Advisor of the Three Kingdoms period
Zhuge Liang holding his trademark feather fan.
Served: Shu Han Zhuge Liang
Simplified:	诸葛亮
Traditional:	諸葛亮
Pinyin:	Zhūgé Liàng
Wade-Giles:	Chu-ko Liang
Style names:
	Kongming (孔明)
Other names:
	Wò Lóng (臥龍)
	The Sleeping Dragon
Read more about the Chinese name.

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛).

Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. Zhuge is an uncommon two-character compound family name. His name (or even just his surname) has become synonymous with intelligence and tactics in Chinese culture. Download high resolution version (500x731, 55 KB)An artist impression of Zhuge Liang. ... Download high resolution version (500x731, 55 KB)An artist impression of Zhuge Liang. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name, is an extra name that could be used in place of the given name. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Chinese surname, family name (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) or clan name (氏; pinyin: shì), is one of the hundreds or thousands of family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic groups in mainland China, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities. ... Zhuge is a Chinese double surname that when pronounced in Cantonese, has the same pronounciation as wisdom. The most popular Zhuge known are Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Jin, Zhuge Ke, Zhuge Xuan, Zhuge Zhan and his son, Zhuge Shang. ... Events Antonine Wall is overrun. ... Events Wei Yan revolts against the kingdom of Shu Han Births Emperor Wu of Jin China (approximate date) Deaths Li Yan, general of the Shu Kingdom Wei Yan, Shu general, executed by Ma Dai Zhuge Liang of the Shu Kingdom in China, dies on the Wu Zhang Plains in a... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Statesman is a respectful term used to refer to politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline, perhaps receiving financial support through a scholarship. ... For other uses, see Inventor (disambiguation). ... Zhuge is a Chinese double surname that when pronounced in Cantonese, has the same pronounciation as wisdom. The most popular Zhuge known are Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Jin, Zhuge Ke, Zhuge Xuan, Zhuge Zhan and his son, Zhuge Shang. ... A Chinese compound surname (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: fùxìng) is a Chinese surname using more than one character. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ...

Life

Early life

Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu County (陽都) in Langya Commandery (琅琊), at present-day Yinan County (沂南), Shandong Province. He was the second of three brothers and was orphaned early; his mother died when he was nine, and his father when he was twelve. His uncle raised him and his siblings. When Cao Cao invaded Shandong in 195, his family was forced to flee south, and his uncle soon died of illness.   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ... A province, in the context of China, is a translation of Sheng (Chinese: 省 ShÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220) was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... Events Roman Emperor Septimius Severus had the Senate deify Commodus while trying to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. ...

Although both his sisters married into important families with numerous connections in the area, for ten years he resided in Longzhong Commandery (隆中; in present-day Hubei province) with his brothers Zhuge Jin (who later served the Wu Kingdom) and Zhuge Jun (諸葛均) in a simple peasant life - farming by day and studying by night. He got to know a group of friends among the intellectuals of the area. His reputation soon grew, and he was named the Crouching (or Sleeping) Dragon, wise among his peers in many areas. At the meantime, he married the daughter of another renowned scholar Huang Chengyan, whose wife was the sister of Lady Cai, wife of the warlord Liu Biao, and Cai Mao, one of Liu Biao's most powerful generals. His wife's name is rumored to be Huang Yueying. The Huang family was also connected to several other well established clans in the region. Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... ZhÅ«gé Jǐn (諸葛謹) (174 - 241 AD) was a minister of the Kingdom of Wu of China and older brother of the famous Shu strategist Zhuge Liang. ... Huang Chenyan (黃承彥) was a prominent scholar in the Longzhong commandry around the time of the later Han Dynasty. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Liú BiÇŽo (劉表 142 – 208) was the governor of the Jing province in China towards the end of the Han Dynasty. ... Cai Mao was a very skilled warrior under Liu Biao, the governor of the Jing province in China during the end of the Han dynasty. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Rise to prominence

The warlord Liu Bei harbored in the neighboring city Xiangyang under his distant relative and the governor of the Jing Province (荊州), Liu Biao. Zhuge Liang joined Liu Bei in 207 only after Liu visited him in person three times. Zhuge Liang soon presented his famous Longzhong Plan before Liu, travelled in person to Eastern Wu and formed an alliance with its ruler Sun Quan. This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Xiangyang (Traditional Chinese: 襄陽, Simplified Chinese: 襄阳, pinyin: Xiāngyáng) was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang (1267-1273) by Mongol invaders. ... Events Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at Xiakou Births Liu Shan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu Deaths Guo Jia, brilliant military advisor to Cao Cao Ling Cao, a general under Sun Quan Categories: 207 ... A memorial arch in Longzhong, where Zhuge Liang lived in 207. ... The Three Kingdoms in 262, Eastern Wu is shown in green This article is about the Three Kingdoms state occupying modern southeastern China. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ...

In the Battle of Red Cliffs (otherwise known as Chibi) of 208, the allied armies of Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, thus enabling Liu Bei to establish his own territories. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms described that Zhuge Liang called forth a southeastern wind to sweep Huang Gai's fire-attack throughout Cao Cao's ships. In reality, however, it was the Wu general Zhou Yu who masterminded the fire attack. In folklore, the wind is attributed to either Zhuge Liang's magic or his ability to predict the weather. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... hello my name is marco u ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220) was a regional warlord and the last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... Huang Gai (黃蓋) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wu in during Chinas Three Kingdoms period. ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

The union with Sun Quan broke down when Wu general Lü Meng invaded the Jing Province in 219 when its defender Guan Yu was at the Battle of Fancheng. Guan Yu was eventually captured by the Wu forces and was decapitated. Liu Bei, infuriated with the execution of his longtime comrade, ignored all arguments of his well-meaning subjects and turned on Eastern Wu, leading a huge army to seek revenge. He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Yiling by Lu Xun and died in the lone fortress of Baidicheng after a hasty and humiliating retreat to his own borders. After the death of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang became the chancellor of Shu Han under Liu Shan, Liu Bei's son, and renewed the alliance with Sun Quan. Despite Liu's request that Zhuge assume control of Shu Han should his son prove to be an incompetent leader, Zhuge did not, serving Liu Shan unwaveringly. Lü Meng (å‘‚è’™ 178 - 219) was a great general of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Events Legio III Gallica and IV Scythica are disbanded by Roman Emperor Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (é—œ) Guan Yu (關羽) (160–219) was a Chinese military general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... At the Battle of Yiling in 222, Liu Bei enraged at the execution of his sworn brother Guan Yu at the hands of the Kingdom of Wu, lead an attack force to the plains of Yi Ling. ... Lu Xun (Traditional Chinese: 陸遜; Simplified Chinese: 陆逊; Pinyin: Lù Xùn) (183 – 245), originally named Lu Yi (陸議/陆議), was a general of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Chancellor of China 丞相 (Cheng Xiang) or 宰相 (Zai Xiang), was the highest rank in the imperial government in former China after the emperor (685 BC-6 BC, 189-1380). ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Liu Chan (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

The Southern Expedition

Main article: Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign

During his reign as regent, Zhuge Liang pursued the goal of restoring the Han Dynasty, which, in Shu's point of view, was usurped by Cao Wei. Zhuge Liang felt that in order to attack Wei he would first have to unify Shu completely. If he fought in the north while the Nanman people rebelled in the south, then the Nanman people would march further and perhaps even press into areas surrounding the capital. So rather than embarking on a Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang led an army to pacify the south first. Combatants Shu Han Shu rebels Nanman Commanders Zhuge Liang Yong Kai Zhu Bao Gao Ding Meng Huo Zhuge Liangs Southern Campaign (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Battle of Nanzhong (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), refers to the military campaign led by the Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han against the southern rebels... This article is about the Three Kingdoms state. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Ma Su, brother of Ma Liang, proposed the plan that Zhuge Liang should work toward getting the rebels to join him rather than trying to subdue all of them and he took this plan. Zhuge Liang defeated the rebel leader, Meng Huo, seven different times, but released him each time in order to achieve his genuine surrender. Ma Su (190 – 228) was a military strategist under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Ma Liang (馬良; style name Jichang 季常; sometimes called Bomei 白眉 White eyebrows) was an advisor to Liu Bei, ruler of the Three Kingdoms state of Shu until his death in 222. ... Meng Huo (孟獲), the Great King of Nan Zhong. ...

Finally, Meng Huo agreed to join Zhuge Liang in a genuine acquiescence, and thus Zhuge Liang appointed Meng Huo governor of the region, so he could govern it as he already had, keeping the populace content, and keeping the southern Shu border secure to allow for the future Northern Expeditions. Zhuge Liang also obtained resources from the south, and after this, Zhuge Liang made his moves north.

The Northern Expeditions

Main article: Northern Expeditions

From 228 until his death in 234, Zhuge Liang launched five Northern Expeditions against Cao Wei, but all except one failed, usually because his food supplies ran out rather than failure on the battlefield. His only permanent gain was the addition of the Wudu (武都) and Yinping (陰平) prefectures as well as relocating Wei citizens to Shu on occasion. The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... This article is about the Three Kingdoms state. ...

During his first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded Jiang Wei, a general of Cao Wei, to defect to Shu Han. Jiang would become one of the prominent Shu generals, and inheritor of Zhuge Liang's ideals. On the fifth expedition, he died of overwork and illness in an army camp in the Battle of Wuzhang Plains at the age of 54. At Zhuge's recommendation, Liu Shan commissioned Jiang Wan to succeed him as regent. Jiang Wei (姜維, 202-264), or Jiang Boyue, was amongst some of the greatest generals (chiangchun, or jiangjun) during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... This article is about the Three Kingdoms state. ... Combatants Shu Han Cao Wei Commanders Zhuge Liang† Yang Yi, Fei Yi Sima Yi Strength 100,000 200,000 The Battle of Wuzhang Plains (五丈原之戰) is a famous standoff between the kingdoms of Wei and Shu in 234 A.D. during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Jiang Wan (? - 246 AD) was an officer of the Shu Kingdom. ...

In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang attempted to extend his lifespan by twelve years, but failed when the ceremony was disturbed near the end when Wei Yan rushed in, announcing the arrival of the Wei army. The novel also related a story of Zhuge Liang passing "The 24 Volumes on Military Strategy" (兵法二十四篇) to Jiang Wei at the eve of his death. An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220...

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The wisdom and achievements of Zhuge Liang was exaggerated and made popular by the historical fiction Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by Luo Guanzhong more than a millennium after the Three Kingdoms period. The novel incorporates many popular folklore, pseudohistories, and opera scripts into the character of Zhuge Liang, turning him into an embodiment of intelligence itself. Significant deviations from a historically accurate account include: A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, where the time the action takes place in predates the time of the first publication -- distinguish and contrast the genre of alternate history. ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... Luo Guanzhong (Traditional Chinese: 羅貫中, Wade Giles: Lo Kuan-chung) was a 14th century Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms and editing Outlaws of the Marsh, two of the most revered adventure epics in Chinese literature. ... Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, material culture, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group. ... Pseudohistory is a pejorative term applied to texts which purport to be historical in nature but which depart from standard historiographical conventions in a way which undermines their conclusions. ...

Using straw boats to borrow arrows

Before the Battle of Red Cliff, Zhuge Liang went to visit the Wu camp to assist Wu strategist Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu, who saw Zhuge Liang as a threat to Wu, assigned Zhuge Liang the task to make 100,000 arrows in ten days or face execution. Zhuge Liang, however, swore he would finish this seemingly impossible task in three days. He requested 20 large boats, each manned with many straw men and a few soldiers. Before dawn, Zhuge Liang ordered his soldiers beat war drums and shout orders, to imitate the noise of an attack. Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

Zhuge sat with Lu Su inside one of the boats drinking wine. The Wei soldiers, unable to see in the dark, fired many volleys of arrows at the sound of the drums. The straw men were soon filled with arrows, and Zhuge Liang returned to Wu having fulfilled his promise. Lu Su (鲁肃) was an advisor for the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, having taken over the position from Zhou Yu. ...

Stone Sentinel Maze

See also: Stone Sentinel Maze

In Chapter 84, as Lu Xun pursued the fleeing Liu Bei after the Battle of Yiling, he felt a strong enemy presence near Baidecheng and cautioned his army for possible ambush. He sent scouts ahead, who reported that the area was empty except for some scattered piles of stones. Bewildered, he asked one of the locals, who answered that qi started to emerge from the area after Zhuge Liang had arranged the stones there. Lu himself then inspected the area, and determined that the array was only a petty display of deception. He led a few cavaliers into the array, and as he was about to come out, a strong gust blew. Soon, duststorms were shadowing the sky and the stones became swords, mountainous piles of dirt emerged while the waves of the Yangtze sounded like swords and drums. Lu exclaimed, "I fell into Zhuge's trap!" and attempted to exit to no avail. The Stone Sentinel Maze (八陣圖 or 石兵八陣) was an array of stones thought to be conjured by Zhuge Liang using the concepts of bagua. ... Lu Xun (Traditional Chinese: 陸遜; Simplified Chinese: 陆逊; Pinyin: Lù Xùn) (183 – 245), originally named Lu Yi (陸議/陆議), was a general of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... At the Battle of Yiling in 222, Liu Bei enraged at the execution of his sworn brother Guan Yu at the hands of the Kingdom of Wu, lead an attack force to the plains of Yi Ling. ... Qi, also commonly spelled chi (in Wade-Giles romanization) or ki (in romanized Japanese), is a fundamental concept of traditional Chinese culture. ...

Suddenly, Lu saw an old man standing before his horse, who then asked if Lu Xun needed assistance out of the array. Lu followed the man and exited the maze unharmed. The old man revealed himself to be Zhuge Liang's father-in-law Huang Chengyan, and explained that the array is constructed using the ideas of the bagua. Huang said that Zhuge Liang had predicted that a Wu general would stumble across this maze as he constructed the maze, and asked Huang not to lead the general out when that happens. Lu immediately dismounted from his horse and thanked Huang, and when he returned to his camp, he exclaimed that he could never top the genius of Zhuge Liang. Huang Chenyan (黃承彥) was a prominent scholar in the Longzhong commandry around the time of the later Han Dynasty. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Empty Fort Strategy

See also: Empty Fort Strategy

During the first Northern Expedition, his efforts to capture Chang'an were undermined by the loss of Jieting, a passageway into Hanzhong. With the loss of Jieting, Zhuge Liang's current location, Xicheng (西城), was in great danger. Having sent out all the troops and left with a handful of civil officials, Zhuge Liang decided to use a ploy to ward off the advancing Wei army. The Empty Fort Strategy (空城計) is the 32nd strategy from the Chinese Thirty-Six Strategies. ... Changan â–¶(?) (Simplified Chinese: 长安; Traditional Chinese: 長安; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-an) is the ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in China. ... The Battle of Jieting was a battle fought during the First Northern Expedition led by Zhuge Liang. ... Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ...

Zhuge Liang ordered all the gates to be opened and had civilians sweeping the roads while he sat high up on the gates calmly playing his zither with two children beside him. When the Wei commander and strategist Sima Yi approached the fort with the Wei army, he was puzzled by the scenery and ordered his troops to retreat. Concert zither The zither is a musical string instrument, mainly used in folk music, most commonly in German-speaking Alpine Europe. ... Sima Yi (179 - 251) was a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ...

Zhuge Liang later told the bewildered civil officials that the strategy only worked because Sima Yi is a man of suspicion, the latter having personally witnessed the success of Zhuge Liang's highly effective ambushing and misdirection tactics many times before. Furthermore, Zhuge Liang had a reputation as a keen but extremely careful military tactician who rarely took risks. Zhuge's well-known carefullness, coupled with Sima Yi's own suspicious nature, led Sima Yi to the conclusion that entry into the apparently empty city would have drawn his troops into an ambush. It is unlikely the same strategy would have worked on someone else, and indeed Sima Yi's son Sima Zhao saw through the ruse immediately and counselled his father against retreat. Sima Zhao (司馬昭) (211-264) was the son of Prime Minister Sima Yi of the Kingdom of Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ...

Legacy

A Zhuge Nu.

Zhuge Liang's name is synonymous with wisdom in Chinese. He was believed to be the inventor of the mantou, the landmine and a mysterious, efficient automatic transportation device (initially used for grain described as a "wooden ox and floating horse" (木牛流馬), which is sometimes identified with the wheelbarrow. Although he is often credited with the invention of the repeating crossbow which is named after him, called Zhuge Nu, i.e. Zhuge Crossbow, this type of semi-automatic crossbow is actually an improved version of a model that first appeared during the Warring States Period (though there is debate whether the original warring states bow was semi-automatic, or rather shot multiple bolts at once). Nevertheless, Zhuge's version could shoot further and faster. He is also credited for constructing the mysterious Stone Sentinel Maze, an array of stone piles that is said to produce supernatural phenomenon, located near Baidicheng. An early type of hot air balloon used for military signalling called the Kongming lantern is also named after him. Image File history File links Zgn-1. ... Image File history File links Zgn-1. ... Repeating crossbows History Repeating crossbows have a long history, with the oldest accurate written knowledge dating to the Han dynasty (ca. ... Mantou or man tou (Simplified Chinese: 馒头; Traditional Chinese: 饅頭; pinyin: ), sometimes known as Chinese steamed bun, is a kind of steamed buns typically served in Northern Chinese cuisine. ... “Minefield” redirects here. ... The Wooden Ox was created by Zhuge Liang while he served Shu-Han. ... A common wheelbarrow Older wheelbarrow Wheelbarrows on the Belomorkanal A wheelbarrow is a small one-wheeled, hand-propelled vehicle, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear. ... A Repeating Crossbow is one where the separate actions of stringing the bow, placing the bolt and firing it can be accomplished with a simple one handed movement, all the while keeping the crossbow stationary. ... A Repeating Crossbow is one where the separate actions of stringing the bow, placing the bolt and firing it can be accomplished with a simple one handed movement, all the while keeping the crossbow stationary. ... Alternative meaning: Warring States Period (Japan) The Warring States Period (Traditional Chinese: 戰國時代; Simplified Chinese: 战国时代; Pinyin: Zhànguó Shídài) covers the period from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part... The Stone Sentinel Maze (八陣圖 or 石兵八陣) was an array of stones thought to be conjured by Zhuge Liang using the concepts of bagua. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Hot air balloon in flight Hot air balloons are the oldest successful human carrying flight technology, dating back to the Montgolfier brothers invention in Annonay, France in 1783. ... The Kongming lantern (Chinese:zh:孔明灯) was the first hot air balloon, said to be invented by Zhuge Liang in popular lore, whose reverent term of address (his Chinese style name) was Kongming. ...

Some books popularly attributed to Zhuge Liang can be found today, for example the Thirty-Six Strategies, and Mastering the Art of War are two that are generally available. Supposedly, his mastery of infantry and cavalry formation tactics based upon the Taoist I-Ching were unrivalled. His Chu Shi Biao, written before the Northern Expeditions, was considered so moving that it was said that if one read it and shed no tears, the reader would be a disloyal person. The Thirty-Six Strategies is a Chinese collection of 36 proverbs used to illustrate military strategy and tactics. ... The I Ching (often spelled as I Jing, Yi Ching, Yi King, or Yi Jing; also called Book of Changes or Classic of Changes) is the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. ... Chu Shi Biao (Chinese: ) is a document submitted by Shu Han Prime Minister Zhuge Liang to Emperor Liu Shan before his first Northern Expedition of Wei. ...

He is also the subject of many Chinese literary works. A poem by Du Fu, one of the most prolific poets from the Tang Dynasty, was written in remembrance of Zhuge Liang and his unwavering dedication to his cause, against overwhelming odds. Some historians believe that Du Fu compared himself with Zhuge Liang in the poem. The full text is: Du Fu or Tu Fu (chin. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Middle Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li...

The Temple of the Marquis of Wu in Chengdu, a temple worshipping Zhuge Liang.

Bai Chongxi, a military leader of the Republic of China and warlord from Guangxi province, earned the laudatory nickname "Little Zhuge" due to his tactical decisions in the Second Sino-Japanese War during the World War II.   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of the Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... Bai Chongxi in uniform Bai Chongxi (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pai Chung-hsi) (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC). ... Motto Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (formerly and de jure Nanking) Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  -  President Chen Shui-bian  -  Vice President Annette Lu  -  Premier Chang Chun-hsiung Establishment... A warlord is a person with power who has de facto military control of a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro Strength 5,600,000 4,100,000 (including 900... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Takenaka Shigeharu, a Sengoku Period samurai who served under the early Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was himself often likened to Zhuge Liang due to his reputation as an exceptional strategist, and due to a fictional account of Hideyoshi gaining Shigeharu's services after visiting him three times in a similar manner to Liu Bei's Three Visits. Takenaka Shigeharu 竹中重治 (also known as Hanbei 半兵衛 1544–1579) was a Japanese samurai during the Sengoku period of the 16th century. ... “Sengoku” redirects here. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; Kyūjitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (Genpuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ;February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598), was a Sengoku... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Modern references

Zhuge Liang, as he appears in Dynasty Warriors 5.

Zhuge Liang's reputation for being an unparallelled genius is also emphasised in his portrayal in video games. Reflecting his status as the most highly regarded strategist in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, games such as Destiny of an Emperor and Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series place Zhuge Liang's intelligence statistic as the highest of all characters. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (655x1000, 261 KB) Zhuge Liang, the Sleeping Dragon, from Shin Sangoku Musou 4 Artbook. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (655x1000, 261 KB) Zhuge Liang, the Sleeping Dragon, from Shin Sangoku Musou 4 Artbook. ... Dynasty Warriors 5 (真・三國無双4) is a Japanese beat em up video game and the fifth installment in the Dynasty Warriors series, developed by Omega Force and published by Koei, the game was released on the Playstation 2 and Xbox. ... This article is about computer and video games. ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... Destiny of an Emperor (Tenchi o Kurau) is a fairly traditional RPG for the Nintendo Entertainment System. ... Koeis Current Company Logo Koei Co. ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220...

Zhuge Liang is the protagonist in the tactical role-playing game Sangokushi Koumeiden, where he can die in the Wuzhang Plains like history dictates or go on to restore the Han Dynasty under Emperor Xian. A tactical role-playing game (usually simply called tactical RPG, sometimes referred to as strategy role-playing game or SRPG) is a type of computer role-playing game (CRPG) in which the focus of the gameplay is on making tactical decisions in battles. ... Sangokushi Koumeiden (三國志孔明伝) is the second game of Sangokushi Eiketsuden tactical role-playing series published by Koei. ... The Wuzhang Plains (五丈原) are plateaus near the Wei River in China. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao... Format of naming convention in English is under discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). ...

In the Dynasty Warriors series, Zhuge is also portrayed as a brilliant tactician, and is credited with conceiving and bringing about the birth of the Three Kingdoms. He is wise, calm and loyal to a fault, dedicating his life to Liu Bei's dream even after death. Throughout the game, many of the other strategists depicted, such as Zhou Yu and Pang Tong, are portrayed as being jealous of, or having a strong rivallry with, Zhuge. This is especially true of Sima Yi, who admires but also despises Zhuge Liang passionately. The two often come into conflict, attempting to outwit each other on many occasions, with both succeeding and failing as often as the other. The Logo of Shin Sangoku Musou 4 (Dynasty Warriors 5) Dynasty Warriors ( 真・三國無双:Shin Sangokumusou in Japan; literally meaning True - Unrivaled (in the) Three Kingdoms) is a series of video games created by Koei based loosely around the Romance of the Three Kingdoms epic, and is a spinoff series of another... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Páng Tǒng (龐統) (178-213AD), courtesy name Shìyuán (士元), was an advisor to Liu Bei during the Later Han period. ... Sima Yi (179 - 251) was a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ...

In battle, Zhuge Liang wields a large white fan called "Peacock Feather", a contrast to Sima Yi's "Dark Feather". However, Zhuge rarely takes to combat during gameplay, instead taking position at the rear and guiding the player's hand. Successfully accomplishing a task or plot that Zhuge has set into motion will usually lead to a quick and effortless victory over the enemy, but failure will result in the plan back-firing, which will usually cause the retreat or death of many fellow officers, making battle exceptionally difficult.

Zhuge Liang eventually dies of illness at the "Battle of Wuzhang Plains," much to Sima Yi's delight. His forces charge, and following Zhuge's final tactical suggestions determine how difficult the battle will become. Combatants Shu Han Cao Wei Commanders Zhuge Liang† Yang Yi, Fei Yi Sima Yi Strength 100,000 200,000 The Battle of Wuzhang Plains (五丈原之戰) is a famous standoff between the kingdoms of Wei and Shu in 234 A.D. during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

References

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Zhuge Liang

• Three Kingdoms
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms
• Records of the Three Kingdoms

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三國志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms was the official and authoritative historical text compiled by Chen Shou during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420...

External links

• Sanguo Zhi Biography
• Sanguo Yanyi Biography
• Chronology of his life