Yuri Valentinovich Knorosov (alternatively, Knorozov; in Russian: Юрий Валентинович Кнорозов; b. November 19, 1922 — d. March 31, 1999) was a Russian linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, who is particularly renowned for the pivotal role his research played in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica. is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum. ... Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico The Maya script, commonly known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently the only deciphered script of the Mesoamerican writing systems. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... This article is about the culture area. ...

Early life

Knorosov was born in a village near Kharkov in present-day Ukraine, at that time the capital of the newly-formed Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.^[1] His parents were Russian intellectuals, and his paternal grandmother had been a stage actress of national repute in Armenia.^[2] Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted. ... State motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! Official language None. ...

At school, the young Yuri was a difficult and somewhat eccentric student, who made indifferent progress in a number of subjects and was almost expelled for poor and wilful behaviour. However, it became clear that he was academically bright with an inquisitive temperament; he was an accomplished violinist, wrote romantic poetry and could draw with accuracy and attention to detail.^[3]

In 1940 at the age of 17, Knorosov left Kharkov for Moscow where he commenced undergraduate studies in the newly-created Department of Ethnology at Moscow State University's faculty of History. He initially specialised in Egyptology.^[4] For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafres Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex. ...

Military service and the "Berlin Affair"

Knorosov's study plans were soon interrupted by the outbreak of World War II hostilities along the Eastern Front in mid-1941. From 1943 to 1945 Knorosov served his term in the Soviet Union's "Great Patriotic War" in the Red Army as an artillery spotter.^[5] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Eastern Front1 was the theatre of combat between Nazi Germany and its allies against the Soviet Union during World War II. It was somewhat separate from the other theatres of the war, not only geographically, but also for its scale and ferocity. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... An artillery observer is a soldier responsible for directing artillery fire and close air support (ground attack by aircraft) onto enemy positions. ...

At the closing stages of the war in May of 1945, Knorosov and his unit supported the push of the Red Army vanguard into Berlin. It was here, sometime in the aftermath of the Battle of Berlin, that Knorosov is supposed to have by chance retrieved a book which would spark his later interest in and association with deciphering the Maya script. In their retelling the details of this episode have acquired a somewhat folkloric quality ("...one of the greatest legends of the history of Maya research"; Kettunen 1998b). This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Nazi Germany Commanders 1st Belorussian Front – Georgiy Zhukov 2nd Belorussian Front – Konstantin Rokossovskiy 1st Ukrainian Front – Ivan Konev Army Group Vistula – Gotthard Heinrici then Kurt von Tippelskirch[2] Army Group Centre – Ferdinand Schörner Berlin Defense Area – Helmuth Reymann then Helmuth Weidling #[3] Strength 2,500... Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico The Maya script, commonly known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently the only deciphered script of the Mesoamerican writing systems. ...

According to the version of the anecdote which became widely-reproduced (particularly following the 1992 publication of Michael Coe's Breaking the Maya Code^[6] ), while stationed in Berlin he came across the National Library while it was ablaze. Somehow Knorosov managed to retrieve from the burning library a book, which remarkably enough turned out to be a rare edition containing reproductions of the three Maya codices which were then known (the Dresden, Madrid and Paris codices).^[7] Knorosov is said to have taken this book back with him to Moscow at the end of the war, where its examination would form the basis for his later pioneering research into the Maya script. Page 9 of the Dresden Codex (from the 1880 Förstermann edition) Maya codices (singular codex) are folding books stemming from the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, written in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican paper, made from the inner bark of certain trees, the main being the wild fig tree or... Maya codices (singular codex) are books written by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, using the Maya hieroglyphic script. ... Maya codices (singular codex) are books written by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, using the Maya hieroglyphic script. ... Page 9 of the Dresden Codex (from the 1880 Förstermann edition) Maya codices (singular codex) are folding books stemming from the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, written in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican paper, made from the inner bark of certain trees, the main being the wild fig tree or...

However, in an interview conducted a year before his death, Knorosov provided a different version of the anecdote. He explained (Kettunen 1998a, 1998b) that:

Inner courtyard of the Preußische Staatsbibliothek (2005)

"Unfortunately it was a misunderstanding: I told about it [finding the books in the library in Berlin] to my colleague Michael Coe, but he didn't get it right. There simply wasn't any fire in the library. And the books that were in the library, were in boxes to be sent somewhere else. The fascist command had packed them, and since they didn't have time to move them anywhere, they were simply taken to Moscow. I didn't see any fire there." Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1183x887, 509 KB) Beschreibung Description: de: Berlin-Mitte. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1183x887, 509 KB) Beschreibung Description: de: Berlin-Mitte. ...

The "National Library" mentioned in these accounts is not specifically identified by name, but at the time the library then known as the Preußische Staatsbibliothek (Prussian State Library) had that function. Situated on Unter den Linden and today known as the Berlin State Library (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin), this was the largest scientific library of Germany. During the war, most of its collection had been dispersed over some 30 separate storage places across the country for safe-keeping. After the war much of the collection was returned to the library, however a substantial number of volumes which had been sent for storage in the eastern part of the country were never recovered, with upwards of 350,000 volumes destroyed and a further 300,000 missing. Of these, many ended up in Soviet and Polish library collections, and in particular at the Russian State Library in Moscow.^[8] A view of Unter den Linden, showing the linden trees for which it is named Unter den Linden (in English: Under the Lindens), is a street in the centre of Berlin, the capital of Germany. ... Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage (German: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz) is a library in Berlin, Germany. ... The Russian State Library is the national library of Russia, located in Moscow. ...

Resumption of studies

In the autumn of 1945 after the war, Knorosov returned to Moscow State University to complete his undergraduate courses at the department of Ethnography. He resumed his research into Egyptology, and also undertook comparative cultural studies in other fields such as Sinology. He displayed a particular interest and aptitude for the study of ancient languages and writing systems, especially hieroglyphs, and he also read in medieval Japanese and Arabic literature.^[9] The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafres Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex. ... Sinology is the study of China, and things related to China, using a combination of Western and traditional Chinese methodologies, concepts, and theories. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs. ...

While still an undergraduate at MSU, Knorosov found work at the N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology^[10] (or IEA), part of the prestigious Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Knorosov's later research findings would be published by the IEA under its imprint. N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Russian: ; abbreviated as ИЭА in Russian and IEA in English) is a Russian institute of research, specializing in ethnographic studies of cultural and physical anthropology. ... Russian Academy of Sciences: main building Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

As part of his ethnographic curriculum Knorosov spent several months as a member of a field expedition to the Central Asian Russian republics of the Uzbek and Turkmen SSRs (what had formerly been the Khorezm SSR, and would much later become the independent nations of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan following the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union). On this expedition his ostensible focus was to study the effects of Russian expansionary activities and "modern" developments upon the nomadic ethnic groups, of what was a far-flung frontier world of the Soviet state. Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... State motto: Turkmen: Әхли юртларың пролетарлары, бирлешиң! Ökhli yurtlaryn proletalary, birlishin Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Ashgabat Official language Turkmen and Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until August 7, 1921 May 30, 1925 October 27, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 4th in the USSR 488,100 km² 4. ... Flag of Khoresm Peoples Soviet Republic Khoresm Peoples Soviet Republic was created from Khanate of Khiva in February 1920 and officially declared on April 26, 1920. ...

At this point the focus of his research had not yet been drawn on the Maya script. This would change in 1947, when at the instigation of his professor, Knorosov wrote his dissertation on the "de Landa alphabet", a record produced by the 16th Century Spanish Bishop Diego de Landa in which he claimed to have transliterated the Spanish alphabet into corresponding Maya hieroglyphs, based on input from Maya informants. De Landa, who during his posting to Yucatán had overseen the destruction of all the codices from the Maya civilization he could find, reproduced his alphabet in a work (Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán) intended to justify his actions once he had been placed on trial when recalled to Spain. The original document had disappeared, and this work was unknown until 1862 when an abridged copy was discovered in the archives of the Spanish Royal Academy by the French scholar, Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. Reproduction of the page from Diego de Landas Relacíon de las cosas de Yucatán, which gives a purported correspondence between letters of the Spanish alphabet and Maya glyphs, and which has become known as the de Landa alphabet The de Landa alphabet is the correspondence of Spanish... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Diego de Landa Calderón (1524 – 1579) was Bishop of Yucatán. ... This article is about the contemporary indigenous peoples and cultures who descend from, or remain, speakers of the Mayan languages of southern Mesoamerica. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 106 Government  - Governor Ivonne Ortega Pacheco PRI  - Federal Deputies PAN: 4 PRI: 1  - Federal Senators Hugo Laviada (PAN) Alfredo Rodríguez (PAN) Cleominio Zoreda (PRI) Area Ranked 20th  - State 38,402 km²  (14,827. ... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... This article is about 1862 . ... Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg (8 September 1814 - 8 January 1874) was a Belgian ethnographer. ...

Since de Landa's "alphabet" seemed to be contradictory and unclear (e.g., multiple variations were given for some of the letters, and some of the symbols were not known in the surviving inscriptions), previous attempts to use this as a key for deciphering the Maya writing system had not been successful.

Key research

the page from Diego de Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán (1853 edition by Brasseur de Bourbourg), which contained description of the de Landa alphabet which Knorosov relied upon for his breakthrough.

In 1952 Knorosov published a paper which was later to prove to be a seminal work in the field (Drevnyaya pis’mennost’ Tsentral’noy Ameriki, or "Ancient Writing of Central America".) The general thesis of this paper put forward the observation that early scripts such as ancient Egyptian and Cuneiform which were generally or formerly thought to be predominantly logographic or even purely ideographic in nature, in fact contained a significant phonetic component. That is to say, rather than the symbols representing only or mainly whole words or concepts, many symbols in fact represented the sound elements of the language in which they were written, and had alphabetic or syllabic elements as well, which if understood could further their decipherment. By this time, this was largely known and accepted for several of these, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs (the decipherment of which was famously commenced by Jean-François Champollion in 1822 using the tri-lingual Rosetta Stone artefact); however the prevailing view was that Mayan did not have such features. Knorosov's studies in comparative linguistics drew him to the conclusion that the Mayan script should be no different from the others, and that purely logographic or ideographic scripts were not actually so. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (748x775, 301 KB) Summary Image of the page from Diego de Landas 16thC. manuscript, Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, in which he describes the famous de Landa alphabet. This alphabet shows the letters of the Spanish language... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (748x775, 301 KB) Summary Image of the page from Diego de Landas 16thC. manuscript, Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, in which he describes the famous de Landa alphabet. This alphabet shows the letters of the Spanish language... Diego de Landa Calderón (1524 – 1579) was Bishop of Yucatán. ... Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg (8 September 1814 - 8 January 1874) was a Belgian ethnographer. ... Reproduction of the page from Diego de Landas Relacíon de las cosas de Yucatán, which gives a purported correspondence between letters of the Spanish alphabet and Maya glyphs, and which has become known as the de Landa alphabet The de Landa alphabet is the correspondence of Spanish... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... Cuneiform redirects here. ... Egyptian hieroglyphs, which have their origins as logograms. ... A Chinese character. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... ABCs redirects here, for the Alien Big Cats, see British big cats. ... A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. ... Decipherment is the analysis of documents written in ancient languages, where the language is unknown, or knowledge of the language has been lost. ... For the Champollion comet rendezvous spacecraft, see Champollion (spacecraft). ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the ancient Rosetta Stone found in Egypt. ...

Knorosov's key insight was to treat the Maya glyphs represented in de Landa's alphabet not as an alphabet, but rather as a syllabary. He was perhaps not the first to propose a syllabic basis for the script, but his arguments and evidence were the most compelling to date. He maintained that when de Landa had commanded of his informant to write the equivalent of the Spanish letter "b" (for example), the Maya scribe actually produced the glyph which corresponded to the syllable, /bay/, as spoken by de Landa. Knorosov did not actually put forward many new transcriptions based on his analysis, nevertheless he maintained that this approach was the key to understanding the script. In effect, the de Landa "alphabet" was to become almost the "Rosetta stone" of Mayan decipherment.

A further critical principle put forward by Knorosov was that of synharmony. According to this, Mayan words or syllables which had the form consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) were often to be represented by two glyphs, each representing a CV-syllable (i.e., CV-CV). In the reading, the vowel of the second was meant to be ignored, leaving the reading (CVC) as intended. The principle also stated that when choosing the second CV glyph, it would be one where the vowel sound matched that of the first glyph syllable. Later analysis has proved this to be largely correct.

Critical reactions to his work

Upon the publication of this work from a then hardly-known scholar, Knorosov and his thesis came under some severe and at times dismissive criticism. J. Eric S. Thompson, the noted British scholar regarded by all as the leading Mayanist of his day, led the attack. Thompson's views at that time were solidly anti-phonetic, and his own large body of detailed research had already fleshed-out a view that the Maya inscriptions did not record their actual history, and that the glyphs were founded on ideographic principles. His view was the prevailing one in the field, and many other scholars followed suit. Sir John Eric Sidney Thompson (31 December 1898 – 9 September 1975) was an English archeologist and Mayanist epigrapher, regarded as the pre-eminent mid-20th century scholar of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... Mayanist is a term which has been in widespread use from the late 19th century onwards, to refer to scholars who have specialised in research and study of the Central American pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... A Chinese character. ...

The situation was further complicated by Knorosov's paper appearing during the height of the Cold War, and many were able to dismiss his paper as being founded on misguided Marxist-Leninist ideology and polemic. Indeed, in keeping with the mandatory practices of the time, Knorosov's paper was prefaced by a foreword written by the journal's editor which contained digressions and propagandist comments extolling the State-sponsored approach by which Knorosov had succeeded where Western scholarship had failed. However, despite claims to the contrary by several of Knorosov's detractors, Knorosov himself never did include such polemic in his writings. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ...

Knorosov persisted with his publications in spite of the criticism and rejection of many Mayanists of the time. He was perhaps shielded to some extent from the ramifications of peer disputation, since his position and standing at the institute was not adversely influenced by criticism from Western academics.

Progress of decipherment

A major role in deciphering mayan hieroglyphic writing was played by Yuri Knorosov.^[11] He further improved his decipherment technique, proposed in 1952, in his 1963 monograph "The Writing of the Maya Indians"^[12] and published translations of mayan manuscripts in his 1975 work "Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts". A monograph is a scholarly book or a treatise on a single subject or a group of related subjects. ...

During the 1960s, other Mayanists and researchers began to expand upon Knorosov's ideas. Their further field-work and examination of the extant inscriptions began to indicate that actual Maya history was recorded in the stelae inscriptions, and not just calendric and astronomical information. The Russian-born but American-resident scholar Tatiana Proskouriakoff was foremost in this work, eventually convincing Thompson and other doubters that historical events were recorded in the script. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Stele is also a concept in plant biology. ... The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala. ... For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ... Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1909-1985) was a Mayanist. ...

Other early supporters of the phonetic approach championed by Knorosov included Michael D. Coe and David Kelley, and whilst initially they were in a clear minority, more and more supporters came to this view as further evidence and research progressed. I dont know anything! ...

Through the rest of the decade and into the next, Proskouriakoff and others continued to develop the theme, and utilising Knorosov's results and other approaches began to piece together some decipherments of the script. A major breakthrough came during the first round table or Mesa Redonda conference at the Maya site of Palenque in 1973, when using the syllabic approach those present (mostly) deciphered what turned out to be a list of former rulers of that particular Maya city-state. Mesa Redonda Internacional (in English International Round Table) is a Cuban television program broadcast by Cubavision International. ... The Palace, Ruins of Palenque Palenque is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located at about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see map). ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

Subsequent decades saw many further such advances, to the point now where quite a significant portion of the surviving inscriptions can be read. Most Mayanists and accounts of the decipherment history apportion much of the credit to the impetus and insight provided by Knorosov's contributions, to a man who had not as yet set foot outside of his native Russia, but had still been able to make important contributions to the understanding of this distant, ancient civilisation.

Later life

As his theories became more widely known, Knorosov was in 1956 granted leave to attend an international convention of Mesoamerican scholars in Copenhagen. This was to be his one and only venture outside the Soviet Union for quite some time, since as a Soviet academic, Knorosov was subject to the usual restrictions placed on travel outside of the Soviet Union. Over subsequent years western Mayanists needed to travel to Leningrad to meet up with him. It was not until 1990 that he was eventually able to leave Russia again and finally visit the ancient Maya homelands and archaeological sites in Mexico and Guatemala. This was at the invitation of the Guatemalan President Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo, at a time of improved diplomatic relations between the two countries. Cerezo presented him with an honorary medal, and Knorosov was able to extend his stay in the region, visiting several of the important Maya sites such as Tikal. However, shortly after Vinicio Cerezo left office, Knorosov received threats from suspected right-wing militarist groups who were antagonistic to the indigenous Mayan peoples, and was forced to go into hiding and then leave the country. For other uses, see Copenhagen (disambiguation). ... Soviet redirects here. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo was born December 26, 1942 in Guatemala City in Guatemala. ... For other uses, see Tikal (disambiguation). ...

Knorosov had broad interest in, and contributed to, other investigative fields such as archaeology, semiotics, human migration to the Americas and the evolution of the mind. However, it is his contributions to the field of Maya studies for which he is best remembered.

In his very last years, Knorosov is also known^{[citation needed]} to have pointed to a place in the United States as the likely location of Chicomoztoc, the ancestral land from which --according to ancient documents and accounts considered mythical by a sizable number of scholars-- Indian peoples now living in Mexico are said to have come. The seven caves of Chicomoztoc, from Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. ... For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ...

Knorosov died in St. Petersburg on March 31, 1999, of pneumonia in the corridors of a city hospital, just before he was due to receive the honorary Proskouriakoff Award from Harvard University. This article is about human pneumonia. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...

List of publications

An incomplete listing of Knorosov's papers, conference reports and other publications, divided by subject area and type. Note that several of those listed are re-editions and/or translations of earlier papers.^[13]

Maya-related

Conference papers

• (1955) "A brief summary of the studies of the ancient Maya hieroglyphic writing in the Soviet Union". Reports of the Soviet Delegations at the 10th International Congress of Historical Science in Rome, (Authorized English translation), Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR. 
• (1956) "Kratkie itogi izucheniia drevnei pis'mennosti malia v Sovetskom Soiuze". Proceedings of the International Congress of Historical Sciences (Rome, 1955): pp.343–364. 
• (1958) "New data on the Maya written language". Proc. 32nd International Congress of Americanists, (Copenhagen, 1956): pp.467–475. 
• (1959) "La lengua de los textos jeroglificos mayas". Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists (33rd session, San José, 1958): pp.573–579. 
• (1970) "Le Panthéon des anciens Maya". Proceedings of the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (7th session, Moscow, 1964).: pp.126–232. 

Journal articles

• (1952) "Drevnyaya pis’mennost’ Tsentral’noy Ameriki. (Ancient Writings of Central America)". Sovetskaya Etnografiya 3 (2): pp.100–118. 
• (1955) "Pis'mennost drevnikh maiia. (Written Language of the Ancient Maya)". Sovetskaya Etnografiya 1: pp.94–125. 
• (1956) "New data on the Maya written language". Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris 45: pp.209–217. 
• (1958) "Estudio de los jeroglíficos mayas en la U.R.S.S. (The Study of Maya hieroglyphics in the USSR)". Khana, Revista municipal de artes y letras (La Paz, Bolivia) 2 (17-18): pp.183–189. 
• (1958) "The problem of the study of the Maya hieroglyphic writing". American Antiquity 23 (3): pp.248–291. 
• (1962) "Problem of deciphering Mayan writing". Diogènes (Montreal) 40: pp.122-128. 
• (1963) "Machine decipherment of Maya script". Soviet Anthropology and Archeology 1 (3): pp.43-50. 
• (1963) "Aplicación de las matematicas al estudio lingüistico (Application of mathematics to linguistic studies)". Estudios de Cultura Maya (Mexico City) 3: pp.169-185. 
• (1965) "Principios para descifrar los escritos mayas. (Principles for deciphering Maya writing)". Estudios de Cultura Maya (Mexico City) 5: pp.153-188. 
• (1968) "Investigación formal de los textos jeroglíficos mayas. (Formal investigations of Maya hieroglyphic texts)". Estudios de Cultura Maya (Mexico City) 7: pp.153-188. 
• (1973) "Zametki o kaldare Maia: 365-dnevnyi god". Sovetskaya Etnografiya 1: pp.70–80. 
• (1974) "Notas sobre el calendario maya; el monumento E de Tres Zapotes". América Latina; estudios de científicos soviéticos 3: pp.125–140. 
• (1986) "Acerca de las relaciones precolombinas entre América y el Viejo Mundo". América Latina; estudios de científicos soviéticos 1: pp.84–98. 

Books

• (1954) La antigua escritura de los pueblos de America Central. Fondo de Cultura Popular. 
• (1955) Sistema Pis'ma Drevnikh Maiia. Moscow: Institut Etnografii, Akademia Nauk USSR. 
• (1956) Diego de Landa: Soobshchenie o delakh v Yukatani, 1566. Moscow: Akademia Nauk USSR.  (Knorosov's doctoral dissertation)
• (1963) Pis'mennost Indeitsev Maiia. Moscow-Leningrad: Institut Etnografii, Akademia Nauk USSR. 
• (1967) "The Writing of the Maya Indians", in Tatiana Proskouriakoff (Ed.): Russian Translation Series 4, Sophie Coe (trans.), Cambridge MA.: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. 
• (1975) Ieroglificheskie Rukopisi Maiia. Leningrad: Institut Etnografii, Akademia Nauk USSR. 
• (1982) Maya Hieroglyphic Codices, Sophie Coe (trans.), Albany NY.: Institute for Mesoamerican Studies. 
• (1999) "Comendio Xcaret de la escritura jeroglifica maya descifrada por Yuri V. Knorosov", Promotora Xcaret. Mexico City: Universidad de Quintana Roo. 
• (2001) "New data on the Maya written language", in Stephen Houston, Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos and David Stuart, eds: The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Norman OK.: University of Oklahoma Press, pp.144-152. 

Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1909-1985) was a Mayanist. ... The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology is a museum affiliated with Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...

Others

• (1957) "Preliminary Report on the Study of the Written Language of Easter Island". Journal of the Polynesian Society 66 (1): pp.5–17.  (on the Rongorongo script, with N.A. Butinov)
• (1965) in Yuri Knorosov (ed.): Predvaritel’noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov. Moscow: Institut Etnografii, Akademia Nauk USSR.  (Collated results of a research team under Knorosov investigating the Harappan script, with the use of computers)
• (1981) "Protoindiyskie nadpisi (k probleme deshifrovki)". Sovetskaya Etnografiya 5 (2): pp.47–71.  (on the Harappan script of the Indus Valley civilization)

Rongorongo or ko hau rongo rongo (Rapa Nui kohau rongorongo wooden messenger, talking wood) is the undeciphered script of Easter Island. ...   An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ...   An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ...

See also

• Maya script
• Epigraphy
• J. Eric S. Thompson
• Tatiana Proskouriakoff

Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico The Maya script, commonly known as Maya hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica, presently the only deciphered script of the Mesoamerican writing systems. ... The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum. ... Sir John Eric Sidney Thompson (31 December 1898 – 9 September 1975) was an English archeologist and Mayanist epigrapher, regarded as the pre-eminent mid-20th century scholar of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1909-1985) was a Mayanist. ...

Notes

is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Help!, a Soviet poster from 1921. ... Guatemala City (in full, La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción; locally known as Guatemala or Guate) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Guatemala. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the Americas continent. ... First page of the Codex Argenteus A codex (Latin for block of wood, book; plural codices) is a handwritten book, in general, one produced from Late Antiquity through the Middle Ages. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nicholai Nicholaevich Miklukho-Maklai (Николай Николаевич Миклухо-Маклай in Russian) (1846 – 1888) was a Russian ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist. ...

References