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Environment Stats: compare key data on Japan & Rwanda

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Definitions

  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
  • Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened: Mammal species, threatened. Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • CO2 Emissions per 1000: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Current issues: This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
  • Ecological footprint: Ecological footprint per capita
    Units: Hectares per Person
  • Endangered species > Mammal species > Number: Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
  • Marine fish catch: Total marine fish catch
    Units: Metric Tons
  • Marine fish catch per 1000: Total marine fish catch
    Units: Metric Tons. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Proportion of land area under protection: Terrestrial areas protected to total surface area, percentage.
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, total.
  • Water > Severe water stress: Percent of country's territory under severe water stress
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: This data is derived from the WaterGap 2.1 gridded hydrological model developed by the Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany. The modellers derived, for each country, grid cell by grid cell estimates of whether the water consumption exceeds 40 percent of the water available in that particular grid cell. These were then converted to land area equivalents in order to calculate the percentage of the territory under severe water stress.
  • Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day: Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened: Bird species, threatened. Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Carbon efficiency: Carbon economic efficiency (CO2 emissions per dollar GDP)
    Units: Metric Tons/US Dollar GDP
  • CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Endangered species > Bird species: Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
  • Total renewable water resources per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • SO2 emissions per populated area: SO2 emissions per populated land area
    Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
    Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
  • Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened: Fish species, threatened. Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
  • Endangered species > Fish species > Number: Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day: Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity: Percentage of population who responded yes when asked if they believed global warming was a result of human activities. In this survey, global warming refers to the current rise in earth's temperature and not climate change as a whole.
  • Water > Percent of water resources used: Proportion of total water resources used, percentage.
  • Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number: Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known."
  • Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons.
  • NOx emissions per populated area: NOx emissions per populated land area
    Units: 1000 Metric Tons/Sq. Km. of Populated Land Area
    Units: We obtained the total emissions for each country by summarizing emissions data, originally available as a grid map with 1 degree x 1 degree cells. Air pollution is generally greatest in densely populated areas. To take this into account, we used the Gridded Population of the World dataset available from CIESIN and calculated the total land area in each country inhabited with a population density of greater than 5 persons per sq. km. We then used this land area as a denominator for the emissions data.
  • Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration: Dissolved oxygen concentration
    Units: Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Forest area > Sq. km: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: CO2 emissions (kg per 2000 US$ of GDP). Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, total.
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people: Consumption of all Ozone-Depleting Substances in ODP metric tons. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
  • Water > Availability: Water availability per capita (1961-1990 (avg.))
    Units: Thousands Cubic Meters/Person
    Units: This variable measures internal renewable water (average annual surface runoff and groundwater recharge generated from endogenous precipitation)
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, rural.
  • Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened: Plant species (higher), threatened. Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.
  • Threatened species: Number of Threatened Species (1990-99)
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
  • Biodiversity > Number: GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential)."
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.
  • Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness: Percentage of each country's population who claimed knowing "something" or a "great deal" about climate change when asked: "How much do you know about global warming or climate change?"
  • Protected area: Environmentally protected area (1997)
  • Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential).
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country.
  • Acidification: Percentage of country with acidification excedence
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: From a map of acidification excedence, all areas at risk within each country were added together in order to calculate the percentage of the entire country at risk of excedence. See pages 21-22 of the 2001 ESI report for more details on how the acidification excedence map was produced.
  • Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters: Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.
  • Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic meter). Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
  • CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
  • Proportion of land and marine area under protection: Terrestrial and marine areas protected to total territorial area, percentage.
  • Endangered species protection: Percent of CITES reporting requirements met
    Units: Percent of Requirements Met
    Units: Countries that have not ratified the CITES convention are recorded as having zero percent of their requirements met.
  • Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million: GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum). GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources, urban.
  • Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat: Percentage of country's population that perceives climate change as a threat. Results are from a 2008 Gallop Poll.
  • Wildness: Percent of land area having very low anthropogenic impact
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
  • Biosphere > Reserves area: Biosphere reserves area 2002.
  • Forest area > Sq. km per 1000: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Threatened species > Mammal: Number of threatened mammal species (1997)
  • Known mammal species: Known mammal species (1992-2002).
  • Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Organic water pollutant (BOD) emissions (kg per day per worker). Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2).
  • Breeding birds threatened: Percentage of breeding birds threatened
    Units: Percent of Breeding Birds
    Units: The number of bird species threatened divided by known bird species in the country, expressed as a percentage.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, urban.
  • Urban SO2 concentration: Urban SO2 concentration
    Units: Micrograms/m3
    Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
  • Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000: 1999 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring. Emissions are expressed in thousand metric tons of carbon (not CO2). Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
  • Freshwater > Withdrawal per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations."
  • Known mammal species per million: Known mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Areas under protection per million: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Water > Salinisation: Electrical conductivity
    Units: Micro-Siemens/Centimeter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of water bodies; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system.
  • Areas under protection: Protected Areas under IUCN management categories I - VI (1992-2003)
  • Biosphere > Reserves area per million: Biosphere reserves area 2002. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Fertiliser > Consumption: Fertilizer consumption per hectare of arable land
    Units: Hundreds Grams/Hectare of Arable Land
  • Urban NO2 concentration: Urban NO2 concentration
    Units: Micrograms/m3
    Units: The values were originally collected at the city level. Each nation varied in terms of the number of cities reported, so this data should be used with some caution. Within each country the values have been normalized by city population for the year 1995, then added together to obtain the total concentration for the given country.
  • Non-wildness: Percent of land area having very high anthropogenic impact
    Units: Percent of Land Area
    Units: Global grids for population (GPW), land use (USGS AVHRR based classification from EROS data center), VMAP roads, VMAP railways, VMAP coastlines, VMAP major rivers and the stable lights data were all scored for "wildness". The scores were aggregated and normalized.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
  • Water pollution > Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • CO2 Emissions: CO2: Total Emissions (excluding land-use) Units: thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide and particulate emissions damage."
  • Water pollution > Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • Known breeding bird species per million: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
  • Water pollution > Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$: Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Pollution > Water pollution, clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, clay and glass industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Pollution > Water pollution, food industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, food industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Pollution > Water pollution, other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, other industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons.
  • Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for industry are total withdrawals for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: stone, ceramics, and glass (36). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$: Adjusted net savings are equal to net national savings plus education expenditure and minus energy depletion, mineral depletion, net forest depletion, and carbon dioxide. This series excludes particulate emissions damage."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Natural gas rents > % of GDP: Natural gas rents (% of GDP). Natural gas rents are the difference between the value of natural gas production at world prices and total costs of production.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
  • Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (constant 2000 US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
  • Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP: Adjusted net national income (current US$). Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion. Figures expressed as a proportion of GDP for the same year
  • International agreements > Signed but not ratified: The various international environmental agreements which a country has signed but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI: Consumption of fixed capital represents the replacement value of capital used up in the process of production.
  • Known breeding bird species: Known breeding bird mammal species (1992-2002).
  • Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million: GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent). GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
  • Water pollution > Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: other (38 and 39). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • Pollution > Water pollution, chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, chemical industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: chemicals (35). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: paper and pulp (34). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters: Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters). Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI: Carbon dioxide damage is estimated to be $20 per ton of carbon (the unit damage in 1995 U.S. dollars) times the number of tons of carbon emitted.
  • Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources: Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002."
  • Forest area > % of land area: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not.
  • Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker: Emissions per worker are total emissions of organic water pollutants divided by the number of industrial workers. Organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants."
  • PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter: Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a countryÂ’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.
  • Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date: Signature.
  • Water > Phosphorus concentration: Phosphorus concentration
    Units: Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, except where data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. The data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of major watersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries.
  • Water > Suspended solids: Suspended solids
    Units: Natural Log of Milligrams/Liter
    Units: The country values represent averages of the station-level values for the three year time period 1994-96, exceptwhere data were only available for an earlier time period (1988-1993). The number of stations per country varies depending on country size; number of bodies of water; and level of participation in the GEMS monitoring system. Data from "The Wellbeing of Nations" included a smaller subset of stations representing outfalls of majorwatersheds. An analysis of a sample of countries with numerous stations found that the data for stations in the subset is broadly comparable to the data for all GEMS stations in those countries. The data in this table was transformed using the natural logarithm.
  • Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural: Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities, rural.
  • Total natural resources rents > % of GDP: Total natural resources rents (% of GDP). Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.
  • Pollution > Water pollution, textile industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, textile industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: textiles (32). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI: Energy depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total: CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring."
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$: Net national savings are equal to gross national savings less the value of consumption of fixed capital.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$: Particulate emissions damage is calculated as the willingness to pay to avoid mortality attributable to particulate emissions.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI: Mineral depletion is equal to the product of unit resource rents and the physical quantities of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver."
  • Pollution > Water pollution, wood industry > % of total BOD emissions: Water pollution, wood industry (% of total BOD emissions). Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: wood (33). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
  • Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI: Gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers."
  • Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt: CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt). Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area: Terrestrial protected areas are those officially documented by national authorities.
  • Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area: Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.
  • Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions: Industry shares of emissions of organic water pollutants refer to emissions from manufacturing activities as defined by two-digit divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 2: food and beverages (31). Emissions of organic water pollutants are measured by biochemical oxygen demand, which refers to the amount of oxygen that bacteria in water will consume in breaking down waste. This is a standard water-treatment test for the presence of organic pollutants.
SHOW ALL
LESS
SHARE TWEET EMBED
STAT Japan Rwanda HISTORY
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ $3.76 trillion
Ranked 3rd. 976 times more than Rwanda 		$3.85 billion
Ranked 66th.
Biodiversity > Mammal species, threatened 27
Ranked 33th. 35% more than Rwanda 		20
Ranked 43th.
CO2 Emissions per 1000 9.59
Ranked 22nd. 147 times more than Rwanda 		0.0653
Ranked 164th.
CO2 emissions > Kt 1.23 million kt
Ranked 5th. 2050 times more than Rwanda 		600.73 kt
Ranked 161st.
Current issues air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching
Ecological footprint 4.2
Ranked 8th. 5 times more than Rwanda 		0.9
Ranked 121st.
Endangered species > Mammal species > Number 27
Ranked 32nd. 42% more than Rwanda 		19
Ranked 43th.
Forest area > Sq. km > Per capita 1.95 km² per 1,000 people
Ranked 114th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		0.531 km² per 1,000 people
Ranked 162nd.
Marine fish catch 3.96 million tons
Ranked 4th. 		0.0
Ranked 131st.
Marine fish catch per 1000 31.28 tons
Ranked 21st. 		0.0
Ranked 131st.
Proportion of land area under protection 16.54%
Ranked 93th. 57% more than Rwanda 		10.55%
Ranked 129th.
Total renewable water resources 430 cu km
Ranked 10th. 83 times more than Rwanda 		5.2 cu km
Ranked 18th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban and rural 100
Ranked 8th. 45% more than Rwanda 		68.93
Ranked 170th.
Water > Severe water stress 9.5
Ranked 62nd. 		0.0
Ranked 127th.
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day 1.12 million
Ranked 3rd. 159 times more than Rwanda 		7,064.81
Ranked 47th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita 9.81
Ranked 28th. 123 times more than Rwanda 		0.08
Ranked 177th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Metric tons per capita 9.19
Ranked 32nd. 168 times more than Rwanda 		0.0548
Ranked 193th.
Biodiversity > Bird species, threatened 40
Ranked 22nd. 3 times more than Rwanda 		14
Ranked 87th.
Carbon efficiency 1 CO2 emissions/$ GDP
Ranked 80th. 5 times more than Rwanda 		0.21 CO2 emissions/$ GDP
Ranked 131st.
CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000 9.64 kt
Ranked 29th. 146 times more than Rwanda 		0.0658 kt
Ranked 182nd.
Endangered species > Bird species 40
Ranked 18th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		10
Ranked 96th.
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$ per capita $29,410.76
Ranked 15th. 85 times more than Rwanda 		$345.58
Ranked 73th.
Total renewable water resources per million 3.4 cu km
Ranked 13th. 6 times more than Rwanda 		0.57 cu km
Ranked 18th.
SO2 emissions per populated area 970 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 50th. 98% more than Rwanda 		490 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 79th.
Biodiversity > Fish species, threatened 66
Ranked 23th. 7 times more than Rwanda 		9
Ranked 166th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt 1.17 million
Ranked 6th. 1971 times more than Rwanda 		594.05
Ranked 166th.
CO2 emissions > Kt > Per capita 9.64 kt per 1,000 people
Ranked 33th. 140 times more than Rwanda 		0.069 kt per 1,000 people
Ranked 186th.
Endangered species > Fish species > Number 40
Ranked 22nd. 4 times more than Rwanda 		9
Ranked 150th.
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day 1.13 million
Ranked 4th. 140 times more than Rwanda 		8,060.77
Ranked 53th.
Pollution > Climate change > Agrees climate change is caused by human activity 91%
Ranked 2nd. 2 times more than Rwanda 		44%
Ranked 99th.
Water > Percent of water resources used 20.9%
Ranked 42nd. 13 times more than Rwanda 		1.58%
Ranked 101st.
Endangered species > Higher plant species > Number 12
Ranked 83th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		3
Ranked 124th.
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption 618.72
Ranked 12th. 113 times more than Rwanda 		5.48
Ranked 101st.
NOx emissions per populated area 1.5 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 11th. 5 times more than Rwanda 		0.32 thousand metric tons/squ
Ranked 51st.
Water > Dissolved oxygen concentration 10.18 mls/litre
Ranked 20th. 54% more than Rwanda 		6.62 mls/litre
Ranked 100th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kt per 1000 9.19
Ranked 32nd. 168 times more than Rwanda 		0.0548
Ranked 193th.
Forest area > Sq. km 248,680 km²
Ranked 23th. 52 times more than Rwanda 		4,800 km²
Ranked 134th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP $0.25
Ranked 156th. 62% more than Rwanda 		$0.16
Ranked 172nd.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban and rural 100
Ranked 9th. 63% more than Rwanda 		61.28
Ranked 134th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kt 1.25 million
Ranked 6th. 1754 times more than Rwanda 		714.48
Ranked 150th.
Pollution > Ozone depleting substance consumption per million people 4.84
Ranked 51st. 10 times more than Rwanda 		0.492
Ranked 133th.
Water > Availability 2.6 thousand cubic metres
Ranked 73th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		0.95 thousand cubic metres
Ranked 108th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Rural 100
Ranked 7th. 51% more than Rwanda 		66.42
Ranked 154th.
Biodiversity > Plant species > Higher, threatened 17
Ranked 85th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		6
Ranked 121st.
Threatened species 132
Ranked 9th. 8 times more than Rwanda 		17
Ranked 105th.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ per capita $40,799.63
Ranked 12th. 81 times more than Rwanda 		$505.41
Ranked 138th.
Biodiversity > Number 35.96
Ranked 9th. 42 times more than Rwanda 		0.85
Ranked 125th.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$ $5.21 trillion
Ranked 4th. 926 times more than Rwanda 		$5.63 billion
Ranked 122nd.
Pollution > Climate change > Climate change awareness 99%
Ranked 1st. 3 times more than Rwanda 		30%
Ranked 118th.
Protected area 6.8%
Ranked 60th. 		14.7%
Ranked 23th. 2 times more than Japan
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum 35.96
Ranked 9th. 42 times more than Rwanda 		0.852
Ranked 130th.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 US$ of GDP $0.24
Ranked 162nd. 		$0.26
Ranked 159th. 8% more than Japan
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources > Total > Billion cubic meters 430
Ranked 20th. 45 times more than Rwanda 		9.5
Ranked 122nd.
Acidification 10.99%
Ranked 26th. 		0.0
Ranked 120th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal 88.43
Ranked 5th. 590 times more than Rwanda 		0.15
Ranked 112th.
Freshwater > Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita > Cubic meters 3,367.16
Ranked 79th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		977.3
Ranked 128th.
Pollution > PM10, country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 24.07
Ranked 105th. 15% more than Rwanda 		20.95
Ranked 119th.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > Number 216
Ranked 50th. 43 times more than Rwanda 		5
Ranked 177th.
CO2 emissions > Kg per 2000 PPP $ of GDP 0.37 kg/PPP$
Ranked 69th. 6 times more than Rwanda 		0.06 kg/PPP$
Ranked 154th.
Proportion of land and marine area under protection 10.97%
Ranked 107th. 4% more than Rwanda 		10.55%
Ranked 110th.
Endangered species protection 89.5%
Ranked 31st. 5 times more than Rwanda 		16.7%
Ranked 107th.
Biodiversity > GEF benefits index for biodiversity > 0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum per million 0.282
Ranked 99th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		0.0833
Ranked 142nd.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Rural 100%
Ranked 8th. 63% more than Rwanda 		61.28%
Ranked 116th.
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved drinking water sources > Urban 100
Ranked 13th. 26% more than Rwanda 		79.56
Ranked 188th.
Pollution > Climate change > Perceived as threat 80%
Ranked 3rd. 4 times more than Rwanda 		22%
Ranked 116th.
Wildness 0.06%
Ranked 104th. 		2.42%
Ranked 79th. 40 times more than Japan
Biosphere > Reserves area 116 thousand hectares
Ranked 66th. 9 times more than Rwanda 		13 thousand hectares
Ranked 82nd.
Forest area > Sq. km per 1000 1.95 km²
Ranked 111th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		0.509 km²
Ranked 159th.
Threatened species > Mammal 29
Ranked 24th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		9
Ranked 96th.
Known mammal species 188
Ranked 46th. 25% more than Rwanda 		151
Ranked 60th.
Pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker 0.149
Ranked 50th. 		0.368
Ranked 3rd. 2 times more than Japan
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > Billion cubic meters 88.43
Ranked 6th. 590 times more than Rwanda 		0.15
Ranked 121st.
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 315,274
Ranked 3rd. 2047 times more than Rwanda 		154
Ranked 155th.
Breeding birds threatened 12.8%
Ranked 9th. 7 times more than Rwanda 		1.75%
Ranked 92nd.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 3.42
Ranked 18th. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt 197,057.25
Ranked 5th. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 4.02
Ranked 36th. 81 times more than Rwanda 		0.0497
Ranked 192nd.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > Kt per 1000 1.55
Ranked 45th. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > Kt 435,965.96
Ranked 6th. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > Number 135
Ranked 10th. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Sanitation > Population with improved sanitation > Urban 100
Ranked 10th. 63% more than Rwanda 		61.3
Ranked 150th.
Urban SO2 concentration 24.33 micrograms/m3
Ranked 97th. 		102.81 micrograms/m3
Ranked 25th. 4 times more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > Current US$ $675.02 billion
Ranked 2nd. 2080 times more than Rwanda 		$324.57 million
Ranked 129th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > Current US$ $775.18 billion
Ranked 2nd. 802 times more than Rwanda 		$966.68 million
Ranked 67th.
Pollution > Carbon dioxide 1999 per 1000 2.49
Ranked 28th. 127 times more than Rwanda 		0.0196
Ranked 172nd.
Freshwater > Withdrawal per million 0.697
Ranked 36th. 39 times more than Rwanda 		0.0179
Ranked 121st.
Emissions > PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 29.64
Ranked 106th. 14% more than Rwanda 		26.02
Ranked 115th.
Known mammal species per million 1.48
Ranked 136th. 		16.8
Ranked 56th. 11 times more than Japan
Areas under protection per million 0.752
Ranked 113th. 14% more than Rwanda 		0.657
Ranked 118th.
Water > Salinisation 179.29
Ranked 124th. 		609.09
Ranked 70th. 3 times more than Japan
Areas under protection 96
Ranked 45th. 16 times more than Rwanda 		6
Ranked 128th.
Biosphere > Reserves area per million 0.91 thousand hectares
Ranked 81st. 		1.45 thousand hectares
Ranked 77th. 59% more than Japan
Fertiliser > Consumption 3,131.2 hundred grams/hectare
Ranked 19th. 856 times more than Rwanda 		3.66 hundred grams/hectare
Ranked 137th.
Urban NO2 concentration 62.01 micrograms/m3
Ranked 39th. 		62.88 micrograms/m3
Ranked 36th. 1% more than Japan
Non-wildness 30.22%
Ranked 6th. 168 times more than Rwanda 		0.18%
Ranked 129th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption > % of total 37.24%
Ranked 31st. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > % of GNI 0.0
Ranked 80th. 		2.96%
Ranked 9th.
Water pollution > Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions 11.22%
Ranked 24th. 		0.0
Ranked 60th.
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Industrial 18%
Ranked 21st. 2 times more than Rwanda 		8%
Ranked 52nd.
CO2 Emissions 1.22 million
Ranked 4th. 2056 times more than Rwanda 		595.8
Ranked 145th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Including particulate emission damage > % of GNI 15.29%
Ranked 29th. 		20.08%
Ranked 13th. 31% more than Japan
Water pollution > Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions 2.01%
Ranked 39th. 		0.0
Ranked 57th.
Known breeding bird species per million 1.65
Ranked 141st. 		22.25
Ranked 69th. 14 times more than Japan
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > % of total 43.73%
Ranked 141st. 		90.74%
Ranked 57th. 2 times more than Japan
Water pollution > Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions 5.33%
Ranked 39th. 		0.0
Ranked 60th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net forest depletion > Current US$ 0.0
Ranked 88th. 		$142.47 million
Ranked 21st.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > % of GNI 15.55%
Ranked 30th. 		20.16%
Ranked 14th. 30% more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > Current US$ $1.23 billion
Ranked 62nd. 		0.0
Ranked 168th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Agriculture > % of total freshwater withdrawal 62.46%
Ranked 83th. 		68%
Ranked 70th. 9% more than Japan
Pollution > Water pollution, clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions 3.56%
Ranked 54th. 		4.29%
Ranked 38th. 20% more than Japan
Pollution > Water pollution, food industry > % of total BOD emissions 15.04%
Ranked 46th. 		77.09%
Ranked 3rd. 5 times more than Japan
Pollution > Water pollution, other industry > % of total BOD emissions 52.53%
Ranked 5th. 11 times more than Rwanda 		4.84%
Ranked 63th.
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent -71.523
Ranked 37th. 10 times more than Rwanda 		-7.01
Ranked 21st.
Water pollution > Wood industry > % of total BOD emissions 1.57%
Ranked 38th. 		3.22%
Ranked 23th. 2 times more than Japan
Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions 12.3%
Ranked 8th. 9 times more than Rwanda 		1.33%
Ranked 80th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Industry > % of total freshwater withdrawal 17.87%
Ranked 42nd. 2 times more than Rwanda 		8%
Ranked 72nd.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Domestic > % of total freshwater withdrawal 19.68%
Ranked 53th. 		24%
Ranked 39th. 22% more than Japan
Water pollution > Clay and glass industry > % of total BOD emissions 0.19%
Ranked 35th. 		0.23%
Ranked 41st. 21% more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Adjusted net savings > Excluding particulate emission damage > Current US$ $788.28 billion
Ranked 2nd. 812 times more than Rwanda 		$970.62 million
Ranked 67th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI 0.26%
Ranked 60th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		0.08%
Ranked 108th.
Water pollution > Chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions 9.37%
Ranked 24th. 		11.18%
Ranked 16th. 19% more than Japan
Natural gas rents > % of GDP 0.0104%
Ranked 73th. 17% more than Rwanda 		0.00887%
Ranked 78th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > Current US$ $83.70 million
Ranked 58th. 1218 times more than Rwanda 		$68,703.28
Ranked 85th.
Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker 0.15 kg per day per worker
Ranked 39th. 		0.25 kg per day per worker
Ranked 20th. 67% more than Japan
Adjusted net national income > Constant 2000 US$, % of GDP 82.2%
Ranked 99th. 36% more than Rwanda 		60.61%
Ranked 29th.
Adjusted net national income > Current US$, % of GDP 88.44%
Ranked 28th. 		88.64%
Ranked 25th. About the same as Japan
International agreements > Signed but not ratified none of the selected agreements Law of the Sea
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Domestic 20%
Ranked 46th. 		24%
Ranked 36th. 20% more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI 0.19%
Ranked 124th. 27% more than Rwanda 		0.15%
Ranked 144th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Consumption of fixed capital > % of GNI 13.31%
Ranked 35th. 97% more than Rwanda 		6.74%
Ranked 152nd.
Known breeding bird species 210
Ranked 66th. 5% more than Rwanda 		200
Ranked 81st.
Climate change > GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF > Mt of CO2 equivalent per million -0.561
Ranked 17th. 		-0.78
Ranked 21st. 39% more than Japan
Water pollution > Water pollution > Other industry > % of total BOD emissions 52.61%
Ranked 5th. 18 times more than Rwanda 		2.97%
Ranked 59th.
Pollution > Water pollution, chemical industry > % of total BOD emissions 11.2%
Ranked 26th. 25% more than Rwanda 		8.98%
Ranked 41st.
Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > % of GNI 0.47% of GNI
Ranked 64th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		0.12% of GNI
Ranked 129th.
Water pollution > Paper and pulp industry > % of total BOD emissions 18.99%
Ranked 15th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		6.03%
Ranked 88th.
Marine protected areas > % of territorial waters 29.97%
Ranked 20th. 		31.21%
Ranked 16th. 4% more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Carbon dioxide damage > % of GNI 0.18% of GNI
Ranked 139th. 		0.22% of GNI
Ranked 129th. 22% more than Japan
Water pollution > Textile industry > % of total BOD emissions 4.81%
Ranked 42nd. 2 times more than Rwanda 		2.36%
Ranked 99th.
Freshwater > Annual freshwater withdrawals > Total > % of internal resources 20.57%
Ranked 54th. 13 times more than Rwanda 		1.58%
Ranked 109th.
Forest area > % of land area 68.22% of land area
Ranked 14th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		19.46% of land area
Ranked 126th.
Water pollution > Organic water pollutant > BOD emissions > Kg per day per worker 0.15
Ranked 38th. 		0.44
Ranked 3rd. 3 times more than Japan
PM10 > Country level > Micrograms per cubic meter 31.17 mcg/m³
Ranked 115th. 		36.73 mcg/m³
Ranked 102nd. 18% more than Japan
Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions > United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sign date June 13, 1992 June 10, 1992
Water > Phosphorus concentration 0.06 mls/litre
Ranked 131st. 		0.49 mls/litre
Ranked 33th. 8 times more than Japan
Water > Suspended solids 3.27 mls/litre
Ranked 120th. 		5.77 mls/litre
Ranked 47th. 76% more than Japan
Water > Drinking water > Population with improved sanitation > Rural 100
Ranked 8th. 63% more than Rwanda 		61.28
Ranked 116th.
Total natural resources rents > % of GDP 0.0363%
Ranked 156th. 		3.26%
Ranked 86th. 90 times more than Japan
Freshwater > Withdrawal > Agricultural 62%
Ranked 86th. 		68%
Ranked 74th. 10% more than Japan
Pollution > Water pollution, textile industry > % of total BOD emissions 5.32%
Ranked 53th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		1.86%
Ranked 64th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Energy depletion > % of GNI 0.02%
Ranked 87th. 		0.0
Ranked 143th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption > % of total 16.83%
Ranked 72nd. 		0.0
Ranked 179th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > % of GNI 12.59%
Ranked 53th. 		18.66%
Ranked 35th. 48% more than Japan
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per PPP $ of GDP $0.29
Ranked 76th. 4 times more than Rwanda 		$0.08
Ranked 162nd.
Emissions > CO2 emissions > Kg per 2005 PPP $ of GDP $0.31
Ranked 75th. 3 times more than Rwanda 		$0.09
Ranked 162nd.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Net national savings > Current US$ $638.47 billion
Ranked 2nd. 711 times more than Rwanda 		$898.56 million
Ranked 84th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Particulate emission damage > Current US$ $13.10 billion
Ranked 3rd. 3325 times more than Rwanda 		$3.94 million
Ranked 114th.
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Mineral depletion > % of GNI 0.0
Ranked 91st. 		0.0
Ranked 138th.
Pollution > Water pollution, wood industry > % of total BOD emissions 2%
Ranked 47th. 		2.94%
Ranked 30th. 47% more than Japan
Adjusted savings > Adjusted savings > Gross savings > % of GNI 25.9%
Ranked 45th. 2% more than Rwanda 		25.4%
Ranked 48th.
Climate change > CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption > Kt 511,993.87
Ranked 4th. 950 times more than Rwanda 		539.05
Ranked 165th.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Terrestrial protected areas > % of total surface area 14.12%
Ranked 82nd. 85% more than Rwanda 		7.62%
Ranked 114th.
Biodiversity and protected areas > Marine protected areas > % of total surface area 5.19%
Ranked 30th. 		0.0
Ranked 176th.
Water pollution > Food industry > % of total BOD emissions 45.71%
Ranked 25th. 		75.65%
Ranked 12th. 65% more than Japan

SOURCES: The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre; World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Development Indicators database; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Living Planet Report 2000, Gland, Switzerland: 2000, and Redefining Progress.; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.; FAOSTAT on-line database; FAOSTAT on-line database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGap 2.1, 2000 via ciesin.org; 1998 study by Hemamala Hettige, Muthukumara Mani, and David Wheeler, ""Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznets Revisited"" (available at www.worldbank.org/nipr). The data were updated through 2005 by the World Bank's Development Research Group using the same methodology as the initial study.; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Data Version 1.1, B1Illustrative Marker Scenario with model IMAGE; Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase database, www.fishbase.org.; Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org. version (07/2008). Accessed: 28 September 2008.; Industrial Pollution in Economic Development: Kuznets Revisited; Wikipedia: Climate change opinion by country; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen,R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGAP 2.1B, 2001 via ciesin.org; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical Yearbook; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, ""Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility"" (2006).; Jacaranda Atlas; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, "Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility" (2006).; Food and Agriculture Organisation, AQUASTAT data.; Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Acidification in Developing Countries: Ecosystem Sensitivity and the Critical Loads Approach at the Global scale, 2000 via ciesin.org; World Bank, Development Research Group and Environment Department; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute, based on data from national authorities, national legislation and international agreements.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Report on National Reports Required Under Article VIII, Paragraph 7(a), of the Convention, Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Gigiri, Kenya, April 2000; Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, "Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility" (2006). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the lastwild places on the earth's surface. via ciesin.org; World Resources Institute; World Bank and UNIDO's industry database.; Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, and Bob Andres, University of North Dakota, via net publication; 2000 IUCN Red List, and World Resources Institute,World Resources 2000-2001, Washington, DC: WRI, 2000. Original sources: World Conservation Monitoring Center, IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other sources.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Resources Institute, World Resources 1998-99; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000; WHO,Air Management Information System-AMIS 2.0, 1998; and Global Urban Observatory, Citibase, 1999. via ciesin.org; World Bank staff estimates using data from the United Nations Statistics Division's National Accounts Statistics.; World Bank staff estimates. The conceptual underpinnings of the savings measure appear in Hamilton and Clemens' ""Genuine Savings Rates in Developing Countries"" (1999).; Gregg Marland, Tom Boden, and Bob Andres, University of North Dakota, via net publication. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Kiren Dev Pandey, David Wheeler, Bart Ostro, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk Hamilton, and Katherine Bolt. ""Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of World Cities: New Estimates Based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS),"" World Bank, Development Research Group and Environment Department (2006).; World Resources Institute. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001. via ciesin.org; Wild Areas Project (WAP), joint Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and CIESIN project to map the last wild places on the earth's surface. Accessed via ciesin.org; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods in Arundhati Kunte and others' ""Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results"" (1998).; World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000. Available on-line through the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) at Washington, DC: World Resources Institute; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.; Kiran D. Pandey and others' ""The Human Costs of Air Pollution: New Estimates for Developing Countries"" (2006).; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. GDP figures sourced from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; World Bank staff estimates based on Samuel Fankhauser's ""Valuing Climate Change: The Economics of the Greenhouse"" (1995).; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Wikipedia: List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (List of parties) (Parties & Observers , UNFCCC, 1 June 2011); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environmental Monitoring System/Water Quality Monitoring System, with data for an additional 29 countries from Prescott-Allen, R. The Well being of Nations, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001; United Nations Statistics Division Original html; World Bank staff estimates.; World Bank national accounts data files.

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