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Acidification	0%		[83rd of 141]
Adjusted savings: carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI	0.37 % of GNI		[84th of 179]
DEFINITION: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.		View time series
SOURCE: Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Acidification in Developing Countries: Ecosystem Sensitivity and the Critical Loads Approach at the Global scale, 2000 via ciesin.org
Adjusted savings: particulate emission damage > % of GNI	0.07 % of GNI		[143rd of 165]
DEFINITION: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Biodiversity richness	1		[38th of 53]
DEFINITION: Caldecott, J.O., M.D. Jenkins, T. Johnson and B. Groombridge. 1994. Priorities for Conserving Global Species Richness and Endemism. In World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Biodiversity Series No. 3 (N. Mark Collins, ed.) pp. 17. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Breeding birds threatened	4.93%		[31st of 136]
DEFINITION: Percentage of breeding birds threatened Units: Percent of Breeding Birds Units: The number of bird species threatened divided by known bird species in the country, expressed as a percentage.
Carbon efficiency	2.07 CO2 emissions/$ GDP		[33rd of 141]
DEFINITION: Carbon economic efficiency (CO2 emissions per dollar GDP) Units: Metric Tons/US Dollar GDP
SOURCE: 2000 IUCN Red List, and World Resources Institute,World Resources 2000-2001, Washington, DC: WRI, 2000. Original sources: World Conservation Monitoring Center, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other sources.
CFC consumption	0.22		[99th of 107]
DEFINITION: CFC consumption Units: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Tons (Metric Tons x ODP) Units: The indicator was obtained by multiplying the Total CFCs emissions (metric tons per ozone depletion potential) with the Per capita CFCs emissions (obtained by dividing the total CFCs emissions by the population in 1997). In calculating the ESI, the base-10 logarithm of this variable was used.
SOURCE: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
CO2 Emissions	332,377		[14th of 178]
DEFINITION: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide
SOURCE: UNEP, Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances, 1986-1998, October 1999. via ciesin.org
CO2 emissions > kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP	0.65 kg/PPP$		[32nd of 170]
DEFINITION: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.		View time series
SOURCE: World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute
CO2 emissions > kt	354,054.6 kt		[15th of 195]
DEFINITION: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Coral reefs > Area	48,960 sq km		[1st of 28]
DEFINITION: Reef areas have been rounded to the nearest 10 sq km, while for those countries with small areas of coral reefs, the terms less than 100, less than 50 and less than 10 sq km have been used. There are 80 countries and geographical locations with coral ree
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Coral reefs > Area (per $ GDP)	0.0800392 sq km per $1 million		[13th of 26]
Coral reefs > Share	17.22%
DEFINITION: Reef areas have been rounded to the nearest 10 sq km, while for those countries with small areas of coral reefs, the terms less than 100, less than 50 and than 10 sq km have been used. There are 80 countries and geographical locations with coral reefs. P
SOURCE: World Atlas of Coral Reefs accessible via United Nations Environment Program
Ecological footprint	8.49		[7th of 141]
DEFINITION: Ecological footprint per capita Units: Hectares per Person
SOURCE: World Atlas of Coral Reefs accessible via United Nations Environment Program
Endangered reptile species	37		[1st of 7]
DEFINITION: Number of endangered species of reptiles.
SOURCE: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Living Planet Report 2000, Gland, Switzerland: 2000, and Redefining Progress.
Endangered species protection	100%		[14th of 141]
DEFINITION: Percent of CITES reporting requirements met Units: Percent of Requirements Met Units: Countries that have not ratified the CITES convention are recorded as having zero percent of their requirements met.
SOURCE: World Resources: A Report by the World Resources Institute and the International Institute for Environment and Development
Environmental agreement compliance	5.42		[16th of 70]
DEFINITION: Compliance with environmental agreements (WEF survey) Units: Survey Responses Ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 Units: Response to the statement: "Compliance with international environmental agreements is a high priority.
SOURCE: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Report on National Reports Required Under Article VIII, Paragraph 7(a), of the Convention, Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Gigiri, Kenya, April 2000
Expenditure pollution control as % of GDP	0.8 % of GDP		[16th of 17]
DEFINITION: Expenditure on pollution controland abatement as % of GDP, 1999 .
SOURCE: Michael E. Porter et al, The Global Competitveness Report 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. via ciesin.org
Fertiliser consumption	392.38 hundred grams/hectare		[86th of 141]
DEFINITION: Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land Units: Hundreds Grams/Hectare of Arable Land
SOURCE: OECD Environmental Indicators, p. 104. See also Myriam Linster and Frederique Zegel, 'Pollution Abatement and Control in OECD Countries', OECD Working Group on Environmental Information and Outlooks at www.oecd.org
Forest area > % of land area	21.31 % of land area		[120th of 195]
DEFINITION: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.		View time series
SOURCE: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001. via ciesin.org
Forest area > sq. km	1,636,780 km²		[6th of 195]
DEFINITION: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Freshwater withdrawal	24.06		[25th of 124]
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database		View time series
Freshwater withdrawal > Agricultural	75%		[58th of 124]
SOURCE: All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008		View time series
Freshwater withdrawal > Domestic	15%		[63rd of 124]
SOURCE: All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008		View time series
Freshwater withdrawal > Industrial	10%		[45th of 124]
SOURCE: All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008		View time series
Groundwater withdrawals	143.2		[33rd of 188]
SOURCE: All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008
Known reptile species	748		[1st of 18]
DEFINITION: Number of known species of reptiles.
Marine fish catch	134,900 tons		[51st of 141]
DEFINITION: Total marine fish catch Units: Metric Tons
SOURCE: World Resources: A Report by the World Resources Institute and the International Institute for Environment and Development
Municipal waste generation	690 kgs per person per year		[2nd of 17]
DEFINITION: Kilograms of municipal waste generated per year (2000).
SOURCE: FAOSTAT on-line database
Municipal waste treatment expenditure	$10.90		[6th of 18]
DEFINITION: Annual spending on municipal waste disposal (USD per person).
SOURCE: OECD Environmental Data Compendium: 2002
Non-wildness	0.48%		[119th of 141]
DEFINITION: Percent of land area having very high anthropogenic impact Units: Percent of Land Area Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
SOURCE: OECD Environmental Data Com¡pendium: 2002
NOx emissions per populated area	1 thousand metric tons/squ		[20th of 141]
DEFINITION: NOx emissions per populated land area Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
SOURCE: Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the last wild places on the earth's surface. Accessed via ciesin.org
Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions > kg per day	111,658.2 kg/day		[22nd of 115]
DEFINITION: Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Data Version 1.1, B1Illustrative Marker Scenario with model IMAGE
Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions > kg per day per worker	0.18 kg per day per worker		[30th of 115]
DEFINITION: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
PM10, country level > micrograms per cubic meter	15.91 mcg/m³		[164th of 185]
DEFINITION: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a countryÂ’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999	94,008		[13th of 199]
DEFINITION: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2).
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Pollution > Carbon Dioxide from fossil fuels 2000	97		[15th of 25]
DEFINITION: Includes carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal, and the flaring of natural gas.
SOURCE: Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, and Bob Andres, University of North Dakota, via net publication
Pollution > Carbon Dioxide from fossil fuels 2000 (per $ GDP)	0.0158574 per $100 million		[6th of 25]
Pollution > Carbon Dioxide per capita	17		[3rd of 29]
DEFINITION: Tons of Carbon Dioxide produced per capita in 1998 or latest available year. Carbon dioxide from energy use only. Excludes international marine bunkers.
SOURCE: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual, 2002, and International Energy Outlook, 2001
Pollution > Municipal Waste per capita	690		[2nd of 29]
DEFINITION: Municipal waste is that which is collected and treated by or for municipalities: household waste and bulky waste as well as comparable waste from small communities or industrial enterprises; and market and garden residue.
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, OECD Environmental Data Compendium
Pollution > Nitrogen Oxides per capita	118		[1st of 29]
DEFINITION: Kilogram weight of Nitrogen Oxides produced per capita in 1998 or latest available year.
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, OECD Environmental Data Compendium
Protected area	7		[59th of 147]
DEFINITION: Environmentally protected area (1997)
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, OECD Environmental Data Compendium
SO2 emissions per populated area	2,840 thousand metric tons/squ		[18th of 141]
DEFINITION: SO2 emissions per populated land area Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
SOURCE: Jacaranda Atlas
SO2 exports	3,503.31 hundred metric tons		[10th of 141]
DEFINITION: S02 exports Units: 100 Metric Tons
SOURCE: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Data Version 1.1, B1Illustrative Marker Scenario with model IMAGE
Sustainability-satisfying companies	20.8%		[13th of 31]
DEFINITION: Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index: percent of eligible companies in index Units: Percentage Units: For each country, the number of companies in the Sustainability Index was divided by the number of companies in the Global Index.
SOURCE: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, RAINS-ASIA and Co-operative Programme formonitoring and evaluation of the long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP) via ciesin.org
Threatened species	483		[2nd of 158]
DEFINITION: Number of Threatened Species (1990-99)
SOURCE: Assessment of the Country Allocation of the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index, SAM SustainabilityGroup via ciesin.org
Threatened species > Mammal	58		[6th of 160]
DEFINITION: Number of threatened mammal species (1997)
SOURCE: United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook
Urban NO2 concentration	16.47 micrograms/m3		[134th of 141]
DEFINITION: Urban NO2 concentration Units: Micrograms/m3 Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
SOURCE: Jacaranda Atlas
Urban SO2 concentration	13.17 micrograms/m3		[120th of 141]
DEFINITION: Urban SO2 concentration Units: Micrograms/m3 Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
SOURCE: World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000; WHO,Air Management Information System-AMIS 2.0, 1998; and Global Urban Observatory, Citibase, 1999. via ciesin.org
Waste generation	400 kgs per person per year		[7th of 16]
DEFINITION: Kilograms of waste generated per person per year ( 2000).
SOURCE: World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000; WHO,Air Management Information System-AMIS 2.0, 1998; and Global Urban Observatory, Citibase, 1999. via ciesin.org
Waste water treatment expenditure	$41.90		[12th of 15]
DEFINITION: Annual spending on waste water treatment (USD per person) per year (2000).
SOURCE: OECD Environmental Data Compendium: 2002
Water > Availability	27.81 thousand cubic metres		[19th of 141]
DEFINITION: Water availability per capita (1961-1990 (avg.)) Units: Thousands Cubic Meters/Person Units: This variable measures internal renewable water (average annual surface runoff and groundwater recharge generated from endogenous precipitation)
SOURCE: OECD Environmental Data Com¡pendium: 2003
Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration	10.64 mls/litre		[11th of 141]
DEFINITION: Dissolved oxygen concentration Units: Milligrams/Liter Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
SOURCE: Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGAP 2.1B, 2001 via ciesin.org
Water > Phosphorus concentration	0.06 mls/litre		[132nd of 141]
DEFINITION: Phosphorus concentration Units: Milligrams/Liter Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
SOURCE: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen,R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001
Water > Salinisation	655.39		[66th of 141]
DEFINITION: Electrical conductivity Units: Micro-Siemens/Centimeter Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of water bodies; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system.
SOURCE: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen, R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001
Water > Severe water stress	8		[64th of 140]
DEFINITION: Percent of country's territory under severe water stress Units: Percent of Land Area Units: This data is derived from the WaterGap 2.1 gridded hydrological model developed by the Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany. The modellers derived, for each country, grid cell by grid cell estimates of whether the water consumption exceeds 40 percent of the water available in that particular grid cell. These were then converted to land area equivalents in order to calculate the percentage of the territory under severe water stress.
SOURCE: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen,R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001
Water > Suspended solids	7.64 mls/litre		[10th of 141]
DEFINITION: Suspended solids Units: Natural Log of Milligrams/Liter Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. Data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of majorwatersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries. The data in this table was transformed using the natural logarithm.
SOURCE: Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGap 2.1, 2000 via ciesin.org
Water pollution, chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions	5.64 %		[53rd of 114]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen, R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001
Water pollution, clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions	0.24 %		[33rd of 112]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, food industry > % of total BOD emissions	77.11 %		[5th of 114]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, metal industry > % of total BOD emissions	12.42 %		[26th of 94]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: primary metals (ISIC division 37). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, other industry > % of total BOD emissions	6.32 %		[42nd of 107]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions	22.77 %		[16th of 111]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, textile industry > % of total BOD emissions	5.14 %		[52nd of 114]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Water pollution, wood industry > % of total BOD emissions	5.32 %		[8th of 114]
DEFINITION: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.		View time series
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database
Wildness	74%		[6th of 141]
DEFINITION: Percent of land area having very low anthropogenic impact Units: Percent of Land Area Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
SOURCE: World Development Indicators database

Interesting facts on Australian Environment

• The total area of Australia’s coral reefs is greater than the total area of any of 130 individual countries, including Slovakia, the Dominican Republic, Kuwait, Singapore, and Rwanda.
• There are more known reptile species in Australia than in all other listed countries combined.

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