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Environment Stats: compare key data on Costa Rica & Nicaragua

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Definitions

  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
  • Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened: Mammal species, threatened. Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • CFC > Consumption: CFC consumption
    Units: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Tons (Metric Tons x ODP)
    Units: The indicator was obtained by multiplying the Total CFCs emissions (metric tons per ozone depletion potential) with the Per capita CFCs emissions (obtained by dividing the total CFCs emissions by the population in 1997). In calculating the ESI, the base-10 logarithm of this variable was used.
  • CO2 Emissions per 1000: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > Million metric tons: CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million metric tons). CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > Million metric tons per million: CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million metric tons). CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Current issues: This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
  • Ecological footprint: Ecological footprint per capita
    Units: Hectares per Person
  • Endangered species > Mammal species > Number: Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
  • Marine fish catch: Total marine fish catch
    Units: Metric Tons
  • Marine fish catch per 1000: Total marine fish catch
    Units: Metric Tons. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Proportion of land area under protection: Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area, percentage.
  • Water > Severe water stress: Percent of country's territory under severe water stress
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: This data is derived from the WaterGap 2.1 gridded hydrological model developed by the Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany. The modellers derived, for each country, grid cell by grid cell estimates of whether the water consumption exceeds 40 percent of the water available in that particular grid cell. These were then converted to land area equivalents in order to calculate the percentage of the territory under severe water stress.
  • CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, total.
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened: Bird species, threatened. Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Carbon efficiency: Carbon economic efficiency (CO2 emissions per dollar GDP)
    Units: Metric Tons/US Dollar GDP
  • CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Endangered species > Bird species: Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
  • Total renewable water resources per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • SO2 emissions per populated area: SO2 emissions per populated land area
    Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
    Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
  • Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened: Fish species, threatened. Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
  • Endangered species > Fish species > Number: Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity: Percentage of population who responded yes when asked if they believed global warming was a result of human activities. In this survey, global warming refers to the current rise in earth's temperature and not climate change as a whole.
  • Water > Percent of water resources used: Proportion of total water resources used, percentage.
  • Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number: Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons.
  • NOx emissions per populated area: NOx emissions per populated land area
    Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
    Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
  • Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration: Dissolved oxygen concentration
    Units: Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Forest area > Sq. km: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: CO2 emissions (kg per 2000 US$ of GDP). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, total.
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Water > Availability: Water availability per capita (1961-1990 (avg.))
    Units: Thousands Cubic Meters/Person
    Units: This variable measures internal renewable water (average annual surface runoff and groundwater recharge generated from endogenous precipitation)
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, rural.
  • Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened: Plant species (higher), threatened. Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Threatened species: Number of Threatened Species (1990-99)
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
  • Biodiversity > Number: GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential)."
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
  • Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness: Percentage of each country's population who claimed knowing "something" or a "great deal" about climate change when asked: "How much do you know about global warming or climate change?"
  • CFC > Consumption per 1000: CFC consumption
    Units: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Tons (Metric Tons x ODP)
    Units: The indicator was obtained by multiplying the Total CFCs emissions (metric tons per ozone depletion potential) with the Per capita CFCs emissions (obtained by dividing the total CFCs emissions by the population in 1997). In calculating the ESI, the base-10 logarithm of this variable was used. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Protected area: Environmentally protected area (1997)
  • Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential).
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country.
  • Acidification: Percentage of country with acidification excedence
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: From a map of acidification excedence, all areas at risk within each country were added together in order to calculate the percentage of the entire country at risk of excedence. See pages 21-22 of the 2001 ESI report for more details on how the acidification excedence map was produced.
  • Emissions > Methane emissions > Kt of CO2 equivalent: Methane emissions are those stemming from human activities such as agriculture and from industrial methane production.
  • Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.
  • Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic meter). Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
  • Wetlands of intl importance > Area: Wetlands of international importance 2002
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
  • CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Proportion of land and marine area under protection: Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area, percentage.
  • Endangered species protection: Percent of CITES reporting requirements met
    Units: Percent of Requirements Met
    Units: Countries that have not ratified the CITES convention are recorded as having zero percent of their requirements met.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons: CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (million metric tons). CO2 emissions from other sectors, less residential buildings and commercial and public services, contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, residential, agriculture/forestry, fishing and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).
  • Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, urban.
  • Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat: Percentage of country's population that perceives climate change as a threat. Results are from a 2008 Gallop Poll.
  • Emissions > Nitrous oxide emissions > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent: Nitrous oxide emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burning, industrial activities, and livestock management."
  • Wildness: Percent of land area having very low anthropogenic impact
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
  • Biosphere > Reserves area: Biosphere reserves area 2002.
  • Forest area > Sq. km per 1000: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Threatened species > Mammal: Number of threatened mammal species (1997)
  • Known mammal species: Known mammal species (1992-2002).
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons: CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (million metric tons). CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Commercial and public services includes emissions from all activities of ISIC Divisions 41, 50-52, 55, 63-67, 70-75, 80, 85, 90-93 and 99.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2).
  • Breeding birds threatened: Percentage of breeding birds threatened
    Units: Percent of Breeding Birds
    Units: The number of bird species threatened divided by known bird species in the country, expressed as a percentage.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
  • Climate change > Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent per million: Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent). Other greenhouse gas emissions are by-product emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, urban.
  • Emissions > Other greenhouse gas emissions > HFC > PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent: Other greenhouse gas emissions are by-product emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride."
  • Urban SO2 concentration: Urban SO2 concentration
    Units: Micrograms/m3
    Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
  • Marine areas under protection: Protected marine areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003)
  • Water > Proportion of marine area under protection: Marine areas protected to territorial waters, percentage.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
  • Environmental agreement compliance: Compliance with environmental agreements (WEF survey)
    Units: Survey Responses Ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7
    Units: Response to the statement: "Compliance with international environmental agreements is a high priority.
  • Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2). Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Freshwater > Withdrawal per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations."
  • Wetlands of intl importance > Area per million: Wetlands of international importance 2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Known mammal species per million: Known mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Areas under protection per million: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Water > Salinisation: Electrical conductivity
    Units: Micro-Siemens/Centimeter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of water bodies; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system.
  • Areas under protection: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003)
  • Marine areas under protection per million: Protected marine areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Biosphere > Reserves area per million: Biosphere reserves area 2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Fertiliser > Consumption: Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land
    Units: Hundreds Grams/Hectare of Arable Land
  • Urban NO2 concentration: Urban NO2 concentration
    Units: Micrograms/m3
    Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
  • Non-wildness: Percent of land area having very high anthropogenic impact
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water inside the unit per thousand people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
  • Total natural resources rents > % of GDP: Total natural resources rents (% of GDP). Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.
  • Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons per million: CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (million metric tons). CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Commercial and public services includes emissions from all activities of ISIC Divisions 41, 50-52, 55, 63-67, 70-75, 80, 85, 90-93 and 99. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for industry are total withdrawals for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Emissions > Industrial methane emissions > % of total: Industrial methane emissions are emissions from the handling, transmission, and combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services > % of total fuel combustion: CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion). CO2 emissions from other sectors, less residential buildings and commercial and public services, contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, residential, agriculture/forestry, fishing and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).
  • Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water inside the unit per thousand people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
  • Emissions > Agricultural methane emissions > % of total: Agricultural methane emissions are emissions from animals, animal waste, rice production, agricultural waste burning (nonenergy, on-site), and savannah burning."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with shared water: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date: Signature.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI: Gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers."
  • Water pollution > Metal industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: primary metals (ISIC division 37). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
  • PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a countryÂ’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
  • Adjusted net national income > Annual % growth: Adjusted net national income (annual % growth). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
  • Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
  • Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
  • Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters: Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters). Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Known breeding bird species: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002).
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
  • Emissions > Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions > % of total: Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions are emissions produced through fertilizer use (synthetic and animal manure), animal waste management, agricultural waste burning (nonenergy, on-site), and savannah burning."
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
  • Climate change > Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent: Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent). Other greenhouse gas emissions are by-product emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.
  • Water > Suspended solids: Suspended solids
    Units: Natural Log of Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. Data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of majorwatersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries. The data in this table was transformed using the natural logarithm.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water outside the unit: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water outside the unit: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water inside the unit: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > Kyoto Protocol sign date: Signed.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water inside the unit: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
  • Forest area > % of land area: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
  • Known breeding bird species per million: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > % of total fuel combustion: CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion). CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Commercial and public services includes emissions from all activities of ISIC Divisions 41, 50-52, 55, 63-67, 70-75, 80, 85, 90-93 and 99.
  • Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Emissions > CO2 intensity > Kg per kg of oil equivalent energy use: Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
  • Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons.
  • Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water outside the unit per thousand people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water outside the unit per thousand people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
  • Water > Phosphorus concentration: Phosphorus concentration
    Units: Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
  • International agreements > Signed but not ratified: The various international environmental agreements which a country has signed but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
  • CO2 Emissions: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide
  • Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with shared water: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with shared water per thousand people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
  • Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with shared water per million people: Occupied housing units by type of housing unit, main source of drinking water and urban/rural location. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > % of total fuel combustion: CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion). CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.
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STAT Costa Rica Nicaragua HISTORY
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ $22.38 billion
Ranked 38th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		$5.95 billion
Ranked 79th.
Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened 10
Ranked 96th. 43% more than Nicaragua 		7
Ranked 116th.
CFC > Consumption 11,103.2
Ranked 39th. 38 times more than Nicaragua 		292.6
Ranked 71st.
CO2 Emissions per 1000 1.25
Ranked 100th. 84% more than Nicaragua 		0.681
Ranked 121st.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > Million metric tons 0.67
Ranked 121st. 		1.89
Ranked 110th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > Million metric tons per million 0.141
Ranked 113th. 		0.32
Ranked 99th. 2 times more than Costa Rica
Current issues deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
Ecological footprint 2.5
Ranked 17th. 56% more than Nicaragua 		1.6
Ranked 33th.
Endangered species > Mammal species > Number 8
Ranked 103th. 60% more than Nicaragua 		5
Ranked 132nd.
Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita 5.53 km² per 1,000 people
Ranked 74th. 		10.08 km² per 1,000 people
Ranked 45th. 82% more than Costa Rica
Marine fish catch 19,838 tons
Ranked 76th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		8,497 tons
Ranked 85th.
Marine fish catch per 1000 5.16 tons
Ranked 60th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		1.69 tons
Ranked 84th.
Proportion of land area under protection 26.94%
Ranked 39th. 		30.83%
Ranked 31st. 14% more than Costa Rica
Total renewable water resources 112.4 cu km
Ranked 15th. 		196.7 cu km
Ranked 12th. 75% more than Costa Rica
Water > Severe water stress 0.0
Ranked 130th. 		0.3
Ranked 90th.
CO2 emissions > Kt 6,329.66 kt
Ranked 105th. 62% more than Nicaragua 		3,908.42 kt
Ranked 117th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural 96.44
Ranked 88th. 14% more than Nicaragua 		84.95
Ranked 142nd.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita 1.82
Ranked 105th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		0.82
Ranked 134th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita 1.66
Ranked 119th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		0.781
Ranked 143th.
Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened 22
Ranked 48th. 57% more than Nicaragua 		14
Ranked 77th.
Carbon efficiency 0.51 CO2 emissions/$ GDP
Ranked 111th. 		0.91 CO2 emissions/$ GDP
Ranked 85th. 78% more than Costa Rica
CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000 1.52 kt
Ranked 109th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		0.735 kt
Ranked 136th.
Endangered species > Bird species 17
Ranked 49th. 89% more than Nicaragua 		9
Ranked 97th.
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita $4,723.49
Ranked 21st. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		$1,063.25
Ranked 70th.
Total renewable water resources per million 28.6 cu km
Ranked 14th. 		38.56 cu km
Ranked 12th. 35% more than Costa Rica
SO2 emissions per populated area 380 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 83th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		120 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 117th.
Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened 50
Ranked 34th. 61% more than Nicaragua 		31
Ranked 63th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt 7,770.37
Ranked 103th. 71% more than Nicaragua 		4,547.08
Ranked 121st.
CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita 1.52 kt per 1,000 people
Ranked 112th. 98% more than Nicaragua 		0.767 kt per 1,000 people
Ranked 140th.
Endangered species > Fish species > Number 19
Ranked 67th. 		21
Ranked 55th. 11% more than Costa Rica
Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity 87%
Ranked 3rd. 32% more than Nicaragua 		66%
Ranked 32nd.
Water > Percent of water resources used 5.13%
Ranked 41st. 7 times more than Nicaragua 		0.706%
Ranked 117th.
Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number 111
Ranked 24th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		39
Ranked 50th.
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption 127.85
Ranked 32nd. 24 times more than Nicaragua 		5.41
Ranked 102nd.
NOx emissions per populated area 0.03 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 140th. 		0.09 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 124th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration 7.12 mls/litre
Ranked 85th. 13% more than Nicaragua 		6.28 mls/litre
Ranked 106th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000 1.66
Ranked 119th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		0.781
Ranked 143th.
Forest area > Sq. km 23,910 km²
Ranked 97th. 		51,890 km²
Ranked 71st. 2 times more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP $0.31
Ranked 142nd. 		$0.62
Ranked 65th. Twice as much as Costa Rica
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural 93.71
Ranked 80th. 80% more than Nicaragua 		52.06
Ranked 144th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt 8,112.1
Ranked 94th. 77% more than Nicaragua 		4,587.33
Ranked 113th.
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people 26.99
Ranked 8th. 29 times more than Nicaragua 		0.916
Ranked 114th.
Water > Availability 23.35 thousand cubic metres
Ranked 22nd. 		29.15 thousand cubic metres
Ranked 18th. 25% more than Costa Rica
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural 90.7
Ranked 98th. 34% more than Nicaragua 		67.8
Ranked 150th.
Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened 128
Ranked 27th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		43
Ranked 55th.
Threatened species 44
Ranked 42nd. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		16
Ranked 109th.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita $7,395.81
Ranked 51st. 5 times more than Nicaragua 		$1,375.94
Ranked 103th.
Biodiversity > Number 9.72
Ranked 31st. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		3.27
Ranked 73th.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ $35.04 billion
Ranked 71st. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		$8.13 billion
Ranked 113th.
Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness 75%
Ranked 46th. 42% more than Nicaragua 		53%
Ranked 85th.
CFC > Consumption per 1000 3.04
Ranked 23th. 50 times more than Nicaragua 		0.0603
Ranked 69th.
Protected area 13.7%
Ranked 25th. 85% more than Nicaragua 		7.4%
Ranked 55th.
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum 9.72
Ranked 31st. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		3.27
Ranked 74th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP $0.36
Ranked 148th. 		$0.93
Ranked 55th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters 112.4
Ranked 50th. 		189.7
Ranked 38th. 69% more than Costa Rica
Acidification 0.0
Ranked 125th. 		0.0
Ranked 57th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal 2.68
Ranked 60th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		1.3
Ranked 77th.
Emissions > Methane emissions > Kt of CO2 equivalent 2,450
Ranked 109th. 		6,350
Ranked 79th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters 24,872.07
Ranked 30th. 		33,472.58
Ranked 21st. 35% more than Costa Rica
Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 27.14
Ranked 97th. 27% more than Nicaragua 		21.42
Ranked 116th.
Wetlands of intl importance > Area 313 thousand hectares
Ranked 39th. 		406 thousand hectares
Ranked 36th. 30% more than Costa Rica
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number 165
Ranked 55th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		74
Ranked 76th.
CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP 0.17 kg/PPP$
Ranked 129th. 		0.23 kg/PPP$
Ranked 108th. 35% more than Costa Rica
Proportion of land and marine area under protection 22.6%
Ranked 47th. 		32.47%
Ranked 18th. 44% more than Costa Rica
Endangered species protection 83.3%
Ranked 50th. 		90.9%
Ranked 28th. 9% more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons 0.17
Ranked 99th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		0.05
Ranked 106th.
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million 2.15
Ranked 42nd. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		0.576
Ranked 74th.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural 91.64%
Ranked 78th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		36.99%
Ranked 137th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban 99.58
Ranked 66th. 2% more than Nicaragua 		97.61
Ranked 106th.
Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat 72%
Ranked 14th. 47% more than Nicaragua 		49%
Ranked 58th.
Emissions > Nitrous oxide emissions > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent 2,850
Ranked 94th. 		3,210
Ranked 90th. 13% more than Costa Rica
Wildness 0.02%
Ranked 111th. 		12.9%
Ranked 59th. 645 times more than Costa Rica
Biosphere > Reserves area 729 thousand hectares
Ranked 42nd. 		2,182 thousand hectares
Ranked 22nd. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Forest area > Sq. km per 1000 5.53 km²
Ranked 73th. 		9.51 km²
Ranked 47th. 72% more than Costa Rica
Threatened species > Mammal 14
Ranked 54th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		4
Ranked 128th.
Known mammal species 205
Ranked 35th. 2% more than Nicaragua 		200
Ranked 37th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons 0.26
Ranked 117th. 		0.36
Ranked 109th. 38% more than Costa Rica
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters 2.68
Ranked 65th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		1.3
Ranked 85th.
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 1,670
Ranked 100th. 63% more than Nicaragua 		1,025
Ranked 113th.
Breeding birds threatened 2.17%
Ranked 73th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		1.04%
Ranked 112th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 0.0
Ranked 183th. 		0.0
Ranked 126th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 0.0526
Ranked 90th. 		0.0
Ranked 121st.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 1.48
Ranked 93th. Twice as much as Nicaragua 		0.736
Ranked 130th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt 0.0
Ranked 183th. 		0.0
Ranked 126th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt 245.69
Ranked 98th. 		0.0
Ranked 121st.
Climate change > Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent per million 20.99
Ranked 76th. 		0.0
Ranked 109th.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number 35
Ranked 25th. 7 times more than Nicaragua 		5
Ranked 89th.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban 94.84
Ranked 88th. 50% more than Nicaragua 		63.18
Ranked 148th.
Emissions > Other greenhouse gas emissions > HFC > PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent 0.0
Ranked 122nd. 		0.0
Ranked 91st.
Urban SO2 concentration 38.84 micrograms/m3
Ranked 79th. 16% more than Nicaragua 		33.45 micrograms/m3
Ranked 87th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$ $3.31 billion
Ranked 73th. 6 times more than Nicaragua 		$569.71 million
Ranked 119th.
Marine areas under protection 14
Ranked 25th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		4
Ranked 52nd.
Water > Proportion of marine area under protection 15.46%
Ranked 41st. 		37.74%
Ranked 13th. 2 times more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$ $2.64 billion
Ranked 55th. 6 times more than Nicaragua 		$438.17 million
Ranked 91st.
Environmental agreement compliance 4.59
Ranked 28th. 60% more than Nicaragua 		2.86
Ranked 68th.
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000 0.435
Ranked 107th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		0.204
Ranked 132nd.
Freshwater > Withdrawal per million 0.682
Ranked 38th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		0.255
Ranked 77th.
Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 36.25
Ranked 82nd. 32% more than Nicaragua 		27.55
Ranked 111th.
Wetlands of intl importance > Area per million 76.46 thousand hectares
Ranked 19th. 		77.35 thousand hectares
Ranked 18th. 1% more than Costa Rica
Known mammal species per million 50.08
Ranked 18th. 31% more than Nicaragua 		38.11
Ranked 22nd.
Areas under protection per million 31.17
Ranked 22nd. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		13.73
Ranked 38th.
Water > Salinisation 1,359.25
Ranked 26th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		438.42
Ranked 88th.
Areas under protection 130
Ranked 39th. 78% more than Nicaragua 		73
Ranked 57th.
Marine areas under protection per million 3.36
Ranked 11th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		0.752
Ranked 38th.
Biosphere > Reserves area per million 178.07 thousand hectares
Ranked 16th. 		415.73 thousand hectares
Ranked 9th. 2 times more than Costa Rica
Fertiliser > Consumption 8,795.56 hundred grams/hectare
Ranked 2nd. 41 times more than Nicaragua 		214.08 hundred grams/hectare
Ranked 99th.
Urban NO2 concentration 45.75 micrograms/m3
Ranked 84th. 43% more than Nicaragua 		32 micrograms/m3
Ranked 116th.
Non-wildness 8.41%
Ranked 43th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		3.66%
Ranked 67th.
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water inside the unit per thousand people 234.89
Ranked 7th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		71.2
Ranked 2nd.
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Industrial 17%
Ranked 28th. 9 times more than Nicaragua 		2%
Ranked 86th.
Total natural resources rents > % of GDP 0.279%
Ranked 142nd. 		2.3%
Ranked 100th. 8 times more than Costa Rica
Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions 8.18%
Ranked 32nd. 46% more than Nicaragua 		5.61%
Ranked 66th.
Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker 0.22 kg per day per worker
Ranked 9th. 		0.27 kg per day per worker
Ranked 9th. 23% more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > Million metric tons per million 0.0549
Ranked 107th. 		0.061
Ranked 104th. 11% more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI 0.0
Ranked 147th. 		0.0
Ranked 97th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal 17.16%
Ranked 43th. 7 times more than Nicaragua 		2.31%
Ranked 108th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal 29.48%
Ranked 32nd. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		14.62%
Ranked 73th.
Emissions > Industrial methane emissions > % of total 1.63%
Ranked 125th. 		4.72%
Ranked 113th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services > % of total fuel combustion 2.54%
Ranked 61st. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		1.1%
Ranked 94th.
Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions 0.14%
Ranked 42nd. 27% more than Nicaragua 		0.11%
Ranked 83th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$ $2.65 billion
Ranked 55th. 6 times more than Nicaragua 		$440.95 million
Ranked 92nd.
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water inside the unit per thousand people 1.76
Ranked 2nd. 13 times more than Nicaragua 		0.132
Ranked 2nd.
Emissions > Agricultural methane emissions > % of total 57.96%
Ranked 42nd. 		80.16%
Ranked 6th. 38% more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI 0.0
Ranked 143th. 		0.6%
Ranked 40th.
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with shared water 47,111
Ranked 3rd. 		47,917
Ranked 2nd. 2% more than Costa Rica
Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date June 13, 1992 June 13, 1992
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources 2.38%
Ranked 98th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		0.69%
Ranked 128th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural 91.64
Ranked 78th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		36.99
Ranked 137th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI 15.93%
Ranked 91st. 9% more than Nicaragua 		14.65%
Ranked 117th.
Water pollution > Metal industry > % of total BOD emissions 1.64%
Ranked 39th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		0.37%
Ranked 77th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$ $36.23 million
Ranked 44th. 13 times more than Nicaragua 		$2.77 million
Ranked 57th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI 9.17%
Ranked 53th. 16% more than Nicaragua 		7.88%
Ranked 79th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$ 0.0
Ranked 173th. 		0.0
Ranked 107th.
PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 39.3 mcg/m³
Ranked 89th. 27% more than Nicaragua 		30.99 mcg/m³
Ranked 117th.
Adjusted net national income > Annual % growth -2.179%
Ranked 77th. 		3.11%
Ranked 47th.
Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions 2.86%
Ranked 33th. 2 times more than Nicaragua 		1.17%
Ranked 79th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI 11.45%
Ranked 70th. 29% more than Nicaragua 		8.86%
Ranked 116th.
Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions 10.22%
Ranked 27th. 		10.25%
Ranked 56th. About the same as Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI 0.23% of GNI
Ranked 126th. 		0.61% of GNI
Ranked 50th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters 2.01%
Ranked 93th. 		37.22%
Ranked 5th. 19 times more than Costa Rica
Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions 9.97%
Ranked 37th. 84% more than Nicaragua 		5.43%
Ranked 90th.
Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI 0.31% of GNI
Ranked 92nd. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		0.11% of GNI
Ranked 131st.
Known breeding bird species 279
Ranked 26th. 30% more than Nicaragua 		215
Ranked 64th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Domestic 29%
Ranked 26th. 93% more than Nicaragua 		15%
Ranked 61st.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP 85.31%
Ranked 62nd. 1% more than Nicaragua 		84.32%
Ranked 71st.
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP 54.49%
Ranked 40th. 		79.89%
Ranked 11th. 47% more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$ $867,920.86
Ranked 78th. 		$38.72 million
Ranked 63th. 45 times more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI 0.06%
Ranked 122nd. 20% more than Nicaragua 		0.05%
Ranked 125th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$ $16.31 million
Ranked 100th. 5 times more than Nicaragua 		$3.20 million
Ranked 119th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$ $1.30 billion
Ranked 75th. 4 times more than Nicaragua 		$335.38 million
Ranked 109th.
Emissions > Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions > % of total 98.95%
Ranked 9th. 2% more than Nicaragua 		96.88%
Ranked 18th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP $0.18
Ranked 137th. 		$0.34
Ranked 62nd. 89% more than Costa Rica
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP $0.17
Ranked 136th. 		$0.32
Ranked 62nd. 88% more than Costa Rica
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI 4.48%
Ranked 93th. 		5.99%
Ranked 108th. 34% more than Costa Rica
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal 53.36%
Ranked 94th. 		83.08%
Ranked 37th. 56% more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total 88.67%
Ranked 64th. 		94.19%
Ranked 49th. 6% more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total 0.0
Ranked 183th. 		0.0
Ranked 126th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total 3.16%
Ranked 91st. 		0.0
Ranked 121st.
Climate change > Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 > Thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent 98
Ranked 88th. 		0.0
Ranked 109th.
Water > Suspended solids 4.33 mls/litre
Ranked 92nd. 		5.19 mls/litre
Ranked 65th. 20% more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water outside the unit 618
Ranked 2nd. 		16,610
Ranked 1st. 27 times more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water outside the unit 6,214
Ranked 3rd. 		238,152
Ranked 1st. 38 times more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water inside the unit 8,349
Ranked 2nd. 12 times more than Nicaragua 		722
Ranked 2nd.
Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > Kyoto Protocol sign date 27 April 1998 7 July 1998
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water inside the unit 1.11 million
Ranked 5th. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		388,393
Ranked 2nd.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area 9.77%
Ranked 21st. 		10.28%
Ranked 20th. 5% more than Costa Rica
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area 31.01%
Ranked 17th. 83% more than Nicaragua 		16.93%
Ranked 58th.
Forest area > % of land area 46.83% of land area
Ranked 48th. 10% more than Nicaragua 		42.74% of land area
Ranked 57th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI 0.13%
Ranked 41st. 3 times more than Nicaragua 		0.04%
Ranked 51st.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI 9.12%
Ranked 50th. 16% more than Nicaragua 		7.83%
Ranked 78th.
Known breeding bird species per million 68.15
Ranked 22nd. 66% more than Nicaragua 		40.96
Ranked 40th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt 6,890.29
Ranked 89th. 61% more than Nicaragua 		4,283.06
Ranked 104th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services > % of total fuel combustion 3.89%
Ranked 104th. 		7.95%
Ranked 68th. 2 times more than Costa Rica
Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions 65.69%
Ranked 7th. 		76.33%
Ranked 10th. 16% more than Costa Rica
Emissions > CO2 intensity > Kg per kg of oil equivalent energy use 1.7
Ranked 92nd. 29% more than Nicaragua 		1.32
Ranked 105th.
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent -3.507
Ranked 22nd. 		-13.057
Ranked 66th. 4 times more than Costa Rica
Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions 1.31%
Ranked 42nd. 79% more than Nicaragua 		0.73%
Ranked 86th.
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with piped water outside the unit per thousand people 1.31
Ranked 3rd. 		43.66
Ranked 1st. 33 times more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with piped water outside the unit per thousand people 0.13
Ranked 2nd. 		3.04
Ranked 1st. 23 times more than Costa Rica
Water > Phosphorus concentration 0.34 mls/litre
Ranked 74th. 		0.61 mls/litre
Ranked 16th. 79% more than Costa Rica
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Agricultural 53%
Ranked 97th. 		83%
Ranked 43th. 57% more than Costa Rica
International agreements > Signed but not ratified Marine Life Conservation none of the selected agreements
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI 0.22%
Ranked 116th. 		0.55%
Ranked 35th. 3 times more than Costa Rica
CO2 Emissions 5,223
Ranked 101st. 44% more than Nicaragua 		3,619.7
Ranked 111th.
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million -0.812
Ranked 27th. 		-2.865
Ranked 75th. 4 times more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with shared water 816
Ranked 2nd. 		17,744
Ranked 2nd. 22 times more than Costa Rica
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Houses with shared water per thousand people 9.94
Ranked 1st. 13% more than Nicaragua 		8.78
Ranked 1st.
Sanitation > Drinking water source by dwelling type > Units with shared water per million people 172.24
Ranked 2nd. 		3,252.67
Ranked 1st. 19 times more than Costa Rica
Climate change > CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total > % of total fuel combustion 10.03%
Ranked 125th. 		41.72%
Ranked 58th. 4 times more than Costa Rica

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Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001. via ciesin.org; Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the last wild places on the earth's surface. Accessed via ciesin.org; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods in Arundhati Kunte and others' ""Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results"" (1998).; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Wikipedia: List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (List of parties) (Parties & Observers , UNFCCC, 1 June 2011); United Nations Statistics Division Original html; World Bank national accounts data files.; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Kiran D. Pandey and others' ""The Human Costs of Air Pollution: New Estimates for Developing Countries"" (2006).; World Bank staff estimates.; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen, R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001; Wikipedia: List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol (Parties); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.; World Bank staff estimates based on Samuel Fankhauser's ""Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse"" (1995).; World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.

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