Economy > Trade Stats: compare key data on Brunei & Japan
Definitions
- Export growth: Annual growth rate of exports of goods and services based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments."
- Exports: The total US dollar amount of exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis.
- Exports > Export growth in USD: Export values are the current value of exports (f.o.b.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (2000). UNCTAD's export value indexes are reported for most economies. For selected economies for which UNCTAD does not publish data, the export value indexes are derived from export volume indexes (line 72) and corresponding unit value indexes of exports (line 74) in the IMF's International Financial Statistics."
- Exports > Exports of goods and services: GDP by Type of Expenditure at current prices - US dollars.
- Exports > Exports of goods and services > Constant 2000 US$ per capita: Exports of goods and services (constant 2000 US$). Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Exports > Goods: Goods imports refer to all movable goods (including nonmonetary gold) involved in a change of ownership from nonresidents to residents. The category includes goods previously included in services: goods received or sent for processing and their subsequent export or import in the form of processed goods, repairs on goods, and goods procured in ports by carriers. Data are in current U.S. dollars."
- Exports > Per $ GDP: The total US dollar amount of exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. Per $ GDP figures expressed per 1 $ gross domestic product.
- Exports per capita: The total US dollar amount of exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Exports to US: in US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003
- Imports: This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.
- Imports > Imports of goods and services: GDP by Type of Expenditure at current prices - US dollars.
- Imports per capita: This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Tariffs > Binding coverage > All products: Binding coverage is the percentage of product lines with an agreed bound rate. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable.
- With US > US imports of bauxite and aluminum: US imports of bauxite and aluminum, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of bauxite and aluminum per 1000: US imports of bauxite and aluminum, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Exports > Export growth: Export volume indexes are derived from UNCTAD's volume index series and are the ratio of the export value indexes to the corresponding unit value indexes. Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD's estimates using the previous year's trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights. For economies for which UNCTAD does not publish data, the export volume indexes (lines 72) in the IMF's International Financial Statistics are used."
- Exports > Leading export market: Country or customs union which is the main recipient of exports.
- Exports > Exports of goods, services and primary income > BoP, current US$: Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$). Exports of goods, services and primary income is the sum of goods exports, service exports and primary income receipts. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
- Balance of payments > Net primary income > BoP, current US$ per million: Net primary income (BoP, current US$). Net primary income refers to receipts and payments of employee compensation paid to nonresident workers and investment income (receipts and payments on direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments, and receipts on reserve assets). Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Imports from US: In US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003
- Exports > Per capita: The total US dollar amount of exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Tariffs > Tariff rate > Applied > Simple mean > All products: Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs."
- Tariffs > Tariff rate > Applied > Weighted mean > All products: Weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead."
- Imports from US per capita: In US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Imports ratio of GDP: Imports ratio of GDP, 2000
- With US > US > Exports of chemicals-other: US exports of chemicals-other, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of copper: US exports of copper, USD Thousands, 2004
- Exports to US per capita: in US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Exports to US > Per $ GDP: in US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003 Per $ GDP figures expressed per $100 of Gross Domestic Product.
- With US > US > Exports of pulpwood and woodpulp: US exports of pulpwood and woodpulp, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of rugs: US exports of rugs, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of semiconductors: US exports of semiconductors, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of shingles > Molding > Wallboard: US exports of shingles, molding, wallboard, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of rice: US exports of rice, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of steelmaking materials: US exports of steelmaking materials, USD Thousands, 2004
- % of GDP: Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic product.
- With US > US > Exports of sports apparel and gear: US exports of sports apparel and gear, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of generators > Accessories per 1000: US exports of generators, accessories, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of tapes > Audio and visual: US exports of tapes, audio and visual, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of tobacco > Unmanufactured: US exports of tobacco, unmanufactured, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of telecommunications equipment: US exports of telecommunications equipment, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of toiletries and cosmetics: US exports of toiletries and cosmetics, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of vegetables: US exports of vegetables, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of vessels > Excluding scrap: US exports of vessels, excluding scrap, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of glass-plate > Sheet > Etc per million: US exports of glass-plate, sheet, etc., USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of manmade cloth per 1000: US exports of manmade cloth, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of logs and lumber per 1000: US exports of logs and lumber, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of nuclear fuel materials per million: US exports of nuclear fuel materials, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of parts-civilian aircraft per 1000: US exports of parts-civilian aircraft, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of plastic materials per 1000: US exports of plastic materials, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Imports > Documents to import > Number per million: Documents to import (number). All documents required per shipment to import goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of pulp and paper machinery: US exports of pulp and paper machinery, USD Thousands, 2004
- Imports from US, % of GDP: In US dollars. Jan 2003 - March 2003. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
- With US > US > Exports of metalworking machine tools per 1000: US exports of metalworking machine tools, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US imports of computers per 1000: US imports of computers, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of pharmaceutical preparations per 1000: US exports of pharmaceutical preparations, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Exports > High-technology exports > Current US$ per capita: High-technology exports (current US$). High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Exports > High-technology exports > Current US$, % of GDP: High-technology exports (current US$). High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
- Imports > Import growth in USD: Import value indexes are the current value of imports (c.i.f.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (2000). UNCTAD's import value indexes are reported for most economies. For selected economies for which UNCTAD does not publish data, the import value indexes are derived from import volume indexes (line 73) and corresponding unit value indexes of imports (line 75) in the IMF's International Financial Statistics."
- Imports > Computer > Communications and other services > % of commercial service imports: Computer, communications and other services (% of commercial service imports) include such activities as international telecommunications, and postal and courier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; construction services; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; and personal, cultural, and recreational services."
- Imports > Goods > Services and income: Imports of goods, services and income is the sum of goods (merchandise) imports, imports of (nonfactor) services and income (factor) payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars."
- Imports > Import procedure fees > US$ per container: Cost measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, customs broker fees, terminal handling charges and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded."
- Balance of payments > Portfolio Investment, net > BoP, current US$ per million: Portfolio Investment, net (BoP, current US$). Portfolio investment covers transactions in equity securities and debt securities. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Exports > Manufactures > Exports > % of merchandise > Exports: Manufactures comprise commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (non-ferrous metals)."
- Imports > Merchandise imports by the reporting economy > Current US$: Merchandise imports by the reporting economy are the total merchandise imports by the reporting economy from the rest of the world, as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database. Data are in current U.S. dollars."
- With US > US imports of apparel and household goods-cotton: US imports of apparel and household goods-cotton, USD Thousands, 2004
- Balance of payments > Portfolio Investment, net > BoP, current US$, % of GDP: Portfolio Investment, net (BoP, current US$). Portfolio investment covers transactions in equity securities and debt securities. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
- With US > US > Exports of glassware > Chinaware: US exports of glassware, chinaware, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of artwork > Antiques > Stamps > Etc: US exports of artwork, antiques, stamps, etc., USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of metalworking machine tools: US exports of metalworking machine tools, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of computers: US imports of computers, USD Thousands, 2004
- Imports > Documents to import > Number: Documents to import (number). All documents required per shipment to import goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.
- With US > US > Exports of textile > Sewing machines per million: US exports of textile, sewing machines, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US imports of finished textile industrial supplies: US imports of finished textile industrial supplies, USD Thousands, 2004
- Exports > Goods and services > Current US$ > Per $ GDP: Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude labor and property income (formerly called factor services) as well as transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Per $ GDP figures expressed per 1 $ gross domestic product.
- With US > US > Exports of specialized mining: US exports of specialized mining, USD Thousands, 2004
- Imports > Imports of goods and services per capita: GDP by Type of Expenditure at current prices - US dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of computer accessories per 1000: US exports of computer accessories, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of wood > Glass > Plastic per 1000: US exports of wood, glass, plastic, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Exports > Commercial service exports > Current US$, % of GDP: Commercial service exports (current US$). Commercial service exports are total service exports minus exports of government services not included elsewhere. International transactions in services are defined by the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (1993) as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred, and consumed at the same time. Definitions may vary among reporting economies. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
- With US > US > Exports of cotton fiber cloth: US exports of cotton fiber cloth, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of computer accessories: US exports of computer accessories, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of stereo equipment > Etc: US exports of stereo equipment, etc., USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of wood > Glass > Plastic: US exports of wood, glass, plastic, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of wine and related products: US imports of wine and related products, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of civilian aircraft per 1000: US exports of civilian aircraft, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of books > Printed matter per 1000: US exports of books, printed matter, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of artwork > Antiques > Stamps > Etc per 1000: US exports of artwork, antiques, stamps, etc., USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US imports of fish and shellfish per 1000: US imports of fish and shellfish, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of bakery products: US exports of bakery products, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of records > Tapes > And disks per 1000: US exports of records, tapes, and disks, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US imports of pleasure boats and motors per million: US imports of pleasure boats and motors, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of agriculture-manufactured > Other per million: US exports of agriculture-manufactured, other, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of apparel,household goods-nontextile per 1000: US exports of apparel,household goods-nontextile, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of chemicals-organic per 1000: US exports of chemicals-organic, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of coal and fuels > Other per million: US exports of coal and fuels, other, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of meat > Poultry > Etc per 1000: US exports of meat, poultry, etc., USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Balance of payments > Portfolio Investment, net > BoP, current US$: Portfolio Investment, net (BoP, current US$). Portfolio investment covers transactions in equity securities and debt securities. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
- With US > US > Exports of photo > Service industry machinery per 1000: US exports of photo, service industry machinery, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of rugs per million: US exports of rugs, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- With US > US imports of materials handling equipment per 1000: US imports of materials handling equipment, USD Thousands, 2004. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Balance of payments > Net financial account > BoP, current US$ per capita: Net financial account (BoP, current US$). The net financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities. It measures how net lending to or borrowing from nonresidents is financed, and is conceptually equal to the sum of the balances on the current and capital accounts. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- With US > US > Exports of dairy products and eggs: US exports of dairy products and eggs, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of finished metal shapes: US exports of finished metal shapes, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of engines for civilian aircraft: US imports of engines for civilian aircraft, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of writing and art supplies: US exports of writing and art supplies, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of agriculture-manufactured > Other: US exports of agriculture-manufactured, other, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US > Exports of coal and fuels > Other: US exports of coal and fuels, other, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of iron and steel manufactures-advanced: US imports of iron and steel manufactures-advanced, USD Thousands, 2004
- With US > US imports of semiconductors and related devices: US imports of semiconductors and related devices, USD Thousands, 2004
SOURCES: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Handbook of Statistics and data files, and International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Bank national accounts data. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; US Census Bureau; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from World Trade Organisation.; FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau; FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Trade Organization Trade Profiles database, loaded 2010; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.; World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on tariff data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and global imports data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Comtrade database.; US Census Bureau. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; ASEAN Secretariat, Asian Development Bank (for China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), OECD; World Development Indicators database; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; US Census Bureau. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; United Nations, Comtrade database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations, Comtrade database. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; World Bank staff estimates from the Comtrade database maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.
