×

Economy > Trade Stats: compare key data on Canada & Russia

Definitions

STAT Canada Russia HISTORY
Export growth 0.72
Ranked 104th.
-4.7
Ranked 37th.

Exports $406.80 billion
Ranked 9th. 8% more than Russia
$376.70 billion
Ranked 12th.

Exports > Exports of goods and services 547.06 billion
Ranked 11th.
597.54 billion
Ranked 9th. 9% more than Canada

Exports > Exports of goods and services > Constant 2000 US$ per capita $11,625.69
Ranked 20th. 5 times more than Russia
$2,238.61
Ranked 53th.

Exports > Goods 328.93 billion
Ranked 10th. 71% more than Russia
191.8 billion
Ranked 17th.

Exports > Goods and services 44%
Ranked 63th.
46%
Ranked 51st. 5% more than Canada
Exports > Goods and services > Constant 2000 US$ 331.64 billion constant 2000 US$
Ranked 8th. 89% more than Russia
175.8 billion constant 2000 US$
Ranked 12th.

Exports per capita $11,920.34
Ranked 22nd. 5 times more than Russia
$2,645.57
Ranked 53th.

Exports to US $55.66 billion
Ranked 1st. 26 times more than Russia
$2.17 billion
Ranked 27th.
Imports $406.40 billion
Ranked 11th. 71% more than Russia
$237.30 billion
Ranked 18th.

Imports > Goods and services > BoP > Current US$ > Per $ GDP 0.346 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 94th. 60% more than Russia
0.216 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 121st.

Imports > Imports of goods and services 583.3 billion
Ranked 10th. 30% more than Russia
449.42 billion
Ranked 12th.

Imports per capita $11,908.62
Ranked 17th. 7 times more than Russia
$1,666.56
Ranked 72nd.

With US > US imports of bauxite and aluminum 4.79 million
Ranked 1st. 3 times more than Russia
1.72 million
Ranked 2nd.
With US > US imports of bauxite and aluminum per 1000 149.59
Ranked 1st. 13 times more than Russia
11.94
Ranked 8th.
Imports of goods > Services and income > BoP > Current US$ per capita 13,642.42 BoP $
Ranked 19th. 10 times more than Russia
1,409.49 BoP $
Ranked 82nd.

Exports > Per $ GDP $0.32 per $1 of GDP
Ranked 77th. 4% more than Russia
$0.31 per $1 of GDP
Ranked 83th.

Exports > Primary 30%
Ranked 69th.
65%
Ranked 45th. 2 times more than Canada
Exports > Goods and services > Constant LCU 492519400000 4945386000000
Imports of goods > Services and income > BoP > Current US$ 440.81 billion BoP $
Ranked 9th. 2 times more than Russia
201.77 billion BoP $
Ranked 18th.

Exports > Leading export market United States European Union
Balance of payments > Net primary income > BoP, current US$ per million $-644,287,103.68
Ranked 128th. 35% more than Russia
$-475,937,240.91
Ranked 120th.

Exports > Exports of goods, services and primary income > BoP, current US$ $619.77 billion
Ranked 14th.
$637.43 billion
Ranked 12th. 3% more than Canada

Imports from US $41.16 billion
Ranked 1st. 83 times more than Russia
$493.90 million
Ranked 38th.
Exports > Per capita $12,911.00 per capita
Ranked 21st. 5 times more than Russia
$2,514.54 per capita
Ranked 59th.

Tariffs > Tariff rate > Applied > Simple mean > All products 3.64%
Ranked 84th.
8.19%
Ranked 55th. 2 times more than Canada

Tariffs > Tariff rate > Applied > Weighted mean > All products 0.95%
Ranked 123th.
5.79%
Ranked 49th. 6 times more than Canada

Imports from US per capita $1,299.53
Ranked 3rd. 380 times more than Russia
$3.42
Ranked 118th.
Imports > Goods and services 41%
Ranked 77th. 64% more than Russia
25%
Ranked 131st.
With US > US > Exports of copper 427,403
Ranked 2nd. 38855 times more than Russia
11
Ranked 89th.
With US > US > Exports of chemicals-other 3.22 million
Ranked 1st. 61 times more than Russia
52,601
Ranked 34th.
With US > US imports of nonmonetary gold per 1000 51.38
Ranked 2nd.
0.0
Ranked 68th.
Exports to US per capita $1,757.29
Ranked 2nd. 117 times more than Russia
$15.03
Ranked 99th.
Exports to US > Per $ GDP $5.44 per $100
Ranked 10th. 35 times more than Russia
$0.15 per $100
Ranked 128th.
With US > US > Exports of semiconductors 3.21 million
Ranked 6th. 86 times more than Russia
37,435
Ranked 33th.
With US > US > Exports of shingles > Molding > Wallboard 1.02 million
Ranked 1st. 28 times more than Russia
36,253
Ranked 7th.
With US > US > Exports of sorghum > Barley > Oats 20,563
Ranked 4th. 210 times more than Russia
98
Ranked 44th.
With US > US > Exports of rice 111,479
Ranked 3rd. 35 times more than Russia
3,147
Ranked 38th.
With US > US > Exports of soybeans 153,227
Ranked 8th. 34 times more than Russia
4,492
Ranked 42nd.
With US > US > Exports of spacecraft > Excluding military 890
Ranked 9th.
0.0
Ranked 46th.
With US > US > Exports of steelmaking materials 691,050
Ranked 2nd. 324 times more than Russia
2,135
Ranked 35th.
With US > US > Exports of synthetic rubber-primary 587,638
Ranked 1st. 1289 times more than Russia
456
Ranked 54th.
% of GDP 73.07%
Ranked 103th. 29% more than Russia
56.69%
Ranked 121st.

With US > US > Exports of sports apparel and gear 112,101
Ranked 1st. 106 times more than Russia
1,053
Ranked 46th.
With US > US > Exports of generators > Accessories per 1000 50.55
Ranked 3rd. 628 times more than Russia
0.0805
Ranked 119th.
With US > US > Exports of tapes > Audio and visual 162,465
Ranked 4th. 19 times more than Russia
8,380
Ranked 19th.
With US > US > Exports of tobacco > Unmanufactured 1,138
Ranked 50th.
70,704
Ranked 5th. 62 times more than Canada
With US > US > Exports of telecommunications equipment 3.98 million
Ranked 1st. 85 times more than Russia
46,747
Ranked 52nd.
With US > US > Exports of toiletries and cosmetics 1.8 million
Ranked 1st. 71 times more than Russia
25,393
Ranked 27th.
With US > US > Exports of vegetables 1.61 million
Ranked 1st. 636 times more than Russia
2,535
Ranked 55th.
With US > US > Exports of vessels > Excluding scrap 3,047
Ranked 3rd. 76 times more than Russia
40
Ranked 36th.
With US > US > Exports of glass-plate > Sheet > Etc per million 12,427.1
Ranked 2nd. 2955 times more than Russia
4.21
Ranked 108th.
With US > US > Exports of manmade cloth per 1000 34.48
Ranked 2nd. 154 times more than Russia
0.223
Ranked 83th.
With US > US > Exports of logs and lumber per 1000 39.88
Ranked 10th. 5113 times more than Russia
0.0078
Ranked 113th.
With US > US > Exports of nontextile floor tiles per million 6,165.81
Ranked 6th. 93 times more than Russia
66.37
Ranked 52nd.
With US > US > Exports of numismatic coins per million 181.18
Ranked 11th. 326 times more than Russia
0.556
Ranked 55th.
With US > US > Exports of nuclear fuel materials per million 1,116.05
Ranked 8th. 256 times more than Russia
4.36
Ranked 73th.
With US > US > Exports of parts-civilian aircraft per 1000 50.95
Ranked 2nd. 375 times more than Russia
0.136
Ranked 117th.
With US > US > Exports of plastic materials per 1000 161.31
Ranked 1st. 679 times more than Russia
0.238
Ranked 103th.
Imports > Documents to import > Number per million 0.086
Ranked 169th. 12% more than Russia
0.0766
Ranked 171st.

Imports of goods > Services and income > BoP > Current US$ > Per $ GDP 0.396 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 94th. 50% more than Russia
0.264 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 120th.

With US > US > Exports of pulp and paper machinery 546,839
Ranked 1st. 109 times more than Russia
4,998
Ranked 53th.
Imports > Goods and services > Annual % growth 8.13%
Ranked 86th.
17.3%
Ranked 26th. 2 times more than Canada

Imports from US, % of GDP 4.75%
Ranked 8th. 41 times more than Russia
0.115%
Ranked 151st.
Exports > External balance on goods and services > Current US$, % of GDP -1.922%
Ranked 58th.
7.3%
Ranked 20th.

With US > US imports of dairy products and eggs per 1000 2.52
Ranked 11th. 1839 times more than Russia
0.00137
Ranked 69th.
With US > US > Exports of pharmaceutical preparations per 1000 94.78
Ranked 6th. 449 times more than Russia
0.211
Ranked 113th.
Exports > High-technology exports > Current US$ per capita $725.47
Ranked 25th. 19 times more than Russia
$38.08
Ranked 57th.

Exports > High-technology exports > Current US$, % of GDP 1.41%
Ranked 37th. 5 times more than Russia
0.287%
Ranked 67th.

With US > US > Exports of cookware > Cutlery > Tools per million 9,373.06
Ranked 2nd. 1803 times more than Russia
5.2
Ranked 118th.
With US > US > Exports of cotton > Raw per million 3,214.13
Ranked 8th.
0.0
Ranked 79th.
Imports > Computer > Communications and other services > % of commercial service imports 34.74%
Ranked 55th.
44.76%
Ranked 30th. 29% more than Canada

Imports > Goods > Services and income 470.76 billion
Ranked 11th. 44% more than Russia
326.64 billion
Ranked 15th.

Imports > Import procedure fees > US$ per container $1,660.00
Ranked 56th.
$1,850.00
Ranked 42nd. 11% more than Canada

Imports > Spending on imports 30.43
Ranked 101st. 49% more than Russia
20.37
Ranked 131st.

Imports > Merchandise imports from high-income economies > % of total merchandise imports 73.19%
Ranked 51st. 19% more than Russia
61.42%
Ranked 88th.

Imports > Ores and scrap metal imports > % of merchandise imports 2.3%
Ranked 40th. 45% more than Russia
1.59%
Ranked 59th.

Imports > Services 78.73 billion
Ranked 14th. 28% more than Russia
61.29 billion
Ranked 17th.

Balance of payments > Portfolio Investment, net > BoP, current US$ per million $-1,373,945,018.00
Ranked 127th. 12 times more than Russia
$-117,609,887.62
Ranked 97th.

Exports > Manufactures > Exports > % of merchandise > Exports 50.11%
Ranked 58th. 3 times more than Russia
17.21%
Ranked 89th.

Imports > Merchandise imports by the reporting economy > Current US$ $353.02 billion
Ranked 10th. 2 times more than Russia
$160.77 billion
Ranked 17th.

With US > US imports of nuts and preparations 44,394
Ranked 6th. 510 times more than Russia
87
Ranked 52nd.
Balance of payments > Portfolio equity, net inflows > BoP, current US$ $948.84 million
Ranked 38th.
$1.16 billion
Ranked 35th. 23% more than Canada

With US > US imports of apparel and household goods-cotton 535,152
Ranked 21st. 2 times more than Russia
261,936
Ranked 31st.
Imports > Merchandise imports from third world economies in East Asia and Pacific > % of total merchandise imp 13.04%
Ranked 45th.
16.52%
Ranked 34th. 27% more than Canada

Exports > Manufactured 64%
Ranked 51st. 3 times more than Russia
22%
Ranked 82nd.
With US > US imports of dairy products and eggs 80,588
Ranked 4th. 409 times more than Russia
197
Ranked 57th.
With US > US imports of other parts and accessories 15.06 million
Ranked 2nd. 6635 times more than Russia
2,269
Ranked 57th.
With US > US > Exports of tobacco > Manufactured 31,893
Ranked 6th. 3 times more than Russia
10,900
Ranked 19th.
With US > US > Exports of agricultural machinery > Equipment 1.44 million
Ranked 1st. 23 times more than Russia
61,114
Ranked 13th.
With US > US imports of green coffee 4,422
Ranked 23th.
0.0
Ranked 76th.
With US > US imports of glassware > Porcelain > And chinaware 16,477
Ranked 19th. 30 times more than Russia
556
Ranked 47th.
With US > US imports of plastic materials 4.57 million
Ranked 1st. 476 times more than Russia
9,615
Ranked 29th.
With US > US imports of parts for civilian aircraft 819,824
Ranked 3rd. 86 times more than Russia
9,542
Ranked 26th.
With US > US imports of telecommunications equipment 3.4 million
Ranked 3rd. 512 times more than Russia
6,636
Ranked 40th.
With US > US > Exports of artwork > Antiques > Stamps > Etc 140,452
Ranked 6th. 15 times more than Russia
9,096
Ranked 24th.
With US > US > Exports of metalworking machine tools 1.2 million
Ranked 1st. 40 times more than Russia
29,762
Ranked 25th.
With US > US imports of other military equipment 295,931
Ranked 1st. 22 times more than Russia
13,593
Ranked 9th.
With US > US imports of computers 660,382
Ranked 6th. 2231 times more than Russia
296
Ranked 41st.
With US > US imports of other precious metals 361,478
Ranked 5th.
475,999
Ranked 4th. 32% more than Canada
With US > US imports of zinc 610,167
Ranked 1st.
0.0
Ranked 54th.
Exports > Exports of goods and services > Current US$ $541.30 billion
Ranked 14th.
$593.11 billion
Ranked 11th. 10% more than Canada

Exports to US, % of GDP 6.43%
Ranked 9th. 13 times more than Russia
0.505%
Ranked 92nd.
With US > US > Exports of furniture > Household goods > Etc 1.35 million
Ranked 1st. 260 times more than Russia
5,184
Ranked 38th.
Exports of goods > Services and income > BoP > Current US$ > Per $ GDP 0.42 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 74th. 12% more than Russia
0.375 BoP $ per $1 of GDP
Ranked 85th.

With US > US > Exports of agricultural machinery > Equipment per 1000 44.85
Ranked 1st. 106 times more than Russia
0.425
Ranked 75th.
With US > US imports of telecommunications equipment per 1000 106.15
Ranked 3rd. 2301 times more than Russia
0.0461
Ranked 78th.
Exports > Goods and services > BoP > Current US$ 427.96 billion BoP $
Ranked 8th. 60% more than Russia
268.14 billion BoP $
Ranked 15th.

With US > US > Exports of furniture > Household goods > Etc per 1000 42.16
Ranked 5th. 1170 times more than Russia
0.036
Ranked 111th.
With US > US > Exports of pharmaceutical preparations 3.03 million
Ranked 2nd. 100 times more than Russia
30,355
Ranked 45th.
Exports of goods > Services and income > BoP > Current US$ per capita 14,477.22 BoP $
Ranked 19th. 7 times more than Russia
1,998.43 BoP $
Ranked 67th.

With US > US > Exports of nonferrous metals > Other 398,079
Ranked 2nd. 174 times more than Russia
2,286
Ranked 45th.
With US > US imports of feedstuff and foodgrains per million 33,611.81
Ranked 1st. 5702 times more than Russia
5.9
Ranked 60th.
Exports > Goods and services > Current US$ 377.37 billion$
Ranked 9th. 41% more than Russia
268.32 billion$
Ranked 12th.

With US > US > Exports of cotton > Raw 102,836
Ranked 8th.
0.0
Ranked 82nd.
With US > US > Exports of automotive tires and tubes per 1000 35.51
Ranked 1st. 4407 times more than Russia
0.00806
Ranked 107th.
With US > US > Exports of toysgamessporting goods 2.34 million
Ranked 1st. 101 times more than Russia
23,291
Ranked 29th.
With US > US > Exports of materials handling equipment 1.83 million
Ranked 1st. 57 times more than Russia
32,032
Ranked 28th.
With US > US imports of other military equipment per million 9,249.29
Ranked 2nd. 98 times more than Russia
94.49
Ranked 25th.
With US > US > Exports of chemicals-fertilizers per 1000 25.34
Ranked 1st. 4827 times more than Russia
0.00525
Ranked 122nd.
With US > US > Exports of drilling & oilfield equipment 412,245
Ranked 4th. 94% more than Russia
212,328
Ranked 9th.
With US > US > Exports of oilseeds > Food oils 338,638
Ranked 1st. 86 times more than Russia
3,920
Ranked 35th.
With US > US > Exports of pleasure boats and motors 475,572
Ranked 1st. 49 times more than Russia
9,662
Ranked 24th.
With US > US imports of pulpwood and woodpulp 2.27 million
Ranked 1st. 898 times more than Russia
2,532
Ranked 14th.
With US > US > Exports of stereo equipment > Etc per million 13,445.48
Ranked 3rd. 461 times more than Russia
29.19
Ranked 104th.
With US > US imports of tin 9,084
Ranked 7th. 23 times more than Russia
400
Ranked 21st.
With US > US > Exports of chemicals-organic per 1000 81.21
Ranked 5th. 906 times more than Russia
0.0897
Ranked 103th.
With US > US > Exports of coal and fuels > Other per million 18,497.95
Ranked 2nd. 1155 times more than Russia
16.01
Ranked 54th.
With US > US > Exports of medicinal equipment per 1000 52.28
Ranked 6th. 164 times more than Russia
0.32
Ranked 104th.
With US > US > Exports of military apparel and footwear per million 3.16
Ranked 85th.
0.0
Ranked 119th.
With US > US > Exports of semiconductors per 1000 100.33
Ranked 7th. 386 times more than Russia
0.26
Ranked 81st.
With US > US > Exports of vessels > Excluding scrap per million 95.23
Ranked 15th. 342 times more than Russia
0.278
Ranked 49th.
With US > US imports of copper per 1000 31.22
Ranked 2nd. 563 times more than Russia
0.0555
Ranked 31st.
With US > US imports of materials handling equipment per 1000 56.94
Ranked 1st. 3090 times more than Russia
0.0184
Ranked 66th.
Balance of payments > Net financial account > BoP, current US$ per capita $-1,833.39
Ranked 145th.
$390.17
Ranked 31st.

With US > US > Exports of dairy products and eggs 160,883
Ranked 2nd. 180 times more than Russia
892
Ranked 63th.
With US > US > Exports of finished metal shapes 3.15 million
Ranked 2nd. 269 times more than Russia
11,716
Ranked 52nd.
Exports > Export procedure fees > US$ per container $1,610.00
Ranked 41st.
$1,850.00
Ranked 30th. 15% more than Canada

Exports > Insurance and financial services > % of commercial service > Exports 10.66%
Ranked 14th. 3 times more than Russia
3.59%
Ranked 49th.

Exports > Merchandise > Exports by the reporting economy > Residual > % of total merchandise > Exports 0.02%
Ranked 160th.
17.38%
Ranked 28th. 869 times more than Canada

Balance of payments > Portfolio equity, net inflows > BoP, current US$, % of GDP 0.0521%
Ranked 56th.
0.0577%
Ranked 55th. 11% more than Canada

With US > US imports of engines for civilian aircraft 1.46 million
Ranked 3rd. 1988 times more than Russia
735
Ranked 37th.

SOURCES: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Bank national accounts data. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002. CD-ROM. Washington, DC; World Development Indicators database; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; US Census Bureau; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau; FTDWebMaster, Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Trade Organization Trade Profiles database, loaded 2010; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. World Bank World Development Indicators.; World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.; World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on tariff data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and global imports data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Comtrade database.; US Census Bureau. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; US Census Bureau. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; World Bank national accounts data. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; United Nations, Comtrade database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations, Comtrade database. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; World Bank staff estimates from the Comtrade database maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, and World Bank, International Debt Statistics. World Bank World Development Indicators.; World Bank national accounts data; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, and World Bank, International Debt Statistics. World Bank World Development Indicators. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

Citation

Adblocker detected! Please consider reading this notice.

We've detected that you are using AdBlock Plus or some other adblocking software which is preventing the page from fully loading.

We don't have any banner, Flash, animation, obnoxious sound, or popup ad. We do not implement these annoying types of ads!

We need money to operate the site, and almost all of it comes from our online advertising.

Please add www.nationmaster.com to your ad blocking whitelist or disable your adblocking software.

×