Zora Neale Hurston
Born	January 7, 1891(1891-01-07) Notasulga, Alabama, United States
Died	January 28, 1960 (aged 69) Fort Pierce, Florida, United States
Occupation	Folklorist, anthropologist, novelist, short story writer
Influenced Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, Zadie Smith
Official website Image File history File links Download high resolution version (432x640, 24 KB) SOURCE: http://lcweb2. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Notasulga is a town located in Lee County and Macon County in Alabama. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fort Pierce is a city in St. ... This article is about work. ... Alice Malsenior Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American author and feminist. ... For the Louisiana politician, see deLesseps Morrison, Jr. ... Maya Angelou (IPA: [1]), born Marguerite Ann Johnson, April 4, 1928 in St. ... Zadie Smith (born October 27, 1975) is an English novelist. ...

Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance, best known for the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Folkloristics is the formal academic study of folklore such as fairy tales and folk mythology in oral or non-literary traditions. ... The Harlem Renaissance was also known as the New Negro Movement, named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... See also the television film of the same name, Their Eyes Were Watching God (2005 television). ...

Background and career

Hurston was "purposefully inconsistent in the birth dates she dispensed during her lifetime, most of which were fictitious."^[1] For a long time, scholars believed that she was born in Eatonville, Florida in 1901. In the 1990s, a filmmaker established that Hurston had been born in Notasulga, Alabama and moved to Eatonville at a young age, spending her childhood there. It was Eatonville, the first all-Black town to be incorporated in the United States, that inspired her imagination. Eatonville is a town located in Orange County, Florida, six miles north of Orlando. ... Notasulga is a town located in Lee County and Macon County in Alabama. ...

Early Life

Zora was the fifth of eight children of John Hurston and Lucy Ann Hurston (nee Potts). Her father was a Baptist preacher, tenant farmer, and carpenter, and her mother was a schoolteacher. When she was three, Zora's family moved to Eatonville, an all-Black town with a population of 125. Her father later became mayor of the town, which Zora would glorify in her stories as a place black Americans could live as they desired, independent of white society. The death of her mother in 1904, when Zora was thirteen, was a devastating event for Zora as she was "passed around the family like a bad penny"^{[attribution needed]} by her father for the next several years.

College and anthropology

Hurston graduated from Morgan Academy, the high school division of Morgan College, in 1918.^[2] Later that year, she began her undergraduate studies at Howard University. While at Howard, Hurston became one of the earliest initiates of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority and co-founded The Hilltop, the University's student newspaper.^[3]. Hurston left Howard in 1924, unable to support herself. Morgan State University, formerly Centenary Biblical Institute (1867-1890), Morgan College (1890 -1975), is located in residential Baltimore, Maryland. ... Howard University is a university located in Washington, D.C., USA. A historically black university, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named for Oliver O. Howard. ... Zeta Phi Beta (ΖΦΒ) Sorority, Inc. ... The Hilltop is the student newspaper of Howard University, a historically black college, located in Washington, D.C. Co-founded in 1924 by Harlem Renaissance writer Zora Neale Hurston, the Hilltop is the first and only daily newspaper at a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) in the United States. ...

Hurston was offered a scholarship to Barnard College where she received her B.A. in anthropology in 1927. While she was at Barnard, she conducted ethnographic research under her advisor, the noted anthropologist Franz Boas of Columbia University. She also worked with Ruth Benedict as well as fellow anthropology student Margaret Mead.^[4] Barnard College, founded in 1889, is one of the four undergraduate divisions of Columbia University. ... A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... This is about the social science. ... Ethnography ( ethnos = people and graphein = writing) is the genre of writing that presents varying degrees of qualitative and quantitative descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. ... Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ... Alma Mater Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901, Philadelphia – November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American cultural anthropologist. ...

Career

The Harlem Renaissance

In 1925, shortly before entering Barnard, Hurston became one of the leaders of the literary renaissance happening in Harlem, producing the short-lived literary magazine Fire!! along with Langston Hughes and Wallace Thurman. This literary movement became the center of the Harlem Renaissance.^[5] Fire!! is an African American literary magazine published in 1926 during the Harlem Renaissance. ... Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. ... Wallace Henry Thurman (1902-1934) was an African American novelist during the Harlem Renaissance. ... The Harlem Renaissance was also known as the New Negro Movement, named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925. ...

Literary career

Hurston applied her ethnographic training to document African American folklore in her critically acclaimed book Mules and Men (1935) along with fiction (Their Eyes Were Watching God) and dance, assembling a folk-based performance group that recreated her Southern tableau, with one performance on Broadway. Hurston was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to travel to Haiti and conduct research on conjure in 1937. Her work was significant because she was able to break into the secret societies and expose their use of drugs to create the Vodun trance, also a subject of study for fellow dancer/anthropologist Katherine Dunham who was then at the University of Chicago.^[6] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... See also the television film of the same name, Their Eyes Were Watching God (2005 television). ... For other uses of Broadway, see Broadway. ... Guggenheim Fellowships are awarded annually by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts. ... Voodoo is a religious tradition originating in West Africa, which became prominent in the New World due to the importation of African slaves. ... Katherine Dunham in 1956 Katherine Mary Dunham (22 June 1909 – 21 May 2006) was an African-American dancer, choreographer, songwriter, author, educator and activist who was trained as an anthropologist. ... For other uses, see University of Chicago (disambiguation). ...

In 1954 Hurston was unable to sell her fiction but was assigned by the Pittsburgh Courier to cover the small-town murder trial of Ruby McCollum, the prosperous black wife of the local bolita racketeer, who had killed a racist white doctor. Hurston also contributed to Woman in the Suwanee County Jail, a book by journalist and civil rights advocate William Bradford Huie. The Pittsburgh Courier was a newspaper for African-Americans. ... In 1952, Ruby McCollum, a black woman, shot and killed her white lover, prominent Live Oak, Florida, physician C. Leroy Adams. ... Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom This article is about the civil rights movement following the Brown v. ... William Bradford Bill Huie (November 13, 1910 – November 20, 1986) was an American journalist, editor, publisher, television interviewer, screenwriter, lecturer, and novelist. ...

Death

Hurston spent her last decade as a freelance writer for magazines and newspapers. She worked in a library in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and as a substitute teacher in Fort Pierce, where she died of a stroke and was buried in an unmarked grave. In 1973 African-American novelist Alice Walker and literary scholar Charlotte Hunt found an unmarked grave in the general area where Hurston had been buried and decided to mark it as hers. The publication of Walker's article "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston" in the March 1975 issue of Ms. Magazine revived interest in her work and helped spark a Hurston renaissance. Hurston's house in Fort Pierce is a National Historic Landmark. A freelancer or freelance worker is a person who pursues a profession without a long-term commitment to any one employer. ... Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida, USA. The population was 8,829 at the 2000 census. ... Fort Pierce is a city in St. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... Alice Malsenior Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American author and feminist. ... magazine Ms. ... The Zora Neale Hurston House was the home of author Zora Neale Hurston in Fort Pierce, Florida, United States. ...

Zora Neale Hurston

Fort Pierce celebrates Hurston annually through various events such as Hattitudes, birthday parties, and a several-day festival at the end of April, Zora Fest. Her life and legacy are also celebrated every year in Eatonville, the town that inspired her, at the Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities. Download high resolution version (392x603, 32 KB)Image:Zora. ... Download high resolution version (392x603, 32 KB)Image:Zora. ...

Politics

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)

During her prime, Hurston was a bootstrap Republican and fan of Booker T. Washington's self-help and accommodationist politics. She was opposed to the collectivist visions (including communism) professed by many of her colleagues in the Harlem Renaissance, such as Langston Hughes, who wrote several poems in praise of the Soviet Union. Hurston thus became the leading black figure on the conservative Old Right, and in 1952 she actively promoted the presidential candidacy of Robert Taft, who was, like Hurston, opposed to forced integration. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. ... In the United States, the Old Right, also called the Paleoconservatives are a faction of American conservatives who both opposed New Deal domestic programs and were also isolationists opposing entry into World War II. Many were associated with the Republicans of the interwar years led by Robert Taft, but some... For the former Governor of Ohio and Robert Tafts grandson, see Bob Taft. ...

Hurston opposed the Supreme Court ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case of 1954. She felt the physical closeness of blacks to whites was not going to be the salvation her people hoped for, as she herself had had many experiences to the contrary. In addition, she worried about the demise of black schools and black teachers as a way to pass on cultural tradition to future generations of African-Americans. She voiced this opposition in a letter, Court Order Can't Make the Races Mix, which was published in the Orlando Sentinel in August 1955. The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS[1]) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. ... Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ... The Orlando Sentinel is the primary newspaper of the Orlando, Florida region. ...

Public obscurity and acclaim

Hurston's work slid into obscurity for decades, for a number of reasons, both cultural and political.

Many readers objected to the representation of African American dialect in Hurston's novels. Her stylistic choices in terms of dialogue were influenced by her academic experiences. Thinking like a folklorist, Hurston strove to represent speech patterns of the period which she documented through ethnographic research. For example (Amy from the opening of Jonah's Gourd Vine): Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Folkloristics is the formal academic study of folklore and mythology. ...

"Dat's a big ole resurrection lie, Ned. Uh slew-foot, drag-leg lie at dat, and Ah dare yuh tuh hit me too. You know Ahm uh fightin' dawg and mah hide is worth money. Hit me if you dare! Ah'll wash yo' tub uh 'gator guts and dat quick."

Some critics during her time felt that Hurston's decision to render language in this way caricatured black culture. In more recent times, however, critics have praised Hurston for her artful capture of the actual spoken idiom of the day.

In particular, a number of those that were associated with her in the growth and influence of the Harlem Renaissance were critical of her later writings, on the basis that they did not agree with or further the position of the overall movement. One particular criticism, much noted, came from Richard Wright in his review of Their Eyes Were Watching God. For other persons of the same name, see Richard Wright. ...

". . . The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought. In the main, her novel is not addressed to the Negro, but to a white audience whose chauvinistic tastes she knows how to satisfy. She exploits that phase of Negro life which is "quaint," the phase which evokes a piteous smile on the lips of the "superior" race." ^[7].

The conservative politics of Hurston's work also hindered the public's reception of her books. During the 1930s and 1940s when her work was published, the pre-eminent African American author was Richard Wright. Unlike Hurston, Wright wrote in explicitly political terms, as someone who had become disenchanted with communism, using the struggle of African Americans for respect and economic advancement as both the setting and the motivation for his work. Other popular African American authors of the time, such as Ralph Ellison, were also aligned with Wright's vision of the struggle of African Americans. Hurston's work, which did not engage these political issues, did not fit in with this struggle. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favor tradition and gradual change, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Ralph Ellison (March 1, 1913[1] – April 16, 1994) was a scholar and writer. ...

With the publication of the ambitious novel Seraph on the Suwanee in 1948, Hurston burst through the tight bounds of contemporary black writing in yet another seemingly apolitical way. This is a tale of poor whites struggling in rural Florida's citrus industry. Black characters recede to the background. Neither the black intelligentsia nor the white mainstream of the late 1940s could accept the notion of a black writer speaking through white characters. Panned across the board, Seraph ended up being Hurston's last major literary effort as she retreated to small-town Florida for the rest of her life. The text stands out, as she remarked herself, as a testimony to her own self-definition as a regional as much as a black writer.

In academia, anthropologists often disdained Hurston's works as fiction, and thus unworthy of inclusion on anthropological reading lists. Feminist critics of academia have observed that a number of novels and non-fiction works of confessional literature written by women with anthropological training that draw upon their observations and experiences were sidelined in this fashion. Hurston's work was, in this respect, treated in the same manner as some books by Elsie Clews Parsons, Ella Deloria, and Laura Bohannon, among others. At the same time, when well known male anthropologists began to experiment with literary form and style in ethnography, they were often hailed for their work. Many critics therefore perceive the lack of academic acclaim for Hurston's work to indicate a form of institutional sexism. Hurston's books have since been discussed and celebrated not only as African American literature, but as feminist literature as well. Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ... Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... Elsie Clews Parsons (November 27, 1875-December 19, 1941) was an American anthropologist, sociologist, folklorist, and feminist who studied Native American tribes—such as the Pueblo and Hopi—in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. ... Ella Cara Deloria (also called Anpetu Wastewin, 1888-1971) was an educator, anthropologist, ethnographer, and writer of Sioux background. ... Laura Bohannon (sometimes spelled Bohannen), also known as Elenore Smith Bowen is an American cultural anthropologist best known for her 1961 article, Shakespeare in the Bush. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. ... Feminist Studies refers to: Feminist Studies is an interdisciplinary undergraduate program investigating the significance of gender in all areas of human life. ...

Revival

The article "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston" by Alice Walker was published in the March 1975 issue of Ms. Magazine. This article revived interest in her work. The re-discovery of Hurston's work coincided with the popularity and critical acclaim of authors such as Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, and Walker herself, whose works are centered on African American experiences which include, but do not necessarily focus upon, racial struggle.^{[citation needed]} magazine Ms. ... For the Louisiana politician, see deLesseps Morrison, Jr. ... Maya Angelou (IPA: [1]), born Marguerite Ann Johnson, April 4, 1928 in St. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Biographies of Hurston include Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography by Robert Hemenway, Wrapped in Rainbows by Valerie Boyd, and Speak So You Can Speak Again by Hurston's niece, Lucy Hurston. Her hometown of Eatonville, Florida celebrates her life in an annual festival. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Film (television)

Their Eyes Were Watching God was adapted for a 2005 film of the same title by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions, with a teleplay by Suzan-Lori Parks. The film starred Halle Berry as Janie Starks. Their Eyes Were Watching God is a 2005 television movie based upon the novel by Zora Neale Hurstons 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. ... Oprah Winfrey, (born January 29, 1954) is a multiple-Emmy Award winning host of The Oprah Winfrey Show, the highest rated talk show in television history. ... The sign in front of Oprah Winfreys Chicago based Harpo Studios. ... Suzan-Lori Parks (1964 - ) is an African-American playwright and novelist. ... Halle Maria Berry (IPA: ; born August 14, 1966[1]) is an American actress. ...

Bibliography

• Color Struck (1925) in Opportunity Magazine
• Sweat (1926)
• How It Feels to Be Colored Me (1928)
• The Gilded Six-Bits (1933)
• Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934)
• Mules and Men (1935)
• Tell My Horse (1937)
• Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)
• Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939)
• Dust Tracks on a Road (1942)
• Seraph on the Suwanee (1948)
• I Love Myself When I Am Laughing...and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader (edited by Alice Walker; introduction by Mary Helen Washington) (1979)
• Sanctified Church (1981)
• Spunk: Selected Stories (1985)
• Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life (play, with Langston Hughes; edited with introductions by George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and the complete story of the Mule bone controversy.) (1991)
• The Complete Stories (introduction by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke) (1995)
• Barracoon (1999)

Color Struck is a play by Zora Neale Hurston. ... See also the television film of the same name, Their Eyes Were Watching God (2005 television). ... Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. ... Henry Louis Skip Gates, Jr. ...

Published as

• Novels & Stories: Jonah's Gourd Vine, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Moses, Man of the Mountain, Seraph on the Suwanee, Selected Stories (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.) (Library of America, 1995) ISBN 978-0-94045083-7

• Folklore, Memoirs, & Other Writings: Mules and Men, Tell My Horse, Dust Tracks on a Road, Selected Articles (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.) (Library of America, 1995) ISBN 978-0-94045084-4

Volumes in the Library of America series The Library of America (LoA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. ...

See also

• African American literature
• Paramour Rights
• Ruby McCollum

The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. ... Paramour rights refers to a pre-Civil War Southern practice that gave white men the right to take black women, married or not, as concubines. ... In 1952, Ruby McCollum, a black woman, shot and killed her white lover, prominent Live Oak, Florida, physician C. Leroy Adams. ...

Notes

This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The Hilltop is the student newspaper of Howard University, a historically black college, located in Washington, D.C. Co-founded in 1924 by Harlem Renaissance writer Zora Neale Hurston, the Hilltop is the first and only daily newspaper at a Historically Black College or University (HBCU) in the United States. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Encarta is a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other persons of the same name, see Richard Wright. ... The New Masses (1926-1948) was prominent American Marxist publication edited by Michael Gold and briefly by Whittaker Chambers. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. "Zora Neale Hurston." In Literature: The Human Experience, 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006: 1562-3.
• Baym, Nina (ed.) "Zora Neale Hurston." In The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 6th edition, Vol. D. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2003: 1506-1507.
• Beito, David T. “Zora Neale Hurston," American Enterprise (6 September/October 1995), 61-3.
• Ellis, C. Arthur, Ph.D. The Trial of Ruby McCollum, Author House, 2003. Contains transcript of trial covered by Hurston.
• Hemenway, Robert E. Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1977. ISBN 0-252-00807-3.
• Hemenway, Robert E. "Zora Neale Hurston." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, 5th edition, Vol. D. Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough (eds.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006: 1577-1578.
• Kraut, Anthea, "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham," Theatre Journal 55 (2003): 433–50.
• Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, "Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)." In Women and Tradition: A Neglected Group of Folklorists Hilda Ellis Davidson and Carmen Blacker (eds.). Durham, NC, Carolina Academic Press, 2000: 157-72.
• Visweswaran, Kamala, Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8166-2336-8
• Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", Ms. Magazine, (March 1975): 74-79, 84-89.

This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The University of Illinois Press is a major American university press. ... Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational publisher in the United States. ... For the first female director of Public Health, see Sara Josephine Baker. ... Katherine Dunham in 1956 Katherine Mary Dunham (22 June 1909 – 21 May 2006) was an African-American dancer, choreographer, songwriter, author, educator and activist who was trained as an anthropologist. ... The University of Minnesota Press is a university press that is part of the University of Minnesota. ... magazine Ms. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Zora Neale Hurston

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Zora Neale Hurston

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Zora Neale Hurston

African American Portal

• State Library and Archives of Florida
  • Sound recordings of Hurston in the 1930s
  • Zora Neale Hurston, the WPA in Florida, and the Cross City Turpentine Camp
• The Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive - University of Central Florida
• Voices from the Gaps biography - University of Minnesota
• Zora Neale Hurston from the Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography
• Works by Zora Neale Hurston at Project Gutenberg
• Zora Neale Hurston Trust, operated by Lucy Anne Hurston (Zora Neale Hurston's niece)
• Zora Neale Hurston: The Howard University Years, Valerie Boyd, 'The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education', No. 39 (Spring, 2003), pp. 104-108