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Education Stats: compare key data on European Union & India

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Definitions

  • High school enrolment rate: Progression to secondary school refers to the number of new entrants to the first grade of secondary school in a given year as a percentage of the number of students enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year.
  • Primary education, duration > Years: Primary education, duration (years). Duration of primary is the number of grades (years) in primary education.
  • Primary education, pupils: Primary education, pupils. Enrolment in primary. Public and private. All programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled in public and private primary education institutions.
  • Primary education, teachers: Primary education, teachers. Teaching staff in primary. Public and private. Full and part-time. All programmes. Total is the total number of teachers in public and private primary education institutions. Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.
  • Primary education, teachers per 1000: Primary education, teachers. Teaching staff in primary. Public and private. Full and part-time. All programmes. Total is the total number of teachers in public and private primary education institutions. Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Pupil-teacher ratio, primary: Pupil-teacher ratio, primary. Pupil-teacher ratio. Primary is the number of pupils enrolled in primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers.
  • Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary: Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary. Pupil-teacher ratio. Secondary is the number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers.
  • Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary per million: Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary. Pupil-teacher ratio. Secondary is the number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Secondary education, duration > Years: Secondary education, duration (years). Duration of secondary education is the number of grades (years) in secondary education (ISCED 2 & 3).
  • Secondary education, pupils: Secondary education, pupils. Enrolment in total secondary. Public and private. All programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled at public and private secondary education institutions.
  • Secondary education, teachers: Secondary education, teachers. Teaching staff in total secondary. Public and private. Full and part-time. All programmes. Total is the total number of teachers in public and private secondary education institutions (ISCED 2 and 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.
  • Secondary education, teachers per 1000: Secondary education, teachers. Teaching staff in total secondary. Public and private. Full and part-time. All programmes. Total is the total number of teachers in public and private secondary education institutions (ISCED 2 and 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Spending > Proportion: Education expenditure refers to the current operating expenditures in education, including wages and salaries and excluding capital investments in buildings and equipment. Expressed as a proportion of GNI."
  • Spending per student > College and university: Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities)."
  • Spending per student > High school: Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities)."
  • Secondary education, general pupils: Secondary education, general pupils. Enrolment in total secondary. Public and private. General programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled in general programmes at public and private secondary education institutions.
  • Spending per student > Elementary school: Public expenditure per student is the public current spending on education divided by the total number of students by level, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities)."
  • Elementary school graduate rate: Persistence to last grade of primary is the percentage of children enrolled in the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary education. The estimate is based on the reconstructed cohort method.
  • Primary education, pupils per 1000: Primary education, pupils. Enrolment in primary. Public and private. All programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled in public and private primary education institutions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Secondary education, pupils per 1000: Secondary education, pupils. Enrolment in total secondary. Public and private. All programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled at public and private secondary education institutions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Outcomes > Secondary education > Duration > Years: Secondary education, duration (years) is the number of grades (years) in secondary school."
  • Teacher student ratio > High school: Secondary school pupil-teacher ratio is the number of pupils enrolled in secondary school divided by the number of secondary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).
  • Teacher student ratio > Elementary school: Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the number of pupils enrolled in primary school divided by the number of primary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment).
  • Services, etc., value added > Constant 2000 US$ per capita: Services, etc., value added (constant 2000 US$). Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
  • School enrolment rate > 1st grade: Gross intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary entrance age."
  • Secondary education, general pupils per 1000: Secondary education, general pupils. Enrolment in total secondary. Public and private. General programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled in general programmes at public and private secondary education institutions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Secondary education, vocational pupils: Secondary education, vocational pupils. Enrolment in total secondary. Public and private. Technical/vocational programmes. Total is the total number of students enrolled in technical/vocational programmes at public and private secondary education institutions.
  • Participation > Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education: Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education is the percentage of girls to boys enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools.
  • Elementary school repeaters > All: Repeaters in primary school are the number of students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all students enrolled in primary school."
  • Outcomes > Primary education > Duration > Years: Primary duration refers to the number of years of full-time equivalent duration in primary education in the school system according to ISCED.
  • Services, etc., value added > Constant 2000 US$: Services, etc., value added (constant 2000 US$). Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in constant 2005 U.S. dollars.
  • Elementary school repeaters > Female: Repeaters in primary school are the number of students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all students enrolled in primary school."
  • Elementary school repeaters > Male: Repeaters in primary school are the number of students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all students enrolled in primary school."
  • School enrollment, preprimary > % gross: School enrollment, preprimary (% gross). Gross enrolment ratio. Pre-primary. Total is the total enrollment in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population of official pre-primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
  • School enrollment, primary > % net: School enrollment, primary (% net). Net enrolment rate. Primary. Total is the ratio of children of the official primary school age who are enrolled in primary school to the total population of the official primary school age.
  • School enrollment, secondary > % gross: School enrollment, secondary (% gross). Gross enrolment ratio. Secondary. All programmes. Total is the total enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
  • School enrollment, secondary, private > % of total secondary: School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary). Percentage of private enrolment. Secondary is the enrolment in private secondary schools expressed as a percentage of total enrolment (public and private) in secondary schools. 'Private' refers to all educational institutions not operated by a public authority, regardless of whether they receive financial support from public authorities. A high percentage indicates strong involvement of the non-governmental sector (including religious bodies, other organizations, associations, communities, private enterprises or persons) in providing organized educational programmes.
  • School enrollment, tertiary, female > % gross: School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross). Gross enrolment ratio. Tertiary (ISCED 5 and 6). Female is the total female enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total female population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.
  • Expenditure per student, tertiary > % of GDP per capita: Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita). Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Tertiary is the total public expenditure per student in tertiary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities).
  • School enrollment, tertiary, male > % gross: School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross). Gross enrolment ratio. Tertiary (ISCED 5 and 6). Male is the total male enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total male population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.
  • Labor force with tertiary education, female > % of female labor force: Labor force with tertiary education, female (% of female labor force). Labor force with tertiary education is the proportion of labor force that has a tertiary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
  • Labor force with primary education > % of total: Labor force with primary education (% of total). Labor force with primary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a primary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
  • Labor force with secondary education, male > % of male labor force: Labor force with secondary education, male (% of male labor force). Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
  • Labor force with secondary education > % of total: Labor force with secondary education (% of total). Labor force with secondary education is the proportion of the labor force that has a secondary education, as a percentage of the total labor force.
  • Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment: Unemployment with tertiary education (% of total unemployment). Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
  • Researchers in R&D > Per million people: Researchers in R&D (per million people). Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
  • Secondary education, teachers, female: Secondary education, teachers, female. Teaching staff in total secondary. Public and private. Full and part-time. All programmes. Female is the total number of female teachers in public and private secondary education institutions (ISCED 2 and 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.
  • Elementary school teachers > % female: Female teachers as a percentage of total primary education teachers includes full-time and part-time teachers.
  • Repeaters, secondary, female > % of female enrollment: Repeaters, secondary, female (% of female enrollment). Percentage of repeaters in secondary. All grades. Female is the number of female students enrolled in the same grade as in the previous year, as a percentage of all female students enrolled in secondary school. It is calculated by dividing the sum of female repeaters in all grades of secondary education by the total female enrolment of secondary education and multiplying the result by 100.
  • Participation > Secondary education > Vocational pupils > % female: Secondary vocational pupils are the number of secondary students enrolled in technical and vocational education programs, including teacher training."
  • Preschool enrollment rate > Female: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment."
  • Preschool enrollment rate > Male: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment."
  • School enrolment rate > 1st grade > Female: Gross intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary entrance age."
  • School enrolment rate > 1st grade > Male: Gross intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the first grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary entrance age."
  • School enrollment, secondary, female > % gross: School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross). Gross enrolment ratio. Secondary. All programmes. Female is the total female enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the female population of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
  • Services, etc., value added > % of GDP: Services, etc., value added (% of GDP). Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
  • Unemployment with secondary education, male > % of male unemployment: Unemployment with secondary education, male (% of male unemployment). Unemployment by level of educational attainment shows the unemployed by level of educational attainment, as a percentage of the unemployed. The levels of educational attainment accord with the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO).
  • Public spending on education, total > % of government expenditure: Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure). Public expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure is the total public education expenditure (current and capital) expressed as a percentage of total government expenditure for all sectors in a given financial year. Public education expenditure includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities).
  • Public spending on education, total > % of GDP: Public spending on education, total (% of GDP). Public expenditure on education as % of GDP is the total public expenditure (current and capital) on education expressed as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in a given year. Public expenditure on education includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and transfers/subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities).
STAT European Union India HISTORY
High school enrolment rate 98.87
Ranked 17th. 16% more than India
85.13
Ranked 70th.

Primary education, duration > Years 6
Ranked 70th. 20% more than India
5
Ranked 160th.

Primary education, pupils 27.79 million
Ranked 4th.
137.75 million
Ranked 1st. 5 times more than European Union

Primary education, teachers 2.11 million
Ranked 3rd.
3.92 million
Ranked 2nd. 86% more than European Union

Primary education, teachers per 1000 4.16
Ranked 78th. 30% more than India
3.21
Ranked 104th.

Pupil-teacher ratio, primary 13.16
Ranked 104th.
35.15
Ranked 29th. 3 times more than European Union

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary 11.29
Ranked 73th.
25.92
Ranked 19th. 2 times more than European Union

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary per million 0.0222
Ranked 97th. 5% more than India
0.0212
Ranked 98th.

Secondary education, duration > Years 6.5
Ranked 84th.
7
Ranked 50th. 8% more than European Union

Secondary education, pupils 41.54 million
Ranked 3rd.
113.73 million
Ranked 1st. 3 times more than European Union

Secondary education, teachers 3.68 million
Ranked 3rd.
4.39 million
Ranked 2nd. 19% more than European Union

Secondary education, teachers per 1000 7.24
Ranked 34th. 2 times more than India
3.59
Ranked 77th.

Spending > Proportion 4.78
Ranked 56th. 51% more than India
3.17
Ranked 121st.

Spending per student > College and university 23.54
Ranked 33th.
54.98
Ranked 18th. 2 times more than European Union

Spending per student > High school 24.15
Ranked 20th. 49% more than India
16.18
Ranked 49th.

Secondary education, general pupils 31.24 million
Ranked 2nd.
100.95 million
Ranked 1st. 3 times more than European Union

Spending per student > Elementary school 20.79
Ranked 21st. 2 times more than India
8.86
Ranked 62nd.

Elementary school graduate rate 98.34
Ranked 26th. 49% more than India
65.79
Ranked 84th.

Primary education, pupils per 1000 54.72
Ranked 129th.
112.8
Ranked 72nd. 2 times more than European Union

Secondary education, pupils per 1000 81.81
Ranked 69th.
93.13
Ranked 41st. 14% more than European Union

Outcomes > Secondary education > Duration > Years 7
Ranked 47th. The same as India
7
Ranked 44th.

Teacher student ratio > High school 11.86
Ranked 85th.
32.7
Ranked 9th. 3 times more than European Union

Teacher student ratio > Elementary school 15.29
Ranked 97th.
40.2
Ranked 23th. 3 times more than European Union

Services, etc., value added > Constant 2000 US$ per capita $18,918.65
Ranked 19th. 31 times more than India
$616.31
Ranked 74th.

School enrolment rate > 1st grade 102.99
Ranked 71st.
128.4
Ranked 14th. 25% more than European Union

Secondary education, general pupils per 1000 61.52
Ranked 90th.
85.94
Ranked 45th. 40% more than European Union

Secondary education, vocational pupils 10.3 million
Ranked 2nd. 12 times more than India
829,377
Ranked 12th.

Participation > Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education 100.64%
Ranked 40th. 9% more than India
92.18%
Ranked 116th.

Elementary school repeaters > All 0.91
Ranked 101st.
3.45
Ranked 66th. 4 times more than European Union

Outcomes > Primary education > Duration > Years 6
Ranked 63th. 20% more than India
5
Ranked 142nd.

Services, etc., value added > Constant 2000 US$ $9.56 trillion
Ranked 2nd. 13 times more than India
$762.18 billion
Ranked 2nd.

Elementary school repeaters > Female 0.75
Ranked 102nd.
3.42
Ranked 60th. 5 times more than European Union

Elementary school repeaters > Male 1.06
Ranked 101st.
3.48
Ranked 70th. 3 times more than European Union

School enrollment, preprimary > % gross 97.38%
Ranked 26th. 68% more than India
58.13%
Ranked 77th.

School enrollment, primary > % net 97.64%
Ranked 24th. 5% more than India
93.34%
Ranked 58th.

School enrollment, secondary > % gross 105.59%
Ranked 17th. 54% more than India
68.51%
Ranked 97th.

School enrollment, secondary, private > % of total secondary 18.57%
Ranked 50th.
41.89%
Ranked 11th. 2 times more than European Union

School enrollment, tertiary, female > % gross 70.55%
Ranked 28th. 3 times more than India
20.31%
Ranked 80th.

Expenditure per student, tertiary > % of GDP per capita 25.76%
Ranked 54th.
51.39%
Ranked 14th. Twice as much as European Union

School enrollment, tertiary, male > % gross 55.87%
Ranked 27th. 2 times more than India
25.99%
Ranked 69th.

Labor force with tertiary education, female > % of female labor force 32.67%
Ranked 22nd. 5 times more than India
7%
Ranked 61st.

Labor force with primary education > % of total 22.06%
Ranked 20th. 53% more than India
14.4%
Ranked 57th.

Labor force with secondary education, male > % of male labor force 49.19%
Ranked 23th. 20% more than India
40.9%
Ranked 36th.

Labor force with secondary education > % of total 48.19%
Ranked 26th. 36% more than India
35.5%
Ranked 48th.

Unemployment with tertiary education > % of total unemployment 13.99%
Ranked 60th.
23.1%
Ranked 15th. 65% more than European Union

Researchers in R&D > Per million people 3,046.25
Ranked 16th. 22 times more than India
135.81
Ranked 56th.

Secondary education, teachers, female 2.3 million
Ranked 2nd. 28% more than India
1.8 million
Ranked 3rd.

Elementary school teachers > % female 82.86%
Ranked 44th. 88% more than India
44%
Ranked 119th.

Repeaters, secondary, female > % of female enrollment 3.11%
Ranked 55th.
4.04%
Ranked 49th. 30% more than European Union

Participation > Secondary education > Vocational pupils > % female 44.01%
Ranked 40th. 7 times more than India
6.58%
Ranked 109th.

Preschool enrollment rate > Female 100.95
Ranked 15th. 2 times more than India
47.7
Ranked 81st.

Preschool enrollment rate > Male 101.37
Ranked 12th. 2 times more than India
46.51
Ranked 81st.

School enrolment rate > 1st grade > Female 103.19
Ranked 63th.
124.11
Ranked 16th. 20% more than European Union

School enrolment rate > 1st grade > Male 104.01
Ranked 70th.
132.34
Ranked 13th. 27% more than European Union

School enrollment, secondary, female > % gross 105.03%
Ranked 17th. 58% more than India
66.29%
Ranked 98th.

Services, etc., value added > % of GDP 72.83%
Ranked 27th. 28% more than India
56.86%
Ranked 58th.

Unemployment with secondary education, male > % of male unemployment 45.15%
Ranked 45th. 1% more than India
44.5%
Ranked 16th.

Public spending on education, total > % of government expenditure 11.33%
Ranked 72nd. 3% more than India
11.02%
Ranked 45th.

Public spending on education, total > % of GDP 5.62%
Ranked 39th. 78% more than India
3.17%
Ranked 43th.

SOURCES: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank staff estimates using data from the United Nations Statistics Division's Statistical Yearbook, and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics online database.; World Bank national accounts data. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank national accounts data; International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database.; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

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