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Italy

Italy Crime Stats

Background:

Crime figures show that Italy has the 4th highest total crimes tally amongst EU states in 2002, with their total of 2.2 million crimes coming behind the UK (6.52 million), Germany (6.51 million) and France (3.8 million). Globally, it has one of the highest percentages of crime victims, with 24.5% of its population claiming to be victims. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Italians have one of the lowest rates of faith in their police force, with just 54% stating they believe in police efficiency and 65% claiming its not safe to walk alone at night.

Definitions

  • Age of criminal responsibility: The age at which a person is no longer excluded from criminal liability.  The lowest age is indicated for countries where there isn’t a single age limit, for example where different states have different regulations (such as the USA) or there is different limits for boy and girls (such as in Iran). The spectrum is specifically wide for the USA and Mexico (both 6-12 years). Several US states do not stipulate any minimal age for criminal responsibility at all. For further qualifications, exceptions and other notes, please refer to notes.
  • Age of criminal responsibility (notes): Additional information, qualifications, exceptions and notes on the age of criminal responsibility stat, which indicates the age at which a person is no longer excluded from criminal liability.
  • Assault rate: Number of assaults recorded by police per 100,000 population
  • Assault victims: People victimized by assault (as a % of the total population). Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevelence.
  • Assaults: Number of assaults recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Auto theft: Number of motor vehicle thefts (car thefts) recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Believes crime increasing in the past 3 years: Crime increasing in the past 3 years. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "In the past three years would you say the level of crime in your community has increased, stayed about the same, or decreased?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Burglaries: Number of burglaries recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Car thefts: Total recorded automobile thefts. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Car thefts per 1000: Total recorded automobile thefts. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Convictions: Number of people convicted of a crime.
  • Convictions per 1000: Number of people convicted of a crime. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Crime levels: Level of crime. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How serious you feel the level of crime is?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Death penalty > Abolition date: Amnesty International
  • Death penalty > Abolition for ordinary crimes: Amnesty International
  • Death penalty > Last executed: Amnesty International
  • Drug offences: Drug offence cases per 100,000 population (2000).
  • Drug related crime: Number of drug related crimes recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Drug trafficking: Number of drug trafficking related crimes recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Drugs > Annual cannabis use: Estimate of percentage of 15-64 year old population who use Cannabis.
  • Drugs > HIV infections amongst drug users: Percentage of injecting drug users who are HIV positive.
  • Drugs > Lifetime cannabis use: Adult lifetime cannabis use.
  • Drugs > Opiates use: Annual prevalence.
  • Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > At night: Safety walking alone during night. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How safe do you feel walking alone in this city during the night?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > During the day: Safety walking alone during daylight. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How safe do you feel walking alone in this city during the daylight?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Violent hate crime: Worries being subject to a physical attack because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being subject to a physical attack because of your skin colour, ethnic origin or religion?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Worries about being attacked: Worries attacked. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being physically attacked by strangers?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Worries about being insulted: Worries being insulted. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being insulted or pestered by anybody, while in the street or any other public place?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Worries about being mugged or robbed: Worries being mugged or robbed. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How worried are you about)......being mugged and robbed?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Fear of crime > Worries about home break and enter: Worries home broken and things stolen. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How worried are you about....having your home broken into and something stolen?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Frauds: Total recorded frauds. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Gun ownership > Guns per 100 residents > 2007: Number of guns owned per 100 residents in various countries. Following data relates to the year 2007.
  • Human trafficking > Number prosecuted: Number of people prosecuted for tracking in persons (people smuggling) by country.
  • Illicit drugs: Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Judges: Number of professional judges per 100,000 population.
  • Judges and Magistrates: Number of Judges and Magistrates
  • Justice system > Punishment > Capital punishment (last execution year): Year of last use.
  • Kidnappings: Number of kidnappings recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Murder rate: Homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants in various countries.
  • Murders: Number of convictions for intentional homicides in the given year.
  • Murders > Per 100,000 people: Intentional homicide rate is the estimate of intentional homicides in a country as a result of domestic disputes that end in a killing, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, inter-gang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. The term, intentional homicide, is broad, but it does not include all intentional killing. In particular, deaths arising from armed conflict are usually considered separately. The difference is usually described by the organisation of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas the killing in armed conflict is usually committed by more or less cohesive groups of up to several hundred members. Two main sources of data are presented: criminal justice (law enforcement) measures (this series), supplemented by data from national statistical agencies, and measures from public health sources (see other intentional homicide series). These various sources measure slightly different phenomena and are therefore unlikely to provide identical numbers."
  • Murders > Per capita: Number of convictions for intentional homicides in the given year. Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
  • Murders > WHO: Intentional homicide rate is the estimate of intentional homicides in a country as a result of domestic disputes that end in a killing, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, inter-gang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. The term, intentional homicide, is broad, but it does not include all intentional killing. In particular, deaths arising from armed conflict are usually considered separately. The difference is usually described by the organisation of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas the killing in armed conflict is usually committed by more or less cohesive groups of up to several hundred members. Two main sources of data are presented: criminal justice (law enforcement) measures (this series), supplemented by data from national statistical agencies, and measures from public health sources (see other intentional homicide series). These various sources measure slightly different phenomena and are therefore unlikely to provide identical numbers."
  • Murders committed by youths: Homicide rates among youths aged 10–29 years by country or area: most recent year available (variable 1990–1999).
  • Murders per million: Number of convictions for intentional homicides in the given year. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Perceived problems > Illegal drugs: Problem people using or dealing drugs. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) people using or dealing drugs?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perceived problems > Problem corruption and bribery: Problem corruption and bribery. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) corruption and bribery?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perceived problems > Problem violent crimes including assault and armed robbery: Problem violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) violent crimes such as assault and armed robbery?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perceived problems > Property crimes including vandalism and theft: Problem property crimes such as vandalism and theft. Based on 0-50 contributions for Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria and 82 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria and 24 more countries and over 100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Canada and 17 more countries. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from July, 2011 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "(How much of a problem are...) property crimes such as vandalism and theft?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
  • Perception of safety > Walking in dark: Proportions in International Crime Victims Survey 2000 reporting that they feel safe walking in the dark.
  • Police officers: Number of police officers per 100,000 population.
  • Prisoners: Total persons incarcerated
  • Prisoners > Female: Female prisoners, expressed as a percentage share of the total prison population. Data for 2003.
  • Prisoners > Per capita: Data for 2003. Number of prisoners held per 100,000 population.
  • Prisoners per 1000: Total persons incarcerated. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Property crime victims: People victimized by property crime (as a % of the total population). Includes car theft, theft from car, burglary with entry and attempted burglary. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Punishment > Crimes possibly attracting life sentence: Possible other sentence.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Punishment > Crimes requiring mandatory sentence: Mandatory sentence.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Punishment > Has life imprisonment: Life imprisonment.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Punishment > Life sentence under the age of 18 or 21: Under age of 18 (or 21).

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Punishment > Maximum length of sentence: Maximum length of sentence (under life).

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Punishment > Minimum life sentence to serve before eligibility for requesting parole: Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole.

    No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.

  • Rape rate: Number of rape incidents per 100,000 citizens in different countries. Figures do not take into account rape incidents that go unreported to the police.
  • Rape victims: People victimized by sexual assault (as a % of the total population). Data refer to female population only. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Robberies: Number of robberies recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Robbery victims: People victimized by robbery (as a % of the total population). Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Serious assault rate: Number of major assaults recorded by police per 100,000 population
  • Serious assaults: Number of major assaults recorded by police in that country per 100,000 population.
  • Software piracy rate: The piracy rate is the total number of units of pirated software deployed in 2007 divided by the total units of software installed.
  • Suicide rates > Ages 15-24: Suicide rates per 100,000 people by given age group, late 1990s.
  • Suicide rates > Suicide rate (both sexes): Suicides per 100’000 residents per year.
  • Suicide rates > Suicide rate (females: Female.
  • Suicide rates > Suicide rate (males): Male.
  • Total crime victims: People victimized by crime (as a % of the total population). Data refer to people victimized by one or more of 11 crimes recorded in the survey: robbery, burglary, attempted burglary, car theft, car vandalism, bicycle theft, sexual assault, theft from car, theft of personal property, assault and threats. Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Total crimes: Note: Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence.
  • Total crimes per 1000: Note: Crime statistics are often better indicators of prevalence of law enforcement and willingness to report crime, than actual prevalence. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Violent crime > Gun crime > Guns per 100 residents: Number of privately owned small firearms per 100 residents.
  • Violent crime > Intentional homicide rate: Homicides per 100’000 residents. Homicide is the death of a person purposefully inflicted by another person (it excludes suicides) outside of a state of war. Homicide is a broader category than murder, as it also includes manslaughter. The exact legal definition varies across countries, some of which include infanticide, assisted suicide, euthanasia and deaths caused by dangerous driving.
  • Violent crime > Murder rate: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population.
  • Violent crime > Murder rate per million people: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Violent crime > Murders: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population.
  • Violent crime > Murders per million people: Intentional homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Violent crime > Rapes: The number of recorded rapes. Large numbers of rapes go unreported. South Africa is estimated to have 500,000 rapes per year, Egypt 200,000, China 32,000 and the UK with 85,000 rapes per year.
  • Violent crime > Rapes per million people: The number of recorded rapes. Large numbers of rapes go unreported. South Africa is estimated to have 500,000 rapes per year, Egypt 200,000, China 32,000 and the UK with 85,000 rapes per year. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
STAT AMOUNT DATE RANK HISTORY
Age of criminal responsibility 14 2014 23th out of 58
Age of criminal responsibility (notes) Juvenile judiciary system for offenders aged between 14 and 18; separate juvenile jails. Full criminal responsibility from age 18. 2014
Assault rate 123.7 2011 39th out of 93
Assault victims 0.2% 2002 19th out of 20
Assaults 123.7 2006 27th out of 66
Auto theft 475 2006 4th out of 74
Believes crime increasing in the past 3 years 70.63 2014 32nd out of 93
Burglaries 190.2 2006 28th out of 55
Car thefts 232,564 2002 4th out of 73
Car thefts per 1000 4.07 2002 12th out of 73
Convictions 195,394 2006 7th out of 40
Convictions per 1000 3.32 2006 26th out of 39
Crime levels 48.51 2014 39th out of 93
Death penalty > Abolition date 1,994 1994 1st out of 1
Death penalty > Abolition for ordinary crimes 1,947 1947 1st out of 1
Death penalty > Last executed 1,947 1947 1st out of 1
Drug offences 37,965 per 100,000 people 2000 8th out of 60
Drug related crime 55 2006 28th out of 66
Drug trafficking 40 2006 10th out of 45
Drugs > Annual cannabis use 14.6% 2008 3rd out of 28
Drugs > HIV infections amongst drug users 11.15% 2011 20th out of 65
Drugs > Lifetime cannabis use 29.3% 2005 6th out of 9
Drugs > Opiates use 0.8% 2004 2nd out of 30
Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > At night 47.97 2014 52nd out of 93
Fear of crime > Feels safe walking alone > During the day 78.98 2014 49th out of 92
Fear of crime > Violent hate crime 27.78 2014 48th out of 93
Fear of crime > Worries about being attacked 41.44 2014 45th out of 93
Fear of crime > Worries about being insulted 42.05 2014 40th out of 93
Fear of crime > Worries about being mugged or robbed 47.82 2014 38th out of 93
Fear of crime > Worries about home break and enter 49.09 2014 36th out of 93
Frauds 54,328 2002 11th out of 79
Gun ownership > Guns per 100 residents > 2007 11.9 2007 23th out of 29
Human trafficking > Number prosecuted 35 2005 10th out of 43
Illicit drugs important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling 2011
Judges 10.9% 2006 22nd out of 45
Judges and Magistrates 6,816 2002 6th out of 62
Justice system > Punishment > Capital punishment (last execution year) 1,947 2014 26th out of 34
Kidnappings 0.47 2006 29th out of 57
Murder rate 1.1 2008
Murders 718% 2006 5th out of 38
Murders > Per 100,000 people 1.2 2004 113th out of 122
Murders > Per capita 12.26 per 1 million people 2006 21st out of 37
Murders > WHO 1 2004 163th out of 184
Murders committed by youths 210 1999 20th out of 72
Murders per million 12.18% 2006 21st out of 37
Perceived problems > Illegal drugs 49.77 2014 40th out of 93
Perceived problems > Problem corruption and bribery 67.04 2014 51st out of 93
Perceived problems > Problem violent crimes including assault and armed robbery 38.69 2014 45th out of 93
Perceived problems > Property crimes including vandalism and theft 56.54 2014 31st out of 93
Perception of safety > Walking in dark 65% 2000 13th out of 15
Police officers 549.9 2006 6th out of 31
Prisoners 55,670 prisoners 2002 27th out of 168
Prisoners > Female 4.4% 2003 60th out of 134
Prisoners > Per capita 100 per 100,000 people 2003 92nd out of 164
Prisoners per 1000 0.974 prisoners 2002 92nd out of 166
Property crime victims 12.7% 2002 3rd out of 20
Punishment > Crimes possibly attracting life sentence Aggravated sexual assault, aggravated robbery, firearm trafficking 2014
Punishment > Crimes requiring mandatory sentence Murder, terrorism, mafia association, drug trafficking, human trafficking, treason 2014
Punishment > Has life imprisonment Yes 2014
Punishment > Life sentence under the age of 18 or 21 under 16 : max. 20 years' imprisonment 2014
Punishment > Maximum length of sentence None 2014
Punishment > Minimum life sentence to serve before eligibility for requesting parole 21 years, 26 years, or never 2014
Rape rate 7.6 2006 40th out of 96
Rape victims 0.6% 2002 11th out of 20
Robberies 121.7 2006 12th out of 71
Robbery victims 1.3% 2002 2nd out of 20
Serious assault rate 100.3 2011 14th out of 78
Serious assaults 100.3 2006 8th out of 58
Software piracy rate 49% 2007 72nd out of 106
Suicide rates > Ages 15-24 4.3 per 100,000 people 1990 17th out of 17
Suicide rates > Suicide rate (both sexes) 6.3 2007 2nd out of 6
Suicide rates > Suicide rate (females 2.8 2007 2nd out of 6
Suicide rates > Suicide rate (males) 10 2007 2nd out of 6
Total crime victims 24.6% 2002 6th out of 20
Total crimes 2.23 million 2002 9th out of 82
Total crimes per 1000 39.04 2002 25th out of 81
United States extradition treaties > Entered into force September 24, 1984 1984
Violent crime > Gun crime > Guns per 100 residents 11.9 2014 54th out of 170
Violent crime > Intentional homicide rate 0.87 2010 55th out of 61
Violent crime > Murder rate 529 2010 33th out of 86
Violent crime > Murder rate per million people 8.75 2010 77th out of 86
Violent crime > Murders 529 2010 33th out of 86
Violent crime > Murders per million people 8.75 2010 77th out of 86
Violent crime > Rapes 4,513 2006 12th out of 96
Violent crime > Rapes per million people 76.57 2006 38th out of 96

SOURCES: Wikipedia: Defense of infancy (Ages of criminal responsibility by country); Wikipedia: Defense of infancy (Ages of criminal responsibility by country); European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control International Statistics on Crime and Justice, 2011; UNICRI (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute). 2002. Correspondence on data on crime victims. March. Turin; European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control International Statistics on Crime and Justice, 2011; crime; The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention); The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control International Statistics on Crime and Justice, 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Last updated: 01/04/03; The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention); https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf, World Drug Report 2011, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2011, p. 217.; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Source tables; Mostly Table GPS-8 Part (i) ''Lifetime prevalence of drug use among all adults (aged 15 to 64 years old) in nationwide surveys among the general population'' EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction) unless otherwise referred on Wikipedia: Adult lifetime cannabis use by country; Wikipedia: List of countries by prevalence of opiates use ("World Drug Report 2011" . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. "World Drug Report 2006" . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2006. http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf); Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies: Small Arms Survey 2007 Part 2; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; Wikipedia: Capital punishment in Europe (Abolition); UN Office on Drugs and Crime, UN Survey of Crime Trends, at http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/IHS-rates-05012009.pdf.; World Health Organisation.; World Health Organization: World report on violence and health, 2002; UN International Crime Victims' Survey; International Centre for Prison Studies - World Prison Brief; Wikipedia: Life imprisonment (Summary by country); UN Crime Stats; Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study; GECD Society at a Glance 2001, Statistical Annex Table D3; Wikipedia: List of countries by suicide rate (Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table) ); The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2002) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Wikipedia: List of United States extradition treaties; Annexe I of the Small Arms Survey 2007 ; Wikipedia: List of countries by intentional homicide rate by decade; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Source tables; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Statistics : Crime : Sexual Violence (UNODC) and Crime Statistics : Sexual Violence Against Children and Rape, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; Statistics : Crime : Sexual Violence (UNODC) and Crime Statistics : Sexual Violence Against Children and Rape, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.

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