NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Zapatista

The term Zapatista refers to several differing, but related, aspects of the history of Mexico. 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- â†’ Deaths in September September 28 : Constance Baker Motley September 25 : M. Scott Peck September 25 : Don Adams September 20 : Simon Wiesenthal September 14 : Robert Wise September 10 : Hermann Bondi September 8 : Donald Horne September 7 : Moussa Arafat... // Prehistoric times Although there are tantalizing fragments of evidence suggesting human habitation of Mexico more than 20,000 years ago, the first solid evidence comes from two kill sites in the northern Basin of Mexico. ...

Mexican Revolution of 1910

Zapatista originally referred to a member of the revolutionary guerrilla movement founded around 1910 by Emiliano Zapata, whose Liberation Army of the South (Ejército Libertador del Sur) fought during the Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land. Zapata, his army and allies, including Pancho Villa at one point, fought for agrarian reform in Mexico and specifically the establishment of communal land rights for Mexico's indigenous population. Guerrilla War redirects here. ... -1... Photo of Emiliano Zapata (right) and his brother Eufemio Zapata Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 â€“ April 10, 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution against the dictatorship of Porfirio DÃaz that broke out in 1910. ... The Ejército Libertador del Sur (ELS) was an army formed and led by General Emiliano Zapata in 1910 in the southern Mexican state of Morelos, thus starting the Mexican Revolution. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Land reform (also agrarian reform although that can have a broader meaning) is the government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of â€” i. ... General Pancho Villa JosÃ© Doroteo Arango ArÃ¡mbula (June 5, 1878 (date disputed) â€“ July 20, 1923) â€” better known by his nom de guerre Francisco Villa or, in its diminutive form, Pancho Villa â€” was one of the foremost leaders and best known generals of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and 1920... Community is a set of people (or agents in a more abstract sense) with some shared element. ... Land rights are those property rights that pertain to real estate, that is, land. ... A Hupa man, 1923 The term indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European explorers in the 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical peoples. ...

The majority of Zapata’s supporters were the indigenous peasants, usually local, from Morelos and surrounding towns. But there were intellectuals from urban areas who also joined the Zapatistas, and played a significant part in their movement, specifically the structure and communication of the Zapatista ambitions. Zapata received only a few years of limited education in Morelos, and thus the educated members from foreign towns played a large role in expressing Zapata’s political aims. These urban intellectuals were known as ‘city boys’, and were predominately young males. They were influenced in joining the Zapatistas due to many reasons, including curiosity, sympathy, and ambition. Zapata agreed that politics should be left up to the intellectuals, but also kept his role in proclaiming the Zapatista ideology. The city boys also provided medical care, helped promote and instruct the Zapatista ideology, created an agrarian reform, aided in rebuilding villages destroyed by government forces, formed manifestos, and sent messages from Zapata to other revolutionary leaders. Zapata’s compadre Otilio Montaño was one of the most prominent city boys. Before the revolution he was a professor, and during the revolution he taught Zapatismo, recruited citizens, and wrote the Plan de Ayala. Other well known city boys were Abraham Martinez, Manuel Palafox, Antonio Diaz Soto y Gama, Pablo Torres Burgos, Gildardo Magaña, Dolores Jimenez y Muro, Enrique Villa, and Genaro Amezcua. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (568x630, 90 KB) Summary Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (568x630, 90 KB) Summary Source: http://www. ... Morelos is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... Morelos is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...

Zapatista Women

Many women were involved and supported the Zapatistas. Since Zapata’s political ambitions and campaign were usually local, the women were able to aid the Zapatista soldiers from their homes, and provided them with tortillas. There were also female Zapatista soldiers since the beginning of the revolution. When Zapata met with President Francisco Madero on July 12, 1911, he was accompanied by his troops. Amongst these troops were female soldiers, and some of them were officers. Some women were the leaders of bandit gangs during and before the revolution. Women joined the Zapatistas as soldiers for various reasons, including retaliation for dead family members or merely to perform raids. Perhaps the most popular Zapatista female soldier was Margarita Neri, who participated as a Zapatista commander. Many females fought as Zapatista soldiers, but La Coronela Maria de la Luz Espinosa Barrera was one of the few to be granted a pension as a veteran of the revolution. Image File history File links Zapatistawomen. ... Image File history File links Zapatistawomen. ... Francisco I. Madero González (30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. ... July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

Although many female soldiers fought bravely, were killed in battle, and others continued to wear men's clothing and carry pistols long after the Revolution ended, La Coronela was one of the very few who received a pension as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Modern Zapatistas

Zapatista gained a new meaning in 1994 with the public debut of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, or EZLN).The Modern Zapatistas are part of an anti-poverty, anti-globalization movement. The majority of the Zapatistas live in the state of Chiapas in the south of Mexico. As result the word "Zapatistas" becoming generalized to include people who simply support the cause of the Zapatistas and the ideology. To their enemies, these people are Zapatistas. This tendency has contributed to the escalating tensions in the state of Chiapas. 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The modern Zapatista movement makes use of the revolutionary figure Zapata as a rallying point for its cause, which is much the same as it was a century ago. Its main goals of sweeping agrarian and social reform, as well as a Southern Mexico separatist movement, are recurring themes from early 20th century Zapata rhetoric. While the first Zapatistas were led by Zapata himself, the EZLN is democratically organized. The most dominant figure and spokesperson of the modern movement is Subcommander Marcos. Other prominent figures include Subcommander Elisa, and Comandante Ramona who was of Tzotzil origin. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ... Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry. ... Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos describes himself as the spokesperson for the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) but, since he is so prominent a figure, he is considered by many to be one of its main leaders. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Tzotzil Maya of the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico are a Native American group, the direct descendants of the Classic Maya. ...

What differentiates and specializes the Zapatista movement its leaders are mostly indigenous and it is the first social grassroots movement to successfully use computer communications. Subcommander Marcos has credited the media as the Zapatistas long range missile by constantly reinventing himself and the iconography of the Zapatista movement. The internet is essential to the declaration and liberation of the voices of the marginalized. Subcommadante Marcos sums up this belief in an absurd, but enlightening way, addressing the true nature of the Zapatista movement. The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota...

Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a gang member in Neza, a rocker in the National University, a Jew in Nazi Germany, an ombudsman in the Defense Ministry, a communist in the post-Cold War era, an artist without gallery or portfolio.... A pacifist in Bosnia, a housewife alone on Saturday night in any neighborhood in any city in Mexico, a striker in the CTM, a reporter writing filler stories for the back pages, a single woman on the subway at 10 pm, a peasant without land, an unemployed worker... an unhappy student, a dissident amid free market economics, a writer without books or readers, and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains of southeast Mexico. So Marcos is a human being, any human being, in this world. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalized and oppressed minorities, resisting and saying, 'Enough'!

What is particular about the Zapatismo ideology is that it is a historical conflict against the trans-historical oppressor of the indigenous of Mexico; altogether the marginalized people of the world. This historical oppressor has been described as the colonial Spaniard, the nineteenth century British and the post-cold war, neo-liberal United States. The Zapatista worldview adopts a position of humanity versus neoliberalism. The Zapatistas believe that the United States market dehumanizes people. It is a concentration of wealth-crimes against humanity. For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism (international relations). ... A physical marketplace in Portugal enables buyers and sellers of produce to do business with each other. ...

The movement started in southern Mexico, in the state of Chiapas. It remains most popular with the poor indigenous peoples of that area. It appeared shortly after (and in response to) the signing of NAFTA - the North American Free Trade Agreement [go to A Place Called Chiapas- A Documentary on the Zapatistas]. Soon after its inception, the EZLN held an international conference in Chiapas called the Intercontinental Encounter for Humanity and against Neoliberalism. It resulted in various other Zapatista groups emerging outside of Mexico, including the West Essex Zapatistas in East London. Chiapas is a state in the southeast of Mexico. ... Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A Place Called Chiapas is a documentary on the Zapatistas that provides a first-hand account of the lives of the Zapatistas filmed by Nettie Wild. ... Chiapas is a state in the southeast of Mexico. ... For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism (international relations). ... The West Essex Zapatistas (WEZ) are a revolutionary political group based in East London that share a similar philosophical outlook with the modern Mexican Zapatista movement. ... East London (Afrikaans: Oos-Londen, Xhosa: Imonti) is a city in southeast South Africa, situated in the Eastern Cape Province at 32. ...

The new Zapatista rebellion is a smaller and more peaceful uprising that has had few serious encounters with the government. A brief spurt of violence accompanied its inception when several thousand peasants seized five Chiapan towns. Hundreds of lives were lost when the military was sent to confront the rebels. Another spate of violence occurred when forty alleged Zapatista sympathizers were killed during the Acteal massacre in 1997. The Acteal Massacre was a massacre of 1400 people (although some sources claim 1500 or more and still others claim the number of deaths was 45) attending a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ...

Presently, the Zapatistas are offering more nonviolent resistance. They reject parliamentary elections at the national level because they see such elections as not involving participation by the people in a meaningful way and therefore, as not truly democratic. (See Anarchism.) The Zapatistas have organized a network of grass-roots based democratic village councils in their autonomous region, and have set up schools, courts, and clinics. The most recent large demonstration was a 2001 march to Mexico City with only very scattered episodes of violence. Since the late 1990s, the movement has been involved in an introspective series of Councils of Good Government within their realm of influence. While the rebellion may appear to be in somewhat of a standstill, the people are still very active in their attempts to acquire autonomy. The government remains reluctant to address the rebellion because doing so might lend an impression of political instability. In 2005, the EZLN held a summit, the result of which was the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle. This document reflects many Marxist ideas. Anarchism is derived from the Greek Î±Î½Î±ÏÏ‡Î¯Î± (without archons (ruler, chief, king)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is the belief that forms of rulership are undesirable and should be abolished. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico D.F. or simply MÃ©xico, pronounced /mexiko/ in IPA) is the capital and largest city of the nation of Mexico. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ... The Sexta DeclariciÃ³n de la Selva Lacandona (Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle) was issued by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EjÃ©rcito Zapatista de LiberaciÃ³n Nacional, EZLN) on June 28, 2005 declaring their principles and vision for Mexico and the world. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ...

As part of his campaign promises during the 2000 Mexican Presidential election, Vicente Fox claimed he would solve the EZLN guerrilla problem in "fifteen minutes." This was shown to be an empty promise, however, since Fox has simply left the Congress to deal with the constitutional changes demanded by the Zapatistas. Mexico held a general election on Sunday, 2 July 2000. ... Term of office: December 1, 2000 â€“ present Preceded by: Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de LeÃ³n Succeeded by: incumbent Date of birth: July 2, 1942 Place of birth: Mexico City Profession: Industrialist First Lady: Marta SahagÃºn Political Party: National Action Party Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) is the... The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. ... Congress (formally: Congreso de la UniÃ³n or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ...

Global Discourse on the Zapatista Movement

In order to conduct a study into the modern day Zapatistas it is crucial to use primary sources and essays previously conducted on this everchanging movement. This section will look at a documentary which provides a first hand account of life in the mostly rebel territory of Chiapas, and essays which attempt to restate the nature of the Zapatista movement. Chiapas is a state in the southeast of Mexico. ...

Marcos' statement on the marginalization of civilians of the world and the Zapatistas' persistent attention to the internet has also led to global discourse on the Zapatista movement. This has transformed the meaning and perception of the Zapatistas. James Petras, one of the intellectuals being drawn from this global discourse in Romancing the Zapatistas, International Intelletuals and the Chiapas rebellion, defines the movement as one who "mapped the influences shaping the emergence of both Zapatistas and a range of other 'new' peasant-based social movements in the region...He pointed to the emergence of peasant leaders, with some school-level education, emphasizing that, while the leadership and then new peasantry generally are 'rooted in the rural struggle,' they have a 'cosmopolitan vision'. At the same time he emphasized the importance of Marxism (particularly the idea of class struggle) to the thinking of these movements, making a case for the continued relevance of Marxism to any effort to understand political and socioecomonic change in the Americas." Henry Veltmeyer's, another international intellectual, perspective parallels Petras' perspective as the context for the "incipient third-wave revolutionary movements" which have a profoundly negative impact on "neo-liberal economic policies on a wide-range of social groups in Latin America". One of the main difficulites for Zapatistas and intellectuals in defining their movement comes hand in hand with the Mexican government's consistent militarization of the struggle and increasing number of paramilitaries in Mexico, particularly Chiapas. This presents the Zapatistas with the "dilemma of choosing between military and political struggle." The framework for this study homogenizes the neoliberal challenge and post-cold war modes of resistance to this "New Imperialism". Roger Burback's theory responds to Petras' and Veltmeyer's challenges in describing the movement as "postmodern because of their insistence on the need for a 'new social and economic order that goes beyond' both capitalism and socialism." A new perspective from the indigenous context has categorized the Zapatista movement in the lines of "the ressurection of the Mesoamerican soul". For Ouweneel she believes that the "the rise of the Zapatistas as primarily an attempt to recover indigenous ideas and practices [look up Maya]." The symbolism of the Mesoamerican soul has been given attention by Gary Gossen who argues, " 'few features of Mesoamerican life, ancient or modern, that demonstrate the tenacity than the unseen Mesoamerican essence,' that has been maintained to this day via, 'creative reinterpretation of a distinctively Mesoamerican vision of self, society, and ethnic identity.'" With these reinterpretations themselves the Zapatista movement continues to tranform itself, ignite global discourse through the media, and invoke the spirit of the Mexican revolution today Zapatistas can refer to two different political movements in Mexico: During the Mexican Revolution, the Zapatistas were a fighting force based in Morelos, led by Emiliano Zapata. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... See also colonialism Imperialism is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial conquest or settlement, or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries. ... The word Maya or maya can refer to: The Maya – a Native American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America the modern Maya people the pre-Columbian Maya civilization the Maya language Maya – a concept in Hindu/Vedic philosophy a state of misperception of reality the inherent force of...

Contents

Mexican Revolution of 1910

Zapatista Women

Modern Zapatistas

Global Discourse on the Zapatista Movement

See also

External links

International Groups