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Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened: Mammal species, threatened. Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
CFC > Consumption: CFC consumption
Units: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Tons (Metric Tons x ODP)
Units: The indicator was obtained by multiplying the Total CFCs emissions (metric tons per ozone depletion potential) with the Per capita CFCs emissions (obtained by dividing the total CFCs emissions by the population in 1997). In calculating the ESI, the base-10 logarithm of this variable was used.
CO2 Emissions per 1000: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Current issues: This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
Ecological footprint: Ecological footprint per capita
Units: Hectares per Person
Endangered species > Mammal species > Number: Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Marine fish catch: Total marine fish catch
Units: Metric Tons
Marine fish catch per 1000: Total marine fish catch
Units: Metric Tons. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Proportion of land area under protection: Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area, percentage.
Waste > Local garbage collected: Municipal waste collected.
Water > Severe water stress: Percent of country's territory under severe water stress
Units: Percent of Land Area
Units: This data is derived from the WaterGap 2.1 gridded hydrological model developed by the Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany. The modellers derived, for each country, grid cell by grid cell estimates of whether the water consumption exceeds 40 percent of the water available in that particular grid cell. These were then converted to land area equivalents in order to calculate the percentage of the territory under severe water stress.
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day: Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, total.
National parks > Number of parks: Number of parks.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened: Bird species, threatened. Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
Carbon efficiency: Carbon economic efficiency (CO2 emissions per dollar GDP)
Units: Metric Tons/US Dollar GDP
CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Endangered species > Bird species: Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
SO2 emissions per populated area: SO2 emissions per populated land area
Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
Waste > Local garbage collected per thousand people: Municipal waste collected. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
Waste > Hazardous waste created: Annual generation of hazardous waste (as defined by the Basel Convention).
Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened: Fish species, threatened. Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Endangered species > Fish species > Number: Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day: Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity: Percentage of population who responded yes when asked if they believed global warming was a result of human activities. In this survey, global warming refers to the current rise in earth's temperature and not climate change as a whole.
Water > Percent of water resources used: Proportion of total water resources used, percentage.
Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number: Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons.
NOx emissions per populated area: NOx emissions per populated land area
Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration: Dissolved oxygen concentration
Units: Milligrams/Liter
Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Forest area > Sq. km: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: CO2 emissions (kg per 2000 US$ of GDP). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, total.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Water > Availability: Water availability per capita (1961-1990 (avg.))
Units: Thousands Cubic Meters/Person
Units: This variable measures internal renewable water (average annual surface runoff and groundwater recharge generated from endogenous precipitation)
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, rural.
Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened: Plant species (higher), threatened. Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
Threatened species: Number of Threatened Species (1990-99)
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Waste > Population served by local garbage collection: Total population served by municipal waste collection.
Biodiversity > Number: GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential)."
Adjusted net national income > Current US$: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness: Percentage of each country's population who claimed knowing "something" or a "great deal" about climate change when asked: "How much do you know about global warming or climate change?"
CFC > Consumption per 1000: CFC consumption
Units: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Tons (Metric Tons x ODP)
Units: The indicator was obtained by multiplying the Total CFCs emissions (metric tons per ozone depletion potential) with the Per capita CFCs emissions (obtained by dividing the total CFCs emissions by the population in 1997). In calculating the ESI, the base-10 logarithm of this variable was used. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Waste > Hazardous waste created per thousand people: Annual generation of hazardous waste (as defined by the Basel Convention). Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
Protected area: Environmentally protected area (1997)
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential).
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country.
Acidification: Percentage of country with acidification excedence
Units: Percent of Land Area
Units: From a map of acidification excedence, all areas at risk within each country were added together in order to calculate the percentage of the entire country at risk of excedence. See pages 21-22 of the 2001 ESI report for more details on how the acidification excedence map was produced.
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.
Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic meter). Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
Wetlands of intl importance > Area: Wetlands of international importance 2002
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Proportion of land and marine area under protection: Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area, percentage.
Endangered species protection: Percent of CITES reporting requirements met
Units: Percent of Requirements Met
Units: Countries that have not ratified the CITES convention are recorded as having zero percent of their requirements met.
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, urban.
Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat: Percentage of country's population that perceives climate change as a threat. Results are from a 2008 Gallop Poll.
Wildness: Percent of land area having very low anthropogenic impact
Units: Percent of Land Area
Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
Biosphere > Reserves area: Biosphere reserves area 2002.
Forest area > Sq. km per 1000: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Threatened species > Mammal: Number of threatened mammal species (1997)
Known mammal species: Known mammal species (1992-2002).
World Heritage Sites (environmental): Natural sites.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day per worker). Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2).
Breeding birds threatened: Percentage of breeding birds threatened
Units: Percent of Breeding Birds
Units: The number of bird species threatened divided by known bird species in the country, expressed as a percentage.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, urban.
Urban SO2 concentration: Urban SO2 concentration
Units: Micrograms/m3
Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
Marine areas under protection: Protected marine areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003)
Water > Proportion of marine area under protection: Marine areas protected to territorial waters, percentage.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2). Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Freshwater > Withdrawal per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations."
Wetlands of intl importance > Area per million: Wetlands of international importance 2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Known mammal species per million: Known mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Areas under protection per million: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Water > Salinisation: Electrical conductivity
Units: Micro-Siemens/Centimeter
Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of water bodies; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system.
Marine areas under protection per million: Protected marine areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Areas under protection: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003)
Biosphere > Reserves area per million: Biosphere reserves area 2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Fertiliser > Consumption: Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land
Units: Hundreds Grams/Hectare of Arable Land
Urban NO2 concentration: Urban NO2 concentration
Units: Micrograms/m3
Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
Non-wildness: Percent of land area having very high anthropogenic impact
Units: Percent of Land Area
Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date: Signature.
Known breeding bird species: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002).
Total natural resources rents > % of GDP: Total natural resources rents (% of GDP). Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
International agreements > Signed but not ratified: The various international environmental agreements which a country has signed but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Metal industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: primary metals (ISIC division 37). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Pollution > Water pollution, clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, clay and glass industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for industry are total withdrawals for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
Water pollution > Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Pollution > Water pollution, chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, chemical industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Pollution > Water pollution, metal industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, metal industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: primary metals (ISIC division 37). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a countryÂ’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
Pollution > Water pollution, food industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, food industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Pollution > Water pollution, other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, other industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Pollution > Water pollution, paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, paper and pulp industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons.
Pollution > Water pollution, wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, wood industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
CO2 Emissions: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
Forest area > % of land area: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
Water pollution > Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Known breeding bird species per million: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI: Gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers."
Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Water > Phosphorus concentration: Phosphorus concentration
Units: Milligrams/Liter
Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters: Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters). Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Water > Suspended solids: Suspended solids
Units: Natural Log of Milligrams/Liter
Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. Data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of majorwatersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries. The data in this table was transformed using the natural logarithm.
Pollution > Water pollution, textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, textile industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."

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STAT	Madagascar	United States
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$	$4.91 billion Ranked 77th.	$11.13 trillion Ranked 2nd. 2268 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened	65 Ranked 7th. 81% more than United States	36 Ranked 21st.
CFC > Consumption	739.8 Ranked 65th.	23,385.2 Ranked 32nd. 32 times more than Madagascar
CO2 Emissions per 1000	0.143 Ranked 153th.	19.86 Ranked 4th. 139 times more than Madagascar
CO2 emissions > Kt	2,340.66 kt Ranked 128th.	5.79 million kt Ranked 1st. 2473 times more than Madagascar
Current issues	soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island	air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification
Ecological footprint	1.2 Ranked 44th.	12.22 Ranked 2nd. 10 times more than Madagascar
Endangered species > Mammal species > Number	62 Ranked 7th. 68% more than United States	37 Ranked 19th.
Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita	6.9 kmÂ² per 1,000 people Ranked 63th.	10.22 kmÂ² per 1,000 people Ranked 44th. 48% more than Madagascar
Marine fish catch	87,958 tons Ranked 57th.	3.33 million tons Ranked 7th. 38 times more than Madagascar
Marine fish catch per 1000	5.76 tons Ranked 59th.	11.93 tons Ranked 42nd. 2 times more than Madagascar
Proportion of land area under protection	4.99% Ranked 166th.	13.82% Ranked 111th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Waste > Local garbage collected	419,385.01 tonnes Ranked 60th.	222.86 million tonnes Ranked 1st. 531 times more than Madagascar
Water > Severe water stress	1.7 Ranked 78th.	31.3 Ranked 42nd. 18 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day	92,769.68 Ranked 9th.	1.89 million Ranked 1st. 20 times more than Madagascar
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural	48.11 Ranked 190th.	98.76 Ranked 62nd. 2 times more than Madagascar
National parks > Number of parks	18 Ranked 4th.	59 Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Madagascar
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita	0.12 Ranked 174th.	19.34 Ranked 10th. 161 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita	0.0955 Ranked 186th.	17.56 Ranked 10th. 184 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened	35 Ranked 26th.	78 Ranked 9th. 2 times more than Madagascar
Carbon efficiency	0.3 CO2 emissions/$ GDP Ranked 125th.	1.77 CO2 emissions/$ GDP Ranked 42nd. 6 times more than Madagascar
CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000	0.136 kt Ranked 173th.	19.95 kt Ranked 9th. 147 times more than Madagascar
Endangered species > Bird species	35 Ranked 23th.	74 Ranked 7th. 2 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita	$239.48 Ranked 96th.	$37,678.22 Ranked 6th. 157 times more than Madagascar
SO2 emissions per populated area	40 thousand metric tons/squ Ranked 140th.	1,680 thousand metric tons/squ Ranked 37th. 42 times more than Madagascar
Waste > Local garbage collected per thousand people	21.65 tonnes Ranked 72nd.	754.15 tonnes Ranked 5th. 35 times more than Madagascar
Waste > Hazardous waste created	45,957 tonnes Ranked 16th.	34.79 million tonnes Ranked 2nd. 757 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened	87 Ranked 12th.	236 Ranked 1st. 3 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt	2,013.18 Ranked 144th.	5.43 million Ranked 2nd. 2699 times more than Madagascar
CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita	0.133 kt per 1,000 people Ranked 177th.	19.9 kt per 1,000 people Ranked 11th. 150 times more than Madagascar
Endangered species > Fish species > Number	75 Ranked 7th.	164 Ranked 1st. 2 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day	92,769.68 Ranked 28th.	1.85 million Ranked 2nd. 20 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity	67% Ranked 31st. 37% more than United States	49% Ranked 88th.
Water > Percent of water resources used	4.9% Ranked 76th.	15.57% Ranked 37th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number	281 Ranked 7th. 15% more than United States	244 Ranked 12th.
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption	16.5 Ranked 72nd.	1,627.68 Ranked 4th. 99 times more than Madagascar
NOx emissions per populated area	0.11 thousand metric tons/squ Ranked 121st.	1.29 thousand metric tons/squ Ranked 13th. 12 times more than Madagascar
Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration	6.24 mls/litre Ranked 110th.	9.26 mls/litre Ranked 33th. 48% more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000	0.0955 Ranked 186th.	17.56 Ranked 10th. 184 times more than Madagascar
Forest area > Sq. km	128,380 kmÂ² Ranked 42nd.	3.03 million kmÂ² Ranked 4th. 24 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP	$0.35 Ranked 130th.	$0.40 Ranked 107th. 15% more than Madagascar
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural	13.65 Ranked 182nd.	99.59 Ranked 40th. 7 times more than Madagascar
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt	2,249.7 Ranked 132nd.	5.83 million Ranked 2nd. 2592 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people	0.761 Ranked 124th.	5.22 Ranked 48th. 7 times more than Madagascar
Water > Availability	22.55 thousand cubic metres Ranked 24th. 3 times more than United States	7.09 thousand cubic metres Ranked 47th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural	33.82 Ranked 186th.	94.03 Ranked 85th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened	369 Ranked 7th. 37% more than United States	270 Ranked 13th.
Threatened species	120 Ranked 12th.	854 Ranked 1st. 7 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita	$401.95 Ranked 146th.	$41,448.39 Ranked 10th. 103 times more than Madagascar
Waste > Population served by local garbage collection	17.71% Ranked 58th.	100% Ranked 24th. 6 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > Number	29.22 Ranked 14th.	94.22 Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted net national income > Current US$	$8.71 billion Ranked 108th.	$12.91 trillion Ranked 2nd. 1482 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness	49% Ranked 94th.	97% Ranked 3rd. 98% more than Madagascar
CFC > Consumption per 1000	0.0516 Ranked 71st.	0.0858 Ranked 64th. 66% more than Madagascar
Waste > Hazardous waste created per thousand people	2.37 tonnes Ranked 20th.	117.72 tonnes Ranked 5th. 50 times more than Madagascar
Protected area	1.9% Ranked 116th.	13.4% Ranked 26th. 7 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum	29.22 Ranked 14th.	94.22 Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Madagascar
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP	$0.46 Ranked 121st.	$0.51 Ranked 109th. 11% more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters	337 Ranked 24th.	2,800 Ranked 6th. 8 times more than Madagascar
Acidification	0.0 Ranked 134th.	13.74% Ranked 25th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal	14.96 Ranked 33th.	477 Ranked 3rd. 32 times more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters	17,633.88 Ranked 39th. 92% more than United States	9,199.18 Ranked 55th.
Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter	27.97 Ranked 91st. 57% more than United States	17.78 Ranked 140th.
Wetlands of intl importance > Area	53 thousand hectares Ranked 79th.	1,190 thousand hectares Ranked 14th. 22 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number	53 Ranked 92nd.	6,770 Ranked 5th. 128 times more than Madagascar
CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP	0.17 kg/PPP$ Ranked 130th.	0.56 kg/PPP$ Ranked 36th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Proportion of land and marine area under protection	4.72% Ranked 152nd.	15.14% Ranked 83th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Endangered species protection	87.5% Ranked 41st. The same as United States	87.5% Ranked 39th.
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million	1.47 Ranked 49th. 5 times more than United States	0.31 Ranked 97th.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural	11.08% Ranked 169th.	98.6% Ranked 40th. 9 times more than Madagascar
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban	77.69 Ranked 191st.	99.77 Ranked 56th. 28% more than Madagascar
Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat	46% Ranked 69th.	63% Ranked 30th. 37% more than Madagascar
Wildness	17.48% Ranked 51st.	35.89% Ranked 32nd. 2 times more than Madagascar
Biosphere > Reserves area	293 thousand hectares Ranked 51st.	31,570 thousand hectares Ranked 3rd. 108 times more than Madagascar
Forest area > Sq. km per 1000	7.02 kmÂ² Ranked 62nd.	10.26 kmÂ² Ranked 44th. 46% more than Madagascar
Threatened species > Mammal	46 Ranked 10th. 31% more than United States	35 Ranked 14th.
Known mammal species	141 Ranked 63th.	428 Ranked 4th. 3 times more than Madagascar
World Heritage Sites (environmental)	2 Ranked 26th.	12 Ranked 1st. 6 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker	0.135 Ranked 56th.	0.142 Ranked 52nd. 6% more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters	14.96 Ranked 35th.	479.29 Ranked 3rd. 32 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999	518 Ranked 130th.	1.5 million Ranked 1st. 2895 times more than Madagascar
Breeding birds threatened	13.37% Ranked 7th. 61% more than United States	8.31% Ranked 15th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000	0.084 Ranked 183th.	6.97 Ranked 13th. 83 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt	106.34 Ranked 101st.	1.95 million Ranked 2nd. 18299 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt	0.0 Ranked 192nd.	1.29 million Ranked 1st.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000	0.0 Ranked 192nd.	4.17 Ranked 16th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000	0.00504 Ranked 107th.	6.29 Ranked 8th. 1247 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number	8 Ranked 75th.	787 Ranked 2nd. 98 times more than Madagascar
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban	18.99 Ranked 189th.	99.8 Ranked 43th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Urban SO2 concentration	89.7 micrograms/m3 Ranked 34th. 6 times more than United States	15.43 micrograms/m3 Ranked 114th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$	$699.74 million Ranked 113th.	$1.99 trillion Ranked 1st. 2849 times more than Madagascar
Marine areas under protection	2 Ranked 80th.	229 Ranked 1st. 115 times more than Madagascar
Water > Proportion of marine area under protection	3.45% Ranked 84th.	30.4% Ranked 19th. 9 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$	$657.46 million Ranked 73th.	$132.56 billion Ranked 8th. 202 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000	0.0339 Ranked 165th.	5.38 Ranked 8th. 158 times more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Withdrawal per million	0.95 Ranked 22nd.	1.69 Ranked 9th. 78% more than Madagascar
Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter	33.84 Ranked 89th. 59% more than United States	21.34 Ranked 131st.
Wetlands of intl importance > Area per million	3.17 thousand hectares Ranked 79th.	4.14 thousand hectares Ranked 76th. 31% more than Madagascar
Known mammal species per million	8.42 Ranked 90th. 6 times more than United States	1.49 Ranked 135th.
Areas under protection per million	3.6 Ranked 72nd.	12 Ranked 40th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Water > Salinisation	436.49 Ranked 89th. 16% more than United States	375.65 Ranked 98th.
Marine areas under protection per million	0.116 Ranked 82nd.	0.789 Ranked 36th. 7 times more than Madagascar
Areas under protection	62 Ranked 63th.	3,481 Ranked 7th. 56 times more than Madagascar
Biosphere > Reserves area per million	17.51 thousand hectares Ranked 50th.	109.76 thousand hectares Ranked 25th. 6 times more than Madagascar
Fertiliser > Consumption	33.83 hundred grams/hectare Ranked 126th.	1,117.48 hundred grams/hectare Ranked 48th. 33 times more than Madagascar
Urban NO2 concentration	74.32 micrograms/m3 Ranked 13th. 23% more than United States	60.57 micrograms/m3 Ranked 45th.
Non-wildness	0.92% Ranked 103th.	6.59% Ranked 49th. 7 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions	0.8% Ranked 88th.	4.24% Ranked 14th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date	June 10, 1992	June 12, 1992
Known breeding bird species	172 Ranked 101st.	508 Ranked 8th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Total natural resources rents > % of GDP	5.68% Ranked 67th. 3 times more than United States	1.73% Ranked 104th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural	11.08 Ranked 169th.	98.6 Ranked 40th. 9 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions	3.21% Ranked 87th.	13.95% Ranked 9th. 4 times more than Madagascar
Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker	0.27 kg per day per worker Ranked 12th. 2 times more than United States	0.13 kg per day per worker Ranked 47th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Agricultural	96% Ranked 14th. 2 times more than United States	41% Ranked 108th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total	5.28% Ranked 85th.	35.82% Ranked 33th. 7 times more than Madagascar
International agreements > Signed but not ratified	none of the selected agreements	Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI	7.43% Ranked 143th.	13.96% Ranked 18th. 88% more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Industrial	2% Ranked 98th.	46% Ranked 6th. 23 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Water pollution > Metal industry > % of total BOD emissions	0.33% Ranked 24th.	3.44% Ranked 21st. 10 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million	-14.815 Ranked 57th. 5 times more than United States	-3.227 Ranked 33th.
Pollution > Water pollution, clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions	2.83% Ranked 57th.	3.86% Ranked 46th. 36% more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal	1.54% Ranked 117th.	46.05% Ranked 20th. 30 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions	10% Ranked 26th.	50.59% Ranked 7th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Water pollution, chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions	12.38% Ranked 16th.	13.05% Ranked 12th. 5% more than Madagascar
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal	2.81% Ranked 125th.	12.7% Ranked 83th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions	0.09% Ranked 92nd.	0.21% Ranked 31st. 2 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$	$9.40 million Ranked 107th.	$20.07 billion Ranked 2nd. 2135 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI	0.1% Ranked 101st.	0.14% Ranked 86th. 40% more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI	0.0 Ranked 155th.	0.11% Ranked 53th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$	0.0 Ranked 186th.	$16.10 billion Ranked 7th.
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP	57.14% Ranked 74th.	88.62% Ranked 31st. 55% more than Madagascar
Pollution > Water pollution, metal industry > % of total BOD emissions	0.333% Ranked 58th.	3.45% Ranked 28th. 10 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$	0.0 Ranked 187th.	$276.06 billion Ranked 3rd.
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Domestic	3% Ranked 112th.	13% Ranked 68th. 4 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI	7.09% Ranked 70th. 7 times more than United States	1.07% Ranked 91st.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$	$236.52 million Ranked 16th.	0.0 Ranked 95th.
PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter	45.35 mcg/mÂ³ Ranked 76th. Twice as much as United States	22.63 mcg/mÂ³ Ranked 140th.
Pollution > Water pollution, food industry > % of total BOD emissions	7.64% Ranked 60th.	12.02% Ranked 51st. 57% more than Madagascar
Pollution > Water pollution, other industry > % of total BOD emissions	10% Ranked 58th.	51.06% Ranked 7th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Water pollution, paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions	1.57% Ranked 63th.	8.14% Ranked 11th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent	-233.256 Ranked 56th.	-990.062 Ranked 41st. 4 times more than Madagascar
Pollution > Water pollution, wood industry > % of total BOD emissions	6.29% Ranked 12th. 52% more than United States	4.13% Ranked 27th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources	4.44% Ranked 87th.	17.12% Ranked 61st. 4 times more than Madagascar
CO2 Emissions	2,467.3 Ranked 118th.	5.76 million Ranked 1st. 2335 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area	0.1% Ranked 120th.	67.57% Ranked 3rd. 676 times more than Madagascar
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area	3.09% Ranked 152nd.	27.08% Ranked 26th. 9 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions	1.57% Ranked 28th.	8.33% Ranked 14th. 5 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI	7.22% Ranked 76th.	-1.36% Ranked 115th.
Forest area > % of land area	22.08% of land area Ranked 115th.	33.08% of land area Ranked 83th. 50% more than Madagascar
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP	$0.12 Ranked 152nd.	$0.42 Ranked 44th. 4 times more than Madagascar
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP	$0.13 Ranked 151st.	$0.44 Ranked 44th. 3 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI	2.51% Ranked 12th.	0.0 Ranked 87th.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions	12.38% Ranked 6th.	13.13% Ranked 15th. 6% more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$	$679.49 million Ranked 92nd.	$-194,522,724,898.49 Ranked 131st.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI	6.99% Ranked 68th. 8 times more than United States	0.93% Ranked 90th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$	$666.86 million Ranked 73th.	$152.63 billion Ranked 7th. 229 times more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions	6.29% Ranked 8th. 54% more than United States	4.09% Ranked 21st.
Known breeding bird species per million	10.28 Ranked 100th. 6 times more than United States	1.77 Ranked 140th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt	1,771.16 Ranked 135th.	2.16 million Ranked 1st. 1217 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP	87.91% Ranked 32nd. 2% more than United States	86.15% Ranked 49th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI	14.65% Ranked 98th. 16% more than United States	12.6% Ranked 108th.
Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions	75.61% Ranked 9th. 80% more than United States	42.06% Ranked 31st.
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker	0.14 Ranked 26th. The same as United States	0.14 Ranked 47th.
Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions	1.13% Ranked 85th.	13.9% Ranked 5th. 12 times more than Madagascar
Water > Phosphorus concentration	0.45 mls/litre Ranked 43th. 6 times more than United States	0.08 mls/litre Ranked 127th.
Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI	0.23% of GNI Ranked 107th.	0.35% of GNI Ranked 85th. 52% more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI	0.0 Ranked 157th.	1.93% Ranked 52nd.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI	0.26% Ranked 104th.	0.31% Ranked 80th. 19% more than Madagascar
Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions	6.75% Ranked 81st.	10.61% Ranked 35th. 57% more than Madagascar
Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters	0.119% Ranked 129th.	2% Ranked 95th. 17 times more than Madagascar
Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI	0.34% of GNI Ranked 96th. The same as United States	0.34% of GNI Ranked 93th.
Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions	12.41% Ranked 58th. 2 times more than United States	5.42% Ranked 40th.
Water > Suspended solids	6.13 mls/litre Ranked 34th. 46% more than United States	4.19 mls/litre Ranked 95th.
Pollution > Water pollution, textile industry > % of total BOD emissions	58.95% Ranked 4th. 14 times more than United States	4.29% Ranked 53th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total	0.0 Ranked 192nd.	23.72% Ranked 58th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total	87.98% Ranked 66th. 2 times more than United States	39.68% Ranked 152nd.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions	58.95% Ranked 3rd. 13 times more than United States	4.65% Ranked 42nd.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal	95.66% Ranked 12th. 2 times more than United States	41.26% Ranked 107th.

SOURCES: The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre; UNEP, Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances, 1986-1998, October 1999. via ciesin.org; World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Development Indicators database; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Living Planet Report 2000, Gland, Switzerland: 2000, and Redefining Progress.; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.; FAOSTAT on-line database; FAOSTAT on-line database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGap 2.1, 2000 via ciesin.org; 1998 study by Hemamala Hettige, Muthukumara Mani, and David Wheeler, ""Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznets Revisited"" (available at www.worldbank.org/nipr). The data were updated through 2005 by the World Bank's Development Research Group using the same methodology as the initial study.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Wikipedia: List of national parks (Africa); Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Data Version 1.1, B1Illustrative Marker Scenario with model IMAGE; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase database, www.fishbase.org.; Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org. version (07/2008). Accessed: 28 September 2008.; Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznets Revisited; Wikipedia: Climate change opinion by country; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen,R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGAP 2.1B, 2001 via ciesin.org; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, ""Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility"" (2006).; UNEP, Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances, 1986-1998, October 1999. via ciesin.org. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Jacaranda Atlas; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, "Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility" (2006).; Food and Agriculture Organisation, AQUASTAT data.; Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Acidification in Developing Countries: Ecosystem Sensitivity and the Critical Loads Approach at the Global scale, 2000 via ciesin.org; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; World Bank, Development Research Group and Environment Department; World Resources Institute; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute, based on data from national authorities, national legislation and international agreements.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Report on National Reports Required Under Article VIII, Paragraph 7(a), of the Convention, Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Gigiri, Kenya, April 2000; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, "Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility" (2006). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the lastwild places on the earth's surface. via ciesin.org; Wikipedia: Table of World Heritage Sites by country (Table of World Heritage Sites); World Bank and UNIDO's industry database.; Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, and Bob Andres, University of North Dakota, via net publication; 2000 IUCN Red List, and World Resources Institute,World Resources 2000-2001, Washington, DC: WRI, 2000. Original sources: World Conservation Monitoring Center, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other sources.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000; WHO,Air Management Information System-AMIS 2.0, 1998; and Global Urban Observatory, Citibase, 1999. via ciesin.org; World Bank staff estimates using data from the United Nations Statistics Division's National Accounts Statistics.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Bank staff estimates. The conceptual underpinnings of the savings measure appear in Hamilton and Clemens' ""Genuine Savings Rates in Developing Countries"" (1999).; Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, and Bob Andres, University of North Dakota, via net publication. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Kiren Dev Pandey, David Wheeler, Bart Ostro, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk Hamilton, and Katherine Bolt. ""Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of World Cities: New Estimates Based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS),"" World Bank, Development Research Group and Environment Department (2006).; World Resources Institute. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001. via ciesin.org; Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the last wild places on the earth's surface. Accessed via ciesin.org; Wikipedia: List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (List of parties) (Parties & Observers , UNFCCC, 1 June 2011); United Nations Statistics Division Original html; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Kiran D. Pandey and others' ""The Human Costs of Air Pollution: New Estimates for Developing Countries"" (2006).; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods in Arundhati Kunte and others' ""Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results"" (1998).; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.; World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute; World Bank staff estimates.; World Bank national accounts data files.; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen, R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001; World Bank staff estimates based on Samuel Fankhauser's ""Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse"" (1995).

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