NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Zenit rocket

The Zenit rocket (Ukrainian: Зеніт, Russian: Зени́т; meaning Zenith) is a space launch vehicle manufactured by the Yuzhnoe Design Bureau of Ukraine. Zenit was built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone rocket. Moreover Zenit was planned to take over manned spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were abandoned after the fall of the Soviet Union. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Saturn V launch vehicle sends Apollo 15 on its way to the moon. ... Yuzhnoe Design Bureau (Russian: Конструкторское бюро «Южное»), in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, is a manufacturer of satellites and rockets, formerly a Soviet manufacturer of ICBMs. ... The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, â€² â€“ a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... The pound is the name of a number of units of mass, all in the range of 300 to 600 grams. ... In cargo transport, the payload is the valuable contents of the vehicle. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... SSO can refer to: Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Single sign-on Sun synchronous orbit This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... GTO is an abbreviation of: Geostationary transfer orbit Great Teacher Onizuka, the manga and anime series Gran Turismo Omologato, Pontiac GTO. Not to be confused with Mitsubishi GTO Guanajuato, Gto. ... Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ... Ocean Odyssey drilling rig publicity photo Ocean Odyssey (Sea Launch) at port The Ocean Odyssey was a self-propelled, semi-submersible drilling rig which was rebuilt as a mobile spacecraft launch platform and is currently used by Sea Launch for equatorial Pacific Ocean launches. ... April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The RD-170 rocket engine is a Russian liquid fuel 4-chamber design. ... Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second and Third Law. ... The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... The specific impulse (commonly abbreviated Isp) of a propulsion system is the impulse (change in momentum) per unit mass of propellant. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... RD-8 engine is developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau for the second stage of Zenit rocket. ... The specific impulse (commonly abbreviated Isp) of a propulsion system is the impulse (change in momentum) per unit mass of propellant. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Block D is upper stage of rockets used by USSR/Russia. ... The specific impulse (commonly abbreviated Isp) of a propulsion system is the impulse (change in momentum) per unit mass of propellant. ... RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ... Lox can stand for any of several things: Lox (salmon) - a type of salmon produce LOx (oxidizer) - liquid oxygen used as oxidizer in aerospace The Lox - was a Yonkers, NY-based rap trio This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Rockets (including missiles) can be launched from the following: for a launch into an orbital spaceflight and beyond: a launch pad, including a floating platform (see San Marco platform, Sea Launch) for the launch into a suborbital flight also: a missile silo a mobile launcher vehicle a submarine air launch... Yuzhnoe Design Bureau (Russian: Конструкторское бюро «Южное»), in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, is a manufacturer of satellites and rockets, formerly a Soviet manufacturer of ICBMs. ... A Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) is similar to a solid rocket booster (SRB) attached to the side of a rocket to give it extra lift at takeoff. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ...

Zenits are launched from Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and by the Sea Launch consortium's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean. The engines of the Zenit's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket are supplied by Russia. Since the Zenit is not built in Russia, it is planned to be replaced in that service by the new and yet unflown Angara rocket, although Russia does still use the Zenit. There are plans to use an improved Zenit-3SLB rocket for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning with 2007; this service is marketed as "Land Launch." Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ... Sea Launch command ship Sea Launch Commander Sea Launch launch platform Ocean Odyssey Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service, which uses mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on top of specialized Zenit-3SL rockets. ... The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit. ...

Zenit-3SL has launched 24 times with 21 successes, 2 failures, and 1 partial success as of January 2007. The first failure, of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications, occurred on the second commercial launch on March 12, 2000 and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket. The second failure occurred on January 30th 2007 when the rocket exploded on the Ocean Odyssey launch platform, seconds after engine ignition. The NSS-8 communication satellite onboard was destroyed. Hughes logo adopted after his death Hughes developed the AIM-120 AMRAAM, one of the worlds most advanced air-to-air missiles Hughes Aircraft Company was a major defense/aerospace company founded by Howard Hughes. ... ICO Satellite Management, LLC, formerly ICO Global Communications, plans to offer S-band mobile satellite services (MSS) via a satellite in geostationary orbit and auxiliary ground-based relays. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in leap years). ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

On the 30 of January 2007 the Zenit-3SL rocket carrying a commercial communications satellite exploded. The blast occurred at the scheduled 3:22 p.m. PST launch time. It was not known if the Zenit-3SL rocket actually lifted off the platform.

NSS-8, which was insured, was to have been used for audio, video, data and Internet services for countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and Asia, Sea Launch said.

"There was an explosion as we were lifting off," said Paula Korn, a spokeswoman for Sea Launch Co.,

In the study entitled The Military Use of Space: A Diagnostic Assessment (csbaonline.org for copies), data compiled by Greg Lucas and Charles Murphy in Appendix 4 of the study shows that among the 16 launchers surveyed, the Zenit 2 is currently the lowest cost vehicle for achieving LEO in terms of payload weight per launch ($1167-1667 per pound), and one of the lowest in terms of total costs per launch ($35-$50 million). [1]

metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) The metre is the basic unit of length in the International System of Units. ... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et... A tonne or metric ton (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... A geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO). ... Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ... Sea Launch command ship Sea Launch Commander Sea Launch launch platform Ocean Odyssey Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service, which uses mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on top of specialized Zenit-3SL rockets. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD (or CE) era. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Intermediate circular orbit (ICO), also called medium earth orbit (MEO), is used by satellites between the altitudes of low earth orbit (up to 1400 km) and geostationary orbit (ca. ... A geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO). ...

Zenit 3SL

Zenit-3SL is a three stage carrier rocket developed for and used by the Sea Launch consortium. Rockets (including missiles) can be launched from the following: for a launch into an orbital spaceflight and beyond: a launch pad, including a floating platform (see San Marco platform, Sea Launch) for the launch into a suborbital flight also: a missile silo a mobile launcher vehicle a submarine air launch... Sea Launch command ship Sea Launch Commander Sea Launch launch platform Ocean Odyssey Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service, which uses mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on top of specialized Zenit-3SL rockets. ...

Rockets used by Sea Launch are assembled in Long Beach, California. Launches occur from the Ocean Odyssey offshore launch platform, situated at the equator. The Ocean Odyssey is also used to transport rockets to the launch site. An aerospace company in Ukraine, which builds the Cyclone rocket, used by Brazil. ... The A.M. Makarov Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant, or PA Yuzhmash ( Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; literally Production Association Southern Machine-Building Plant named after A.M. Makarov) is a Ukrainian manufacturer of agricultural equipment, buses, trolley buses and trams, wind turbines, space rockets, and satellites. ... Block D is upper stage of rockets used by USSR/Russia. ... S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (also known as RKK Energiya) is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. ... The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is an aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ... Ocean Odyssey drilling rig publicity photo Ocean Odyssey (Sea Launch) at port The Ocean Odyssey was a self-propelled, semi-submersible drilling rig which was rebuilt as a mobile spacecraft launch platform and is currently used by Sea Launch for equatorial Pacific Ocean launches. ...

External links

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List of expendable launch vehicles

Current:	Ariane 5 · Atlas V · Cosmos-3M · Delta II · Delta IV · Dnepr · Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle · H-IIA · Long March · Minotaur · Molniya · Pegasus · Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle · Proton · Rockot · Shavit · Soyuz (U, 2) · Taurus · Tsyklon · Zenit Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... An expendable launch system or expendable launch vehicle, ELV, is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space. ... The Cosmos-3M is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... The Dnepr space launch vehicle (Ukrainian: ; Russian: , named after the Dnieper River), is a converted ICBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit, operated by launch service provider ISC Kosmotras (established in 1997). ... Molniya 8K78 is a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and has four stages. ... The Proton (ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ½) rocket (formal designation: UR-500, also known as D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design, first launched in 1965. ... Rockot The Rockot is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Volna. ... Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ... The Soyuz-U or 11A511U rocket in the Soviet rocket designation series was a version of the Soyuz launch vehicle first introduced in 1973. ... This article is about the carrier rocket. ... START-1 is a Russian orbital (or satellite) launch vehicle based on RT-2PM Topol, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile developed by Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology. ... The UR-100 was an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and deployed by the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1996. ... Tsyklon-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 weather observation satellite (Plesetsk, Aug. ... The Volna rocket is a converted R-29R (SS-N-18) Soviet ICBM used for low cost satellite launches. ... The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit. ... The Soyuz launch vehicle is an expendable launch system designed by the Korolev Design Bureau (Soviet Union) and used as the launcher for the manned Soyuz spacecraft, as part of the Soyuz program. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969. ... The Polyot was an interim orbital carrier rocket, built to test ASAT spacecraft. ... R-7 with Sputnik 2 The R-7 Semyorka was the worlds first intercontinental ballistic missile and was deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. ... The Voskhod rocket (Russian: Восход, translated as Sunrise) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites. ... The Vostok rocket (Russian Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ðº, translated as East) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for other satellite launches. ... An expendable launch system or expendable launch vehicle, ELV, is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space. ... Ariane 5 mock-up Ariane 5 is a European expendable launch system designed to deliver satellites into geostationary transfer orbit and to send payloads to Low Earth orbit. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Atlas V launches. ... The Cosmos-3M is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... A Delta II rocket launches from Cape Canaveral carrying a GPS satellite The Boeing IDS Delta II family of launch vehicles has been in service since 1989. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Delta IV launches. ... The Dnepr space launch vehicle (Ukrainian: ; Russian: , named after the Dnieper River), is a converted ICBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit, operated by launch service provider ISC Kosmotras (established in 1997). ... The GSLV or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed by India (Indian Space Research Organization) to launch satellites into geostationary orbit. ... The H-IIA is a family of liquid-fuelled rockets providing an expendable launch system for the purpose of launching satellites into geostationary orbit. ... The Long March family of rockets (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ChÃ¡ngzhÄ“ng xÃ¬liÃ¨ yÃ¹nzÃ i huÇ’jiÃ n) is an expendable launch system operated by the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Minotaur Rocket is an American solid fuel rocket designed to launch small satellites. ... Molniya 8K78 is a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and has four stages. ... Pegasus rocket on the ground Pegasus rocket attached to bottom of carrier aircraft The Pegasus rocket is a winged space booster developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation (Orbital). ... PSLV or Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ... The Proton (ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ½) rocket (formal designation: UR-500, also known as D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design, first launched in 1965. ... Rockot The Rockot is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... Shavit (Hebrew: comet) is a launch vehicle produced by Israel. ... Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ... The Soyuz-U or 11A511U rocket in the Soviet rocket designation series was a version of the Soyuz launch vehicle first introduced in 1973. ... This article is about the carrier rocket. ... Taurus is an German/Swedish air-launched cruise missile, manufactured by EADS, Saab Bofors Dynamics and used by Germany and Sweden. ... Tsyklon-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 weather observation satellite (Plesetsk, Aug. ...
Planned:	Angara · GX · H-IIB · Vega · GSLV III The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit. ... The GX launch vehicle is a rocket currently under development by the Galaxy Express Corporation, a joint-venture between Lockheed Martin (LM), Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and several other Japanese companies. ... The H-IIB is a family of liquid-fuelled rockets providing an expendable launch system for the main purpose of launching the HTV towards the International Space Station. ... Vega (ESA) Vega is a planned expendable launch system developed jointly by the Italian Space Agency and the European Space Agency since 1998, with the first launch planned for 2006. ... The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III is a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organization to launch heavy satellites into geostationary orbit, and will allow India to be less dependent on foreign rockets for heavy lifting. ...
Historical:	Ariane 1 · Ariane 2/3 · Ariane 4 · Atlas ICBM · Atlas II · Atlas III · Black Arrow · Delta III · Diamant · Energia · Europa · H-II · J-I · Juno I · M-V · N1 · R-7 Semyorka · Saturn I · Saturn IB · Saturn V · Saturn INT-21 · Scout · Thor · Titan (I, II, III, IIIB, IV) · Vanguard · Voskhod · Vostok Ariane I is the first version of the Ariane launcher family. ... Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were expendable launch systems in the Ariane family designed by the European Space Agency. ... Ariane 42P rocket with the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite (Kourou, August 10, 1992) (NASA) Ariane 4 was an expendable launch system, designed by the European Space Agency and manufactured and marketed by its subsidiary Arianespace. ... Atlas missile launch from Cape Canaveral in 1957 The Atlas is a venerable line of space launch vehicles originally built by the Convair Division of General Dynamics, and now Lockheed Martin. ... Mission Atlas II is a member of the Atlas family of launch vehicles, which evolved from the successful Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program. ... The maiden flight of the Atlas III The Lockheed Martin Atlas III was an American orbital launch vehicle, used between 2000 and 2005. ... Black Arrow was a British satellite launch vehicle based on the Black Knight rocket. ... Through the 90s, satellite masses were growing steadily. ... The Diamant rocket (diamant is French for diamond) was the first exclusively French expendable launch system. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Europa rocket was an early expendable launch system of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO), which was the precursor to the European Space Agency and its Ariane family of launchers. ... The H-II was a Japanese satellite launch system, which flew seven times between 1994 and 1999, with four successes. ... The J-I was a solid rocket expendable launch vehicle from Japan. ... The Jupiter-C Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) was designed by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) The vehicle consists of a modified Redstone ballistic missile with three solid-propellant upper stages. ... M-V rocket with the ASTRO-E satellite (Febr. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969. ... R-7 with Sputnik 2 The R-7 Semyorka was the worlds first intercontinental ballistic missile and was deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... This article is about the rocket. ... This article is about the rocket. ... Scout launch (NASA) The Scout-rocket was an American rocket for launching small satellites. ... Thor-Ablestar Thor was the United Statess first operational ballistic missile. ... Titan was a family of U.S. expendable rockets used between 1959 and 2005. ... The Titan I was the United States first true multistage ICBM. It was the first in a series of Titan rockets, but was unique among them in that it used LOX and RP-1 as its fuels, while the later versions all used storable fuels instead. ... Titan II launch vehicle launching Gemini 11 (Sept. ... The Titan IIIC is a space booster used by the United States Air Force. ... Titan IIIB was the collective name for a number of derivatives of the Titan II ICBM and Titan III launch vehicle, modified by the addition of an Agena upper stage. ... The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB) of space boosters are used by the US Air Force. ... The Vanguard rocket is the first space launch vehicle of the United States. ... The Voskhod rocket (Russian: Восход, translated as Sunrise) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites. ... The Vostok rocket (Russian Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ðº, translated as East) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for other satellite launches. ...

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External links

Zenit 3SL