a legal code enacted in Castile by Alfonso X but not implemented until many years later, includes a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks. ^[20]

1267

In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-shaped head dress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to yellow badge Jews were already forced to wear. ^[21]

Jews (identifiable by rouelle) being burned at stake. From medieval manuscript.

1269 June 19

France. (Saint) Louis IX of France orders all Jews found in public without a badge (French: rouelle or roue, Latin: rota) to be fined ten livres of silver.^[22] This regulation is repeated by local councils at Arles 1234 and 1260, Béziers 1246, Albi 1254, Nîmes 1284 and 1365, Avignon 1326 and 1337, Rodez 1336, and Vanves 1368.^[9]

1274

The Statute of Jewry in England, enacted by King Edward I, enforces the regulations. "Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of two Tables joined, of yellow felt of the length of six inches and of the breadth of three inches." ^[23]

1294 October 16

Erfurt. The earliest mention of the badge in Germany.^[9]

1315–1326

Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid forces the Jews of Granada to wear the yellow badge.^[9]

1321

Henry II of Castile forces the Jews to wear the yellow badge.^[9]

1415 May 11

Bull of the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders the Jews to wear a yellow and red badge, the men on their breast, the women on their forehead.^[9]

1434

Emperor Sigismund reintroduces the badge at Augsburg.^[9]

1528

The municipal board of Venice allows famous physician and professor Jacob Mantino ben Samuel to wear the regular black doctors' cap instead of Jewish yellow hat for two months (period extended later), upon the recommendation of the French and English ambassadors, the papal legate, and other dignitaries numbered among his patients. ^[24]

1555

Pope Paul IV decrees, in his Cum nimis absurdum, that the Jews should wear yellow hats.

1566

King Sigismund II passes a law that required Lithuanian Jews to wear yellow hats and head coverings. The law was abolished twenty years later.^[9]

Yellow badge made mandatory by the Vichy regime in France

Metal badge of a Jewish policeman in the Częstochowa ghetto.

1710

Frederick William I of Prussia abolished the mandatory Jewish yellow patch in return for a payment of 8,000 thaler ($360,000 in today's money) each.^[25]

1933–1945

The Nazi regimes in the occupied countries of Europe force Jews to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. There are no consistent requirements as to its color and shape: it varies from a white armband to a yellow Star of David badge.

1940

The Danes undertake heroic efforts to shelter their Jews and help them escape from the Nazis to neutral Sweden. A popular legend portrays king Christian X of Denmark wearing an armband as he makes his daily morning horseback ride through the streets of Copenhagen, followed by non-Jewish Danes responding to their king's example, thus preventing the Germans from identifying Jewish citizens and rendering the Nazi order ineffective. The Queen Margrethe II of Denmark described the legend: "It is a beautiful and symbolic story, but it is not true… To me, the truth is an even greater honor for our country than the myth."^[26][27]

2001

During the reign of the Islamist Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the Hindu minority in the country were forced to wear yellow badges in public to identify themselves as such. This was part of the Taliban's plan to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones^[28].The decree was condemned by the Governments of the United States and India as a gross violation of religious freedom.In the United States, chairman of the Anti-Defamation League Abraham Foxman compared the decree to the practices of Nazi Germany, where Jews were required to wear labels identifying them as such^[29].Widespread protests against the Taliban regime broke out in Bhopal, India. The Government of India condemned this decree as a violation of religious freedom^[30].In the United States, congressmen and several lawmakers wore yellow badges on the floor of the Senate during the debate as a demonstration of their solidarity with the Hindu minority in Afghanistan^[31][32].

Download high resolution version (1022x741, 78 KB)Marginal Illustration from the Chronicles of Offa (British Library, Cotton Nero D. I.), folio 183v, Jews being persecuted. ... Download high resolution version (1022x741, 78 KB)Marginal Illustration from the Chronicles of Offa (British Library, Cotton Nero D. I.), folio 183v, Jews being persecuted. ... Jews being killed by Crusaders, from a 1250 French bible File links The following pages link to this file: History of the Jews in Poland ... Jews being killed by Crusaders, from a 1250 French bible File links The following pages link to this file: History of the Jews in Poland ... The Jewish poet Süßkind von Trimberg wearing a Judenhut (Codex Manesse, 14. ... March 21 - Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid. ... The Pact (Covenant) of Umar (c. ... ( 6th century - 7th century - 8th century - other centuries) Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Arabs subjugate Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia to Islam. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... Events After the death of Cuthred, king Coenwulf of Mercia takes control over Kent himself. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Bold textItalic text == Headline text ==He was born a 4 headed man but 3 of his 4 heads died along with all but one of his 90 hearts. ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Al-Mutawakkil Ala Allah Jafar bin al-Mutasim (821–861) (Arabic: المتوكل على الله جعفر بن المعتصم) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861. ... ( 9th century - 10th century - 11th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Balamis 14th century Persian version of Universal History by al-Tabari Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari 838–923 (father of Jafar, named Muhammad, son of Jarir from the province of Tabaristan, Arabic الطبري), was an author from Persia, one of the earliest, most prominent and famous Persian... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Events Malcolm II succeeds Kenneth III as king of Scotland. ... The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-FātimiyyÅ«n (Arabic الفاطميون) is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant from 5 January 910 to 1171. ... Tāriqu l-ḤakÄ«m, called bi Amr al-Lāh (Arabic الحاكم بأمر الله Ruler by Gods Command), was the sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, ruling from 996 to 1021. ... Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin: imagery influenced by the Greco-Roman bacchanal In the Hebrew Bible the golden calf was an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites during Mosess unexpectedly long absence. ... Events March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... April 2 - Emperor Zhezong became emperor of Song Dynasty. ... Henry, son of William I attempted a coup against his brothers but failed to seize the English throne. ... Al-Muqtadi (d. ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية; Ottoman Turkish cizye) is a per capita tax imposed on able bodied non-Muslim men of military age. ... Events Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélards writings on the Holy Trinity. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ... A certified copy of the Magna Carta March 4 - King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III. June 15 - King John of England was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... Pope Innocent III (c. ... For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... // Events Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade The Flag of Denmark fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse Ongoing events Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) Births Christopher I of Denmark (died 1259) Frederick II of Austria (died 1246) Guillaume de Gisors, supposedly the... Honorius III, né Cencio Savelli (Rome, 1148 – March 18, 1227 in Rome), was Pope from 1216 to 1227. ... Limits of the Kingdom of Castile in 1210 The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders Events Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca... The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... Stephen Langton (c. ... January 11 first mention of city of Požega in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary March 19 - Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope. ... Events The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. 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Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... The Jewish poet Süßkind von Trimberg wearing a Judenhut (Codex Manesse, 14. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (577x700, 247 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yellow badge ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (577x700, 247 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yellow badge ... Events Births Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Categories: 1269 ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 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City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... March 16 - Edward, the Black Prince is created Duke of Cornwall, becoming the first English Duke Beginning of the Hundred Years War (c. ... Rodez is a city in southern France in département of Aveyron. ... Events End of the Kemmu restoration and beginning of the Muromachi period in Japan. ... Vanves is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... The Statute of Jewry was a statute issued by Edward I of England in 1290 ending the usury by Jews in England. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. ... For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... Mariendom and the Severikirche. ... Events August 13 - Louis X of France marries Clemence dAnjou. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... Coordinates: Country Spain Autonomous community Andalusia Settled since 7th century BC Area  - City 88 km²  (34 sq mi) Elevation 738 m (2,421. ... Events Births September 29 - John of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (d. ... Henry of Trastamara (January 13, 1334 Sevilla - May 29, 1379 Santo Domingo de la Calzada) (Enrique de Trastámara), was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Leonora de Guzman, and half brother to Pedro I the Cruel (or the Lawful, depending on who wrote the history). ... Events Friedrich I Hohenzollern (b. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (132nd in leap years). ... Antipope Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (b. ... Events May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnoflini The Honorable Passing of Arms at the bridge of Obrigo The Portuguese reach Cape Bojador in Western Sahara. ... Sigismund, aged approximately 50, depicted by unknown artist in the 1420s - the only contemporary portrait. ... Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venezsia) is the capital of region Veneto, and has a population of 271,663 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... Jacob Mantino ben Samuel (?-1549) was a Jewish scholar and Italian physician, known also as Mantinus. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Paul IV, né Giovanni Pietro Carafa (June 28, 1476 – August 18, 1559) was Pope from May 23, 1555 until his death. ... Cum nimis absurdum was a papal bull issued by Pope Paul IV dated July 14, 1555 and taking its name from its first words, translated1 Since it is absurd and utterly inconvenient that the Jews, who through their own fault were condemned by God to eternal slavery . ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Reign From April 1, 1548 until July 6, 1572 Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Zygmunt I Stary Bona Sforza Consorts Elżbieta Habsburzanka Barbara Radziwiłł Katarzyna Austriaczka Barbara Giżycka Children with Barbara Gi&#380... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 599 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1255 × 1257 pixel, file size: 214 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Work by Rama File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yellow badge German... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 599 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1255 × 1257 pixel, file size: 214 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Work by Rama File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yellow badge German... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later... Image File history File links JewPolice. ... Image File history File links JewPolice. ... CzÄ™stochowa ( , German: ) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 248,894 inhabitants (2004). ... A ghetto is an area where people from a specific racial or ethnic background live as a group in seclusion, voluntarily or involuntarily. ... // Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 3 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. ... Frederick William I (German: Friedrich Wilhelm I) (August 14, 1688 – May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King in Prussia from 1713 until his death. ... Examples of German and Austrian Thalers compared to a US quarter piece (bottom center) The Thaler (or Taler) was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... The Star of David The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text, the Leningrad Codex, dated 1008. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Christian X of Denmark (Christian Carl Frederik Albert Alexander Vilhelm) (September 26, 1870 – April 20, 1947) was King of Denmark from 1912 to 1947 and of Iceland between 1918 and 1944. ... For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Queen Margrethe II (Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid) (born 16 April 1940) is the Queen regnant and head of state of Denmark. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Public execution of a woman by Taliban at Ghazi Sports Stadium, 1999. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... Abraham H. Foxman (b. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... For other uses, see Bhopal (disambiguation). ... The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. ...

References

The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general encyclopedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... Prof. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... Prof. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... The Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). ... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... Amos Elon is an Israeli journalist and author. ... Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is a national institution located adjacent to The National Mall in Washington, DC, dedicated to documenting, studying, and interpreting the history of the Holocaust. ...

See also

• Anti-Semitism
• Apartheid laws
• Blood money
• Cathar yellow cross
• Caste system
• Devşirme system
• Dhimmi laws
• History of anti-Semitism
• Islam and anti-Semitism
• Jim Crow laws
• Jizyah tax
• Judenhut
• Ottoman Millet system
• Nazi concentration camp badges
• New anti-Semitism
• Nuremberg laws
• Ethnic segregation

The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Blood money is money paid as a fine to the next of kin of somebody who was killed intentionally. ... The yellow cross was a medieval ornament worn by repentant Cathars, who were ordered to wear it by the Roman Catholic Church. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social stratification, enforced by law or common practice, based on classifications such as occupation, race, ethnicity, etc. ... Devshirmeh (Turkish devÅŸirme, Greek, paedomazoma) refers to the system used by the Ottoman sultans to tax newly conquered states, and build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries. ... This article is about dhimmi in the context of Islamic law. ... This is a partial chronology of hostilities towards or discrimination against the Jews as a religious or ethnic group. ... See anti-Semitism for etymology and semantics of the term. ... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... In Islamic law, jizyah (Arabic: جزْية) is a per capita tax required of adult males of other faiths under Muslim rule in exchange for the protection of the Muslim community. ... The Jewish poet Süßkind von Trimberg wearing a Judenhut (Codex Manesse, 14. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Nazi concentration camp badges, made primarily of inverted triangles, were used in the concentration camps in the Nazi-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. ... New anti-Semitism is the concept of an international resurgence of attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of anti-Semitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse, coming simultaneously from three political directions: the radical left, Islamism, and the far-right. ... The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed by the government of Nazi Germany. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of people of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the...

External links

• The Jewish Badge at About.com
• "Wear It With Pride, The Yellow Badge" by Robert Weltsch Juedische Rundschau, No. 27, April 4, 1933
• An Exemplary Response - Denmark
• Rescue of the Danish Jews at auschwitz.dk
• King of Denmark and yellow stars at Snopes.com's Urban Legend website