Health Stats: compare key data on Germany & Greece

Compare vs for

Definitions

Birth rate > Crude > Per 1,000 people: Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the population growth rate in the absence of migration.
Births and maternity > Average age of mother at childbirth: Average age of mother at first childbirth.
Births and maternity > Future births: Mid-range estimate for country's population increase due to births from five years prior to the given year. For example, from 2095 to 2100, India's population is expected to rise by 16,181 people due to births. Estimates are from the UN Population Division.
Births and maternity > Total fertility rate: Total fertility rate.
Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people: Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included.
Human height > Average female height: Average female height.
Human height > Average male height: Average male height.
Life expectancy at birth > Total population: The average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.
Life expectancy at birth, female > Years: Life expectancy at birth, female (years). Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Life expectancy at birth, total > Years: Life expectancy at birth, total (years). Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Obesity: Percentage of total population who have a BMI (body mass index) greater than 30 Kg/sq.meters (Data for Australia, Austria and Portugal is from 2002. All other data is from 2003). Obesity rates are defined as the percentage of the population with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30. The BMI is a single number that evaluates an individual's weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in metres). For Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, figures are based on health examinations, rather than self-reported information. Obesity estimates derived from health examinations are generally higher and more reliable than those coming from self-reports, because they preclude any misreporting of people's height and weight. However, health examinations are only conducted regularly in a few countries (OECD).
Physicians > Per 1,000 people: Physicians are defined as graduates of any facility or school of medicine who are working in the country in any medical field (practice, teaching, research).
Probability of not reaching 60: Probability at birth of not reaching the age of 40.
Quality of health care system > Cost: Cost to you. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "Cost to you". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Quality of health care system > Health care system index: Health Care Index is an estimation of the overall quality of the health care system, health care professionals, equipment, staff, doctors, cost, etc.
Life expectancy > Men: Life expectancy for men.
Life expectancy at birth, male > Years: Life expectancy at birth, male (years). Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Probability of reaching 65 > Male: Probability at birth of reaching the age of 65.
Diseases > Cancer > Cancer death rate (per 100,000 population): The number of people that will die from cancer out of 100,000 people the same age. The number is not an accurate telling of the country's cancer rate, but rather how fatal cancer is in each country.
Infant mortality rate > Total: This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.
Life expectancy > Years of potential life lost from premature death > Females: Female YPLL. Years lost to premature death.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Deaths > Percent deaths registered: Civil registration coverage of deaths (%).
Fertility rate > Total > Births per woman: Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates.
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS > Per capita: An estimate of all people (adults and children) alive at yearend with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
Life expectancy > Years of potential life lost from premature death > Males: Male YPLL.
No date was available from the Wikipedia article, so we used the date of retrieval.
Heart disease deaths: Heart disease deaths per 100000 population (1995-1998)
Abortions: Legal abortions
Births and maternity > Infant mortality rate: How many infants, out of 1000, who will die before attaining one year of age.
Life expectancy > Women: Life expectancy for women.
Human height > Stature ratio (male to female ratio): Ratio of average height of males to average height of females.
Quality of health care system > Skill and competence of medical staff: Skill and competency of medical staff. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How satisfied are you with the skill and competency of the local medical staff?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
HIV AIDS > Adult prevalence rate: An estimate of the percentage of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV/AIDS. The adult prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the estimated number of adults living with HIV/AIDS at yearend by the total adult population at yearend.
Mental health > Mental health index: The first data set used here is from large-scale epidemiological surveys implemented as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative (WMHSI). These surveys were conducted between 2002 and 2005 in 10 OECD countries. They use a common diagnostic instrument to measure the occurrence of various types of disorders, their nature and intensity, and the treatment provided. Disorders considered include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, disorders linked to impulse control and disorders due to use of alcohol and drugs. All disorders are classified as serious, moderate, or mild.
The second set of data is from the European Quality of Life Survey conducted in 2007 by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. These data are based on the following question: Please indicate for each for the five statements which is closest to how you have been feeling over the last two weeks - I have felt cheerful and in good spirits; I have felt calm and relaxed; I have felt active and vigorous; I woke up feeling fresh and rested; my day has been filled with things that interest me (all of the time, most of the time, more than half of the time, less than half of the time, some of the time, never). The total score on all statements is multiplied by 4 to get a score that has a maximum value of 100.
Quality of health care system > Short waiting times: Responsiveness (waitings) in medical institutions. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How satisfied are you with the responsiveness (waitings) in medical institutions?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Health services > Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people: Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general, and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centers. In most cases beds for both acute and chronic care are included."
Diseases > Overweight > Average Body Mass Index (BMI): Countries compared by average BMI (combining male and female population), according to data gathered by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The BMI (Body Mass Index) measures how appropiate is the weight of an individual compared to their height. The calculation is made measuring your weight in kilograms and dividing it twice by your height measured in metres. A high BMI (25 or more) is usually associated with a risk of suffering diverse health problems.
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS: An estimate of all people (adults and children) alive at yearend with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS.
Adolescent fertility rate > Births per 1,000 women ages 15-19: Adolescent fertility rate is the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19.
Probability of reaching 65 > Female: Probability at birth of reaching the age of 65.
Abortions per 1000: Legal abortions. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Quality of health care system > Modern equipment: Equipment for modern diagnosis and treatment. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "Does hospitals have equipment for modern diagnosis and treatment?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Deaths > Deaths of infants: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age.
Expenditure per capita > Current US$: Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Health expenditure per capita > Current US$: Health expenditure per capita (current US$). Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Births and maternity > Teenage birth rate: Percentage of females aged 15-19 who give birth, out of all females the same age in the country.
Teenage pregnancy: Number of births to women aged below twenty. Data for 1998.
Quality of health care system > Accuracy and completeness in filling out reports: Accuracy and completeness in filling out reports. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "How satisfied you with the accuracy and completeness in filling out reports?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Births > Low birth weight: Percentage of live births classified by the OECD as of low birth weight. Data generally for 2000; in some cases, data is for 1999, 1998, or, in the sole case of Belgium, 1997. Refer to the source for details.
Diseases > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people: Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people). Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Incidence includes patients with HIV.
Births and maternity > Crude birth rate: Country's crude birth rate. The crude birth rate is the number of live births for every 1,000 people.
Births and maternity > Maternal death rate: Number of mothers who died giving birth, out of 100,000 births.
Maternal mortality: Maternal mortality reported per 100,000 births 1985-1999. The maternal mortality data are those reported by national authorities. UNICEF and the World Health Organization periodically evaluate these data and make adjustments to account for the well-documented problems of under-reporting and misclassification of maternal deaths and to develop estimates for countries with no data (for details on the most recent estimates see Hill, AbouZahr and Wardlaw 2001). Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
Health services > Physicians > Per 1,000 people: Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.
Death rates > Children under 5: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates."
Death rates > Women: Adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60--that is, the probability of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age 60, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates between those ages."
Quality of health care system > Speed in delivering examinations and reports: Speed in completing examination and reports. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "Speed in completing examination and reports?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Death rates > Men: Adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60--that is, the probability of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age 60, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates between those ages."
Diseases > HIV AIDS > AIDS deaths: AIDS deaths.
Births and maternity > Abortion > Legal abortions total: Legally induced abortions by urban/rural residence of woman.
Quality of health care system > Friendliness and courtesy of staff: Friendliness and courtesy of the staff. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "Friendliness and courtesy of the staff?". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Nutrition > Depth of hunger > Kilocalories per person per day: Depth of hunger or the intensity of food deprivation, indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs in terms of dietary energy. The food deficit, in kilocalories per person per day, is measured by comparing the average amount of dietary energy that undernourished people get from the foods they eat with the minimum amount of dietary energy they need to maintain body weight and undertake light activity. The depth of hunger is low when it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per day, and high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per person per day."
Tobacco > Total adult smokers: Total adults smoking
Births and maternity > Number of births: Total number of live births. A live birth refers to a birth after which the baby shows signs of life, however, if the baby dies after showing signs of life, it is still considered a live birth.
Daily smokers: Data on tobacco consumption - this is a percentage of the total population who smoke at least one cigarette a day.(Data for Portugal and Austria is from 2002. All other data is from 2003).
Life expectancy at birth > Total > Years: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Life expectancy > Male: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people: Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people). Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses.
Quality of health care system > Convenient location: Convenience of location for you. Based on 0-50 contributions for Albania, Argentina, Austria and 69 more countries and 50-100 contributions for Australia, Brazil, Germany and 7 more countries and over 100 contributions for Canada, India, United Kingdom and 1 more country. The surveys were conducted by numbeo.com from October, 2010 to February, 2014. See this sample survey for the United States, respondents were asked "Convenience of location for you". The higher the value, the more survey respondents believe it is high in their country.
Health care system > Population covered by public health insurance: Percentage of population covered by governmental / social health insurance.
Infant mortality > Infant mortality: The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under one year of age expressed per 1 000 live births. Neonatal mortality refers to the death of children under 28 days.
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS per 1000: An estimate of all people (adults and children) alive at yearend with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Death rates > Infants: Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year."
Life expectancy at birth > Female: The average number of years to be lived by a females in this nation born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.
Health care system > Total public and private health insurance coverage: Percentage of population covered either by private or by governmental / social health insurance.
Tobacco > Cigarrete imports: Millions of cigarettes imported in 2000.
Life expectancy > Female: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Weeks of leave given: Maternity leave benefits.
Per capita total expenditure on health in international dollars: Per capita total expenditure on health in international dollars, 2002
Births and maternity > Abortion > Legal abortions total per thousand people: Legally induced abortions by urban/rural residence of woman. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
Spending > Per person: Spending per capita (PPP) in $US 1998.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > AIDS deaths per million people: AIDS deaths. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Births and maternity > Twin births per million people: Number of births, in which two children were born. A mother giving birth to twins is counted as one birth. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Respiratory disease deaths: Diseases of the respiratory system deaths per 100,000 population (1995-1998)
Obesity > Obese population aged 15 or more > Females: The most frequently used measure of overweight and obesity is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters). Based on the WHO current classification, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI over 30 as obese.
Obesity > Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more: The most frequently used measure of overweight and obesity is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters). Based on the WHO current classification, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI over 30 as obese.
Digestive disease deaths: Diseases of the digestive system deaths per 100,000 population (1995-1998)
Diseases > Measles > Children immunised against measles: Percentage of children under 1 year old immunized against measles.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Prevalance > 15-49 year old > Both sexes: People living with HIV, 15-49 years old, percentage.
Life expectancy at birth > Male: The average number of years to be lived by amen in this nation born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.
Suicide rate > Gender ratio: Suicide rates per 100,000 people
Life expectancy at birth > Female > Years: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Life expectancy > Life expectancy at birth > Total: Life expectancy measures how long on average people would live based on a given set of age-specific death rates. However, the actual age-specific death rates of any particular birth cohort cannot be known in advance. If age-specific death rates are falling (as has been the case over the past decades in OECD countries), actual life spans will be higher than life expectancy calculated with current death rates.
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population: Healthy life expectancy at birth (years) 2002 - Total population
Life expectancy > 95 percent range: 95% range.
Diseases > Cardiovascular death rate (per 100,000 population): The number of people that will die from cardiovascular diseases out of 100,000 people the same age. The number is not an accurate telling of the country's cardiovascular disease rate, but rather how fatal cardiovascular diseases are in each country.
Teenage pregnancy per million: Number of births to women aged below twenty. Data for 1998. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Diseases > Obesity > Female obesity rate: Percentage of females older than 14 who are obese, meaning their Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 30.
Health services > Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people: Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary midwives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses."
Births and maternity > All births of boys: Live births by sex and urban/rural residence.
Health spending per capita: Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Data are in current U.S. dollars."
Diseases > Overweight > Female Body Mass Index (BMI): Countries compared by average female BMI, according to data gathered by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The BMI (Body Mass Index) measures how appropiate is the weight of an individual compared to their height. The calculation is made measuring your weight in kilograms and dividing it twice by your height measured in metres. A high BMI (25 or more) is usually associated with a risk of suffering diverse health problems.
Suicide rate > Young males: Suicide death rates (per 100,000 of population) among 15 to 24 year-olds, various countries, latest available data, 1991 to 1993
Life expectancy at birth > Male > Years: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Tuberculosis cases > Per 100,000: Tuberculosis cases (per 100,000 people)
Deaths > Deaths from injuries (per 100,000 population): The number of people that die from injuries out of 100,000 people the same age. The number is not an accurate telling of the country's injury rate, but rather how fatal injuries are in each country.
Survival rate > To age 65 > Men: Survival to age 65 refers to the percentage of a cohort of newborn infants that would survive to age 65, if subject to current age specific mortality rates."
Drug access: Population with access to essential drugs 2000. The data on access to essential drugs are based on statistical estimates received from World Health Organization (WHO) country and regional offices and regional advisers and through the World Drug Situation Survey carried out in 1998-99. These estimates represent the best information available to the WHO Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy to date and are currently being validated by WHO member states. The department assigns the estimates to four groupings: very low access (0-49%), low access (50-79%), medium access (80-94%) and good access (95-100%). These groupings, used here in presenting the data, are often employed by the WHO in interpreting the data, as the actual estimates may suggest a higher level of accuracy than the data afford. b.
Infant mortality > Female babies: Infant mortality rate for females under 1 year.
Deaths > Noncommunicable disease mortality rate: The number of people that die from noncommunicable diseases out of 100,000 people the same age. The number is not an accurate telling of the country's noncommunicable disease rate, but rather how fatal noncommunicable diseases are in each country.
Life expectancy > Healthy years: Estimated number of years of life while healthy, as defined by the OECD. Estimates for 2001. See source for details.
Suicide rate > Young females: Suicide death rates (per 100,000 of population) among 15 to 24 year-olds, various countries, latest available data, 1991 to 1993
Births and maternity > Twin births: Number of births, in which two children were born. A mother giving birth to twins is counted as one birth.
Deaths > Deaths of infants per million people: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Survival rate > To age 65 > Women: Survival to age 65 refers to the percentage of a cohort of newborn infants that would survive to age 65, if subject to current age specific mortality rates."
Health services > Health expenditure per capita > PPP > Constant 2005 international $: Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Data are in international dollars converted using 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP) rates."
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population: Life expectancy at birth (years) 2003 - Total population
Diseases > Overweight > Male Body Mass Index (BMI): Countries compared by average male BMI, according to data gathered by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The BMI (Body Mass Index) measures how appropiate is the weight of an individual compared to their height. The calculation is made measuring your weight in kilograms and dividing it twice by your height measured in metres. A high BMI (25 or more) is usually associated with a risk of suffering diverse health problems.
Obesity > Overweight population aged 15 or more: The most frequently used measure of overweight and obesity is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters). Based on the WHO current classification, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI over 30 as obese.
Tobacco > Total adult smokers per million: Total adults smoking. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Births and maternity > Number of births per thousand people: Total number of live births. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
Intestinal diseases death rate: Death rate from intestinal infectious diseases
Units: Deaths/100,000 Population
Units: The final number is based on an aggregation of deaths recorded for WHO code B01 for all age groups by sex. These were then combined with UN Population Division population data for the country in that particular year. The death rates were standardized utilizing the age structure for the population of Canada. See page 22 of the2001 ESI report for more details on the methodology.
Health care funding > Total per capita: Public and private funding of health care expenditure, in US $ PPP per capita. Data for 2000.
Percentage of life lived in ill health > Female: Estimated percentage of total years of expected lifespan to be lived in ill health. Estimated for females at birth. Data for 2001. See source for further details.
Health services > Outpatient visits per capita: Outpatient visits per capita are the number of visits to health care facilities per capita, including repeat visits."
Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases.
Obesity > Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more > Males: The most frequently used measure of overweight and obesity is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters). Based on the WHO current classification, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI over 30 as obese.
Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (men): Percentage of males aged over 15 years who are obese. The World Health Organization defines obesity as a body mass index over 30. The average BMI is 18.5 to 24.9.
Life expectancy > Inequality adjusted index: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index.
Deaths > Deaths of infant boys: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age.
Child maltreatment deaths: Child maltreatment deaths per 100000 population under 15 (1990s).
Obesity > Overweight population aged 15 or more > Males: The most frequently used measure of overweight and obesity is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual’s weight status in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in meters). Based on the WHO current classification, adults with a BMI between 25 and 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI over 30 as obese.
Deaths > Deaths of infant boys per million people: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Teen birth rate: Average number of births for every 1,000 girls aged 15 to 19
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Both sexes: Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years per 1000 population).
Dependency ratio per 100: Dependency ratio (per 100), 2003
Medical staff > Dental staff (per 10,000 people): Dentistry personnel density (per 10 000 population).
Smoking rate > Women: Prevalence of smoking, female is the percentage of women ages 15 and over who smoke any form of tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and excluding smokeless tobacco. Data include daily and non-daily smoking."
Diseases > Tuberculosis cases: Number of reported tuberbculosis cases.
Infant mortality rate > Female: This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.
Health care funding > Private per capita: Private funding of health care expenditure, in US $ PPP per capita. Data for 2000.
Births and maternity > Triplet births per million people: Number of births, in which three children were born. A mother giving birth to triplets is counted as one birth. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Red Cross donations: Amounts of the contributions to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Council of Europe member states and states with an observer status in the PACE in the period from 1996 to 2000 (in Swiss Francs)
Tobacco > Cigarrete imports per 1000: Millions of cigarettes imported in 2000. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
Health care funding > Public per capita: Public funding of health care expenditure, in US $ PPP per capita. Data for 2000.
Tobacco > Male smoking rate: Male [%].
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Aged over 15: Population with HIV/AIDS (estimate).
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Rape or incest: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Proportion of wages paid: Percentage of usual wages the country mandates employers to pay women on maternity leave. For instance, Italy requires employers to pay a woman 80% of her normal wages while off work after giving birth.
Life expectancy > Male healthy years: Number of years of life while 'healthy', as defined by the OECD. Estimates for 2001. See the source for details.
Deaths > Deaths of infant girls: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age.
Births and maternity > Single births: Number of births, in which one child was born.
Diseases > Measles cases: Number of reported measles cases.
Years lived in ill health > Male: Average number of years that males will live in ill health; estimated at birth. Data for 2001. See source for details.
Years lived in ill health > Female: Average number of years that females will live in ill health; estimated at birth. Data for 2001. See source for details.
Transplants > Total: The total of our statistics for kidney, liver, pancreas, kidney-pancreas, heart, lung, heart-lung and intestine transplants. Note that, in some cases, the figures for each individual organ type were taken in different years (either 2000, 2001, or 2002). Thus these totals are suggestive but not conclusive.
Tobacco > Female smoking rate: Female [%].
Reproductive health > Maternal mortality ratio > Modeled estimate > Per 100,000 live births: Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on fertility, birth attendants, and HIV prevalence."
Red Cross donations per capita: Amounts of the contributions to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Council of Europe member states and states with an observer status in the PACE in the period from 1996 to 2000 (in Swiss Francs). Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Females: Healthy life expectancy at birth (years) 2002 - Females
Percentage of life lived in ill health > Males: Estimated percentage of total years of expected lifespan to be lived in ill health. Estimated for males at birth. Data for 2001. See source for further details.
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Males: Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years per 1000 population).
Diseases > Tuberculosis cases per million people: Number of reported tuberbculosis cases. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (women): Percentage of females aged over 15 years who are obese. The World Health Organization defines obesity as a body mass index over 30. The average BMI is 18.5 to 24.9.
Diseases > Obesity > Male obesity rate: Percentage of males older than 14 who are obese, meaning their Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 30.
Transplants > Kidney: The number of kidney transplants in the nation in 2002. (If the surveyed year is different, it is given in brackets).
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Males: Healthy life expectancy at birth (years) 2002 - Males
Reproductive health > Lifetime risk of maternal death > 1 in > Rate varies by country: Life time risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a maternal cause assuming that current levels of fertility and mortality (including maternal mortality) do not change in the future, taking into account competing causes of death. "
HIV AIDS > Women living with aids 15-49: People living with HIV/AIDS, women (age 15-49)
Births and maternity > Future births per million people: Mid-range estimate for country's population increase due to births from five years prior to the given year. For example, from 2095 to 2100, India's population is expected to rise by 16,181 people due to births. Estimates are from the UN Population Division. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Daily smokers > 1990: Data on tobacco consumption - this is a percentage of the total population who smoked at least one cigarette a day in 1990.
Spending > Public: World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002. CD-ROM. Washington, DC.
Disease prevention > Tuberculosis case detection rate > All forms: Tuberculosis case detection rate (all forms) is the percentage of newly notified tuberculosis cases (including relapses) to estimated incident cases (case detection, all forms)."
Life expectancy > Female healthy years: Number of years of life while 'healthy', as defined by the OECD. Estimates for 2001. See source for details.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Provider: The method/s in which women receive an income during their maternity leave. Some countries put the responsibility solely on the employer, while others either include maternity leaves into their social welfare programs or use a combination of the two. Some countries do not have laws regarding maternity leave such as the United States and Papua New Guinea.
Total fertility rate: Total fertility rate, 2003
Infant mortality > Male babies: Infant mortality rate for males under 1 year.
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To preserve mental health: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Teen abortion rate > 1996: Number of teen abortions per 100,000 women in the age group 15-19 years.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Females: Life expectancy at birth (years) 2003 - Females
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Females: Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years per 1000 population).
Transplants > Total per million: The total of our statistics for kidney, liver, pancreas, kidney-pancreas, heart, lung, heart-lung and intestine transplants. Note that, in some cases, the figures for each individual organ type were taken in different years (either 2000, 2001, or 2002). Thus these totals are suggestive but not conclusive. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Respiratory disease child death rate: Child death rate from respiratory diseases
Units: Deaths/100,000 Population Aged 0-14
Units: The final number is based on an aggregation of deaths recorded for WHO codes B31 and B320, and B321, by sex and by age. These were then combined with UN Population Division population data broken down by age group to produce rates. See page 22 of the 2001 ESI report for more details on the methodology.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Women > Aged above 14: Population with HIV/AIDS (estimate).
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > On request: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Economic or social reasons: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Probability of dying before 5 > Females: Probability of females dying before reaching the age of 5. (2003)
Per capita government expenditure on health in international dollars: Per capita government expenditure on health in international dollars, 2002
Transplants > Kidney per million: The number of kidney transplants in the nation in 2002. (If the surveyed year is different, it is given in brackets). Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
Spending > Private: Private expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP 1998.
Stomach cancer deaths: Stomach cancer deaths per 100,000 population (1995-1998)
Teen pregnancy rate > 1996: Total number of teenage pregnancies per 100,000 women in the age group 15-19 years. Figures are sum of birth rate and abortion rate
Public health spending > % of government spending: Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organisations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds."
Infant mortality rate > Male: This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.
Nutrition > Low-birthweight babies > % of births: Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing less than 2,500 grams, with the measurement taken within the first hours of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred."
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Foetal impairment: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Males: Life expectancy at birth (years) 2003 - Males
Births and maternity > Quadruplet and quintuplet births: Number of births, in which four or five children were born. A mother giving birth to quadruplets or quintuplets is counted as one birth.
Births and maternity > All births of girls: Live births by sex and urban/rural residence.
Births and maternity > All births of girls per thousand people: Live births by sex and urban/rural residence. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
Dead organ donors: Amount of people from whose bodies organs are extracted after their death to be used as organ donations per year per million residents.
Diseases > Diabetes > Prevalence > % of population ages 20 to 79: Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79). Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people ages 20-79 who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To save the woman's life: Abortion laws by grounds on which abortion is permitted.
Nutrition > Prevalence of undernourishment > % of population: Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (also referred to as prevalence of undernourishment) shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. Data showing as 2.5 signifies a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Urban > % of urban population with access: Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained."
Disease prevention > Improved water source > % of population with access: Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling."
Disease prevention > Improved water source > Urban > % of urban population with access: Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling."
Expenditure > Private > % of GDP: Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations.
HIVAIDS > Adult prevalence rate 15-49 years,: Health - HIV/AIDS - Adult prevalence rate (15-49 years), end-2001
Health expenditure, public > % of GDP: Health expenditure, public (% of GDP). Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds.
Immunization > DPT > % of children ages 12-23 months: Child immunization measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine.
Disease prevention > Immunisation against tetanus > % of children ages 12-23 months: Child immunisation measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against diphtheria, pertussis (or whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT) after receiving three doses of vaccine."
Disease prevention > Immunisation > Measles > % of children ages 12-23 months: Child immunisation measures the percentage of children ages 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine.
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Rural > % of rural population with access: Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained."
Risk factors > Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV: Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people who are infected with HIV. Female rate is as a percentage of the total population with HIV.
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Female > % ages 15-24: Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.
Risk factors > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases."
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Total > % of population ages 15-49: Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.
Public health spending > % of GDP: Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organisations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds."
Public spending as % of total: Public expenditure on health as a % of total expenditure on health (Data for year 2002).
Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of private health expenditure: Out-of-pocket expenditure on health as % of private expenditure on health, 2002
Smoking prevalence > Females > % of adults: Prevalence of smoking, female is the percentage of women who smoke cigarettes. The age range varies among countries but in most is 18 and older or 15 and older.
Expenditure > Total > % of GDP: Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of private expenditure on health: Out of pocket expenditure is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure.
Births and maternity > Quadruplet and quintuplet births per million people: Number of births, in which four or five children were born. A mother giving birth to quadruplets or quintuplets is counted as one birth. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Diseases > Measles cases per million people: Number of reported measles cases. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of total expenditure on health: Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of total expenditure on health). Out of pocket expenditure is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure.
Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV: Female adults with HIV refers to the percentage of women of those ages 15-49 infected with HIV.
Health expenditure, private > % of GDP: Health expenditure, private (% of GDP). Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations.
Health expenditure, public > % of government expenditure: Health expenditure, public (% of government expenditure). Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds.
Mortality > Completeness of infant death reporting > % of reported infant deaths to estimated infant deaths: Completeness of infant death reporting is the number of infant deaths reported by national statistics authorities to the United Nations Statistics Division's Demography Yearbook divided by the number of infant deaths estimated by the United Nations Population Division.
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Male > % ages 15-24: Prevalence of HIV is the percentage of people who are infected with HIV. Youth rates are as a percentage of the relevant age group.
Health services > Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of private expenditure on health: Out of pocket expenditure is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure."
Health spending > % of GDP: Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation."
Prepaid plans as % of private expenditure on health: Prepaid plans as % of private expenditure on health, 2002
Mortality > Completeness of total death reporting > % of reported total deaths to estimated total deaths: Completeness of total death reporting is the number of total deaths reported by national statistics authorities to the United Nations Statistics Division's Demography Yearbook divided by the number of total deaths estimated by the United Nations Population Division.
Public health spending > % of total health spending: Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organisations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation."
Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health: Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health, 2002
% immunized 1-year-old children > DPT3: Health - % immunized 2002 1-year-old children - DPT3
Total expenditure as % of GDP: Total expenditure on health in the country given as a percentage of its GDP (Data for 2001).
Bird Flu > H5N1 > Recent animal cases: Recent outbreaks of avain influenza (H5N1) in birds. NOTE: this report only covers the period of 23 Jan. 2006 to 23 Feb. 2006.
Deaths > Deaths of infant girls per million people: An infant death is the death from any cause of a live-born child under one year of age. Figures expressed per million people for the same year.
Health expenditure, total > % of GDP: Health expenditure, total (% of GDP). Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.
Private health spending > % of GDP: Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable donations, and direct service payments by private corporations."
Smoking prevalence > Males > % of adults: Prevalence of smoking, male is the percentage of men who smoke cigarettes. The age range varies among countries but in most is 18 and older or 15 and older.
Diseases > Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women > %: Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%). Prevalence of anemia, pregnant women, is the percentage of pregnant women whose hemoglobin level is less than 110 grams per liter at sea level.
Prevalence of undernourishment > % of population: Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (also referred to as prevalence of undernourishment) shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. Data showing as 2.5 signifies a prevalence of undernourishment below 2.5%.
Cause of death, by injury > % of total: Cause of death, by injury (% of total). Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Injuries include unintentional and intentional injuries.
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP: Total expenditure on health as % of GDP, 2002
% immunized 1-year-old children > Measles: Health - % immunized 2002 1-year-old children - Measles
% immunized 1-year-old children > Polio3: Health - % immunized 2002 1-year-old children - Polio3
Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions > % of total: Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total). Cause of death refers to the share of all deaths for all ages by underlying causes. Communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting.
Percent of pregnancies aborted > 1996: Percentage of teen pregnancies aborted in 1996.
Teen mother birth rate > 1996: Number of teenage birth per 100,000 women in the age group 15-19 years.
Health services > External resources for health > % of total expenditure on health: External resources for health are funds or services in kind that are provided by entities not part of the country in question. The resources may come from international organisations, other countries through bilateral arrangements, or foreign nongovernmental organisations. These resources are part of total health expenditure."
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > % of population with access: Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained."
% immunized 1-year-old children > HepB3: Health - % immunized 2002 1-year-old children - HepB3
Health expenditure, public > % of total health expenditure: Health expenditure, public (% of total health expenditure). Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.
Diseases > Overweight > Ratio of male to female BMI: Compares the ratio of male to female BMI by countries, according to data gathered by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The BMI (Body Mass Index) measures how appropiate is the weight of an individual compared to their height. The calculation is made measuring your weight in kilograms and dividing it twice by your height measured in metres. A high BMI (25 or more) is usually associated with a risk of suffering diverse health problems.
Expenditure > Public > % of GDP: Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds.
Child injury death index: Child injury death" index is defined as the annual number of deaths from injuries (unintentional and intentional) among 1 to 14 year old children per 10,000 children of those ages.
Births and maternity > Percent of births registered: Civil registration coverage of births (%).

SHOW ALL

LESS

SHARE TWEET EMBED

STAT	Germany	Greece
Birth rate > Crude > Per 1,000 people	8.4 per 1,000 people Ranked 179th.	9.4 per 1,000 people Ranked 170th. 12% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Average age of mother at childbirth	30.3 Ranked 16th. About the same as Greece	30.2 Ranked 3rd.
Births and maternity > Future births	492.7 Ranked 51st. 6 times more than Greece	88.77 Ranked 104th.
Births and maternity > Total fertility rate	1.76% Ranked 191st.	1.86% Ranked 106th. 5% more than Germany
Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people	8.9 per 1,000 people Ranked 2nd. 89% more than Greece	4.7 per 1,000 people Ranked 35th.
Human height > Average female height	1.650 m (5 ft 5 in)	N/A
Human height > Average male height	1.780 m (5 ft 10 in)	1.7806 m (5 ft 10 in)
Life expectancy at birth > Total population	80.07 years Ranked 26th. About the same as Greece	79.92 years Ranked 29th.
Life expectancy at birth, female > Years	83.2 Ranked 23th. About the same as Greece	83.1 Ranked 25th.
Life expectancy at birth, total > Years	80.74 Ranked 24th.	80.74 Ranked 23th. The same as Germany
Obesity	12.9% Ranked 14th.	21.9% Ranked 5th. 70% more than Germany
Physicians > Per 1,000 people	3.4 per 1,000 people Ranked 15th.	4.4 per 1,000 people Ranked 2nd. 29% more than Germany
Probability of not reaching 60	10.6% Ranked 31st. 13% more than Greece	9.4% Ranked 39th.
Quality of health care system > Cost	67.5 Ranked 22nd. 19% more than Greece	56.82 Ranked 34th.
Quality of health care system > Health care system index	75.64 Ranked 10th. 27% more than Greece	59.61 Ranked 33th.
Life expectancy > Men	78 years Ranked 16th. The same as Greece	78 years Ranked 20th.
Life expectancy at birth, male > Years	78.4 Ranked 21st.	78.5 Ranked 19th. About the same as Germany
Probability of reaching 65 > Male	79.2% Ranked 25th.	81.6% Ranked 12th. 3% more than Germany
Diseases > Cancer > Cancer death rate (per 100,000 population)	135 Ranked 79th. 2% more than Greece	132 Ranked 88th.
Infant mortality rate > Total	3.54 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 202nd.	5 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 177th. 41% more than Germany
Life expectancy > Years of potential life lost from premature death > Females	2,212 Ranked 19th. 10% more than Greece	2,017 Ranked 23th.
Deaths > Percent deaths registered	90-100	90-100
Fertility rate > Total > Births per woman	1.36 births per woman Ranked 157th. 6% more than Greece	1.28 births per woman Ranked 166th.
Infant mortality rate	4.2 Ranked 170th.	5.63 Ranked 153th. 34% more than Germany
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS > Per capita	0.819 per 1,000 people Ranked 5th.	0.831 per 1,000 people Ranked 90th. 1% more than Germany
Life expectancy > Years of potential life lost from premature death > Males	4,044 Ranked 19th.	4,562 Ranked 11th. 13% more than Germany
Heart disease deaths	106.1 per 100,000 people Ranked 14th. 54% more than Greece	68.8 per 100,000 people Ranked 20th.
Abortions	97,936 Ranked 7th. 81 times more than Greece	1,216 Ranked 17th.
Births and maternity > Infant mortality rate	3.4 Ranked 169th.	4.1 Ranked 162nd. 21% more than Germany
Life expectancy > Women	83 years Ranked 15th. The same as Greece	83 years Ranked 20th.
Human height > Stature ratio (male to female ratio)	1.08 Ranked 2nd. 1% more than Greece	1.07 Ranked 5th.
Quality of health care system > Skill and competence of medical staff	78.5 Ranked 7th. 24% more than Greece	63.2 Ranked 32nd.
HIV AIDS > Adult prevalence rate	0.1% Ranked 107th. The same as Greece	0.1% Ranked 121st.
Mental health > Mental health index	67% Ranked 6th. 12% more than Greece	60% Ranked 16th.
Quality of health care system > Short waiting times	64.89 Ranked 8th. 58% more than Greece	41.01 Ranked 36th.
Health services > Hospital beds > Per 1,000 people	8.3 Ranked 6th. 73% more than Greece	4.8 Ranked 38th.
Diseases > Overweight > Average Body Mass Index (BMI)	25.32 Ranked 47th.	26.13 Ranked 25th. 3% more than Germany
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS	67,000 Ranked 50th. 8 times more than Greece	8,800 Ranked 100th.
Adolescent fertility rate > Births per 1,000 women ages 15-19	9.76 births Ranked 157th. 12% more than Greece	8.74 births Ranked 161st.
Probability of reaching 65 > Female	89.3% Ranked 17th.	91.4% Ranked 3rd. 2% more than Germany
Abortions per 1000	1.19 Ranked 16th. 11 times more than Greece	0.11 Ranked 18th.
Quality of health care system > Modern equipment	100 Ranked 3rd. 33% more than Greece	75.34 Ranked 35th.
Deaths > Deaths of infants	2,300 Ranked 3rd. 6 times more than Greece	357 Ranked 33th.
Expenditure per capita > Current US$	3,521.4$ Ranked 10th. 87% more than Greece	1,879.3$ Ranked 25th.
Health expenditure per capita > Current US$	$4,874.99 Ranked 14th. 70% more than Greece	$2,864.20 Ranked 25th.
Births and maternity > Teenage birth rate	8.2 Ranked 13th.	9.9 Ranked 11th. 21% more than Germany
Teenage pregnancy	29,000 births Ranked 3rd. 7 times more than Greece	4,183 births Ranked 14th.
Quality of health care system > Accuracy and completeness in filling out reports	77.6 Ranked 6th. 25% more than Greece	62.01 Ranked 30th.
Births > Low birth weight	6.5% Ranked 10th.	8.1% Ranked 4th. 25% more than Germany
Diseases > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people	5.6 Ranked 186th. 24% more than Greece	4.5 Ranked 192nd.
Births and maternity > Crude birth rate	8.3 Ranked 53th.	10.1 Ranked 43th. 22% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Maternal death rate	7 per 100,000 live births Ranked 158th. 2 times more than Greece	3 per 100,000 live births Ranked 177th.
Maternal mortality	8 per 100,000 Ranked 117th. 8 times more than Greece	1 per 100,000 Ranked 136th.
Health services > Physicians > Per 1,000 people	3.48 Ranked 17th.	5.35 Ranked 1st. 54% more than Germany
Death rates > Children under 5	4.2 Ranked 161st. 24% more than Greece	3.4 Ranked 173th.
Death rates > Women	55.65 Ranked 159th. 46% more than Greece	38.23 Ranked 143th.
Quality of health care system > Speed in delivering examinations and reports	72.45 Ranked 11th. 34% more than Greece	54.21 Ranked 31st.
Death rates > Men	106.92 Ranked 152nd. 15% more than Greece	93.37 Ranked 137th.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > AIDS deaths	500 Ranked 60th. 3 times more than Greece	200 Ranked 87th.
Births and maternity > Abortion > Legal abortions total	108,867 Ranked 6th. 7 times more than Greece	16,495 Ranked 28th.
Quality of health care system > Friendliness and courtesy of staff	70.65 Ranked 19th. 24% more than Greece	57.1 Ranked 32nd.
Nutrition > Depth of hunger > Kilocalories per person per day	110 Ranked 135th. The same as Greece	110 Ranked 139th.
Tobacco > Total adult smokers	35% Ranked 33th.	38% Ranked 19th. 9% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Number of births	677,947 Ranked 12th. 6 times more than Greece	114,766 Ranked 21st.
Daily smokers	24.3% Ranked 21st.	35% Ranked 2nd. 44% more than Germany
Life expectancy at birth > Total > Years	78.93 years Ranked 27th.	78.99 years Ranked 24th. The same as Germany
Life expectancy > Male	77.63 Ranked 20th.	77.69 Ranked 19th. The same as Germany
Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people	11.38 Ranked 10th. 48 times more than Greece	0.235 Ranked 135th.
Quality of health care system > Convenient location	81.63 Ranked 8th. 17% more than Greece	70 Ranked 34th.
Health care system > Population covered by public health insurance	88.9% Ranked 31st.	100% Ranked 5th. 12% more than Germany
Infant mortality > Infant mortality	3.8 Deaths per 1 000 live bir Ranked 17th. 3% more than Greece	3.7 Deaths per 1 000 live bir Ranked 19th.
HIV AIDS > People living with HIV AIDS per 1000	0.818 Ranked 105th. 5% more than Greece	0.78 Ranked 108th.
Death rates > Infants	3.5 Ranked 160th. 25% more than Greece	2.8 Ranked 173th.
Life expectancy at birth > Female	82.44 years Ranked 35th.	82.65 years Ranked 30th. About the same as Germany
Health care system > Total public and private health insurance coverage	99.9% Ranked 23th.	100% Ranked 6th. About the same as Germany
Tobacco > Cigarrete imports	27,000 million of cigarettes Ranked 6th. 2 times more than Greece	11,000 million of cigarettes Ranked 15th.
Life expectancy > Female	82.67 Ranked 19th. About the same as Greece	82.35 Ranked 25th.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Weeks of leave given	60 Ranked 35th.	73 Ranked 19th. 22% more than Germany
Per capita total expenditure on health in international dollars	2,817 Ranked 8th. 55% more than Greece	1,814 Ranked 25th.
Births and maternity > Abortion > Legal abortions total per thousand people	1.33 Ranked 29th.	1.49 Ranked 49th. 12% more than Germany
Spending > Per person	2,697 Ranked 7th. 3 times more than Greece	965 Ranked 24th.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > AIDS deaths per million people	6.11 Ranked 112th.	17.7 Ranked 97th. 3 times more than Germany
Births and maternity > Twin births per million people	275.17 Ranked 21st.	434.78 Ranked 1st. 58% more than Germany
Respiratory disease deaths	29.8 per 100,000 people Ranked 21st. 12% more than Greece	26.6 per 100,000 people Ranked 24th.
Obesity > Obese population aged 15 or more > Females	12.8	18.2
Obesity > Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more	49.6	57.1
Digestive disease deaths	28.9 per 100,000 people Ranked 4th. 2 times more than Greece	12.8 per 100,000 people Ranked 25th.
Diseases > Measles > Children immunised against measles	99% Ranked 5th. The same as Greece	99% Ranked 22nd.
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Prevalance > 15-49 year old > Both sexes	0.2% Ranked 101st. The same as Greece	0.2% Ranked 108th.
Life expectancy at birth > Male	77.82 years Ranked 25th. 1% more than Greece	77.36 years Ranked 30th.
Suicide rate > Gender ratio	2.6 per 100,000 people Ranked 53th.	4.9 per 100,000 people Ranked 14th. 88% more than Germany
Life expectancy at birth > Female > Years	81.8 years Ranked 19th. About the same as Greece	81.5 years Ranked 26th.
Life expectancy > Life expectancy at birth > Total	79.8 Number of years Ranked 13th. About the same as Greece	79.6 Number of years Ranked 16th.
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population	71.8 Ranked 14th. 1% more than Greece	71 Ranked 22nd.
Life expectancy > 95 percent range	(82.60-83.10)	(81.90-82.40)
Diseases > Cardiovascular death rate (per 100,000 population)	199 Ranked 154th.	244 Ranked 137th. 23% more than Germany
Teenage pregnancy per million	353.46 births Ranked 15th.	386.07 births Ranked 13th. 9% more than Germany
Diseases > Obesity > Female obesity rate	12% Ranked 9th.	18% Ranked 6th. 50% more than Germany
Health services > Nurses and midwives > Per 1,000 people	7.99 Ranked 16th. 2 times more than Greece	3.48 Ranked 44th.
Births and maternity > All births of boys	344,000 Ranked 4th. 6 times more than Greece	54,862 Ranked 33th.
Health spending per capita	4,209.18 Ranked 14th. 57% more than Greece	2,679.39 Ranked 26th.
Diseases > Overweight > Female Body Mass Index (BMI)	23.46 Ranked 72nd.	24.57 Ranked 52nd. 5% more than Germany
Suicide rate > Young males	13 per 100,000 people Ranked 27th. 5 times more than Greece	2.7 per 100,000 people Ranked 43th.
Life expectancy at birth > Male > Years	76.2 years Ranked 27th.	76.6 years Ranked 26th. 1% more than Germany
Tuberculosis cases > Per 100,000	5 Ranked 145th.	11 Ranked 127th. 2 times more than Germany
Deaths > Deaths from injuries (per 100,000 population)	28 Ranked 177th.	31 Ranked 170th. 11% more than Germany
Survival rate > To age 65 > Men	85.15 Ranked 22nd.	85.33 Ranked 19th. About the same as Germany
Drug access	95% Ranked 3rd. The same as Greece	95% Ranked 24th.
Infant mortality > Female babies	4.4 deaths per 1000 live births Ranked 178th.	7.7 deaths per 1000 live births Ranked 148th. 75% more than Germany
Deaths > Noncommunicable disease mortality rate	429 Ranked 164th.	436 Ranked 162nd. 2% more than Germany
Life expectancy > Healthy years	70.2 years Ranked 14th.	70.4 years Ranked 12th. About the same as Germany
Suicide rate > Young females	3.3 per 100,000 people Ranked 27th. 6 times more than Greece	0.6 per 100,000 people Ranked 43th.
Births and maternity > Twin births	22,508 Ranked 1st. 5 times more than Greece	4,913 Ranked 7th.
Deaths > Deaths of infants per million people	28.09 Ranked 37th.	31.59 Ranked 50th. 12% more than Germany
Survival rate > To age 65 > Women	92 Ranked 18th.	93.47 Ranked 4th. 2% more than Germany
Health services > Health expenditure per capita > PPP > Constant 2005 international $	$3,587.82 Ranked 11th. 32% more than Greece	$2,727.03 Ranked 24th.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Total population	79 Ranked 15th. The same as Greece	79 Ranked 20th.
Diseases > Overweight > Male Body Mass Index (BMI)	27.17 Ranked 23th.	27.68 Ranked 14th. 2% more than Germany
Obesity > Overweight population aged 15 or more	36	35.2
Tobacco > Total adult smokers per million	0.424% Ranked 101st.	3.42% Ranked 55th. 8 times more than Germany
Births and maternity > Number of births per thousand people	8.29 Ranked 49th.	10.15 Ranked 40th. 22% more than Germany
Intestinal diseases death rate	0.34% Ranked 126th.	0.0 Ranked 141st.
Health care funding > Total per capita	$2,748.00 per capita Ranked 3rd. 96% more than Greece	$1,399.00 per capita Ranked 21st.
Percentage of life lived in ill health > Female	10.9% Ranked 24th.	11% Ranked 22nd. 1% more than Germany
Health services > Outpatient visits per capita	7 Ranked 11th. 3 times more than Greece	2.5 Ranked 39th.
Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people	7.19 per 100,000 people Ranked 179th.	16.53 per 100,000 people Ranked 152nd. 2 times more than Germany
Obesity > Overweight and obese population aged 15 or more > Males	57.9	67.1
Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (men)	21.1% Ranked 2nd. 16% more than Greece	18.2% Ranked 7th.
Life expectancy > Inequality adjusted index	0.915 Ranked 15th. 2% more than Greece	0.899 Ranked 25th.
Deaths > Deaths of infant boys	1,347 Ranked 7th. 7 times more than Greece	197 Ranked 25th.
Child maltreatment deaths	0.6 per 100,000 children Ranked 12th. 3 times more than Greece	0.2 per 100,000 children Ranked 24th.
Obesity > Overweight population aged 15 or more > Males	43.5	41.1
Deaths > Deaths of infant boys per million people	16.47 Ranked 43th.	17.43 Ranked 39th. 6% more than Germany
Teen birth rate	13 Ranked 28th.	22 Ranked 22nd. 69% more than Germany
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Both sexes	55 Ranked 168th. 20% more than Greece	46 Ranked 184th.
Dependency ratio per 100	48 Ranked 138th.	49 Ranked 131st. 2% more than Germany
Medical staff > Dental staff (per 10,000 people)	8	12
Smoking rate > Women	26 Ranked 25th.	39 Ranked 2nd. 50% more than Germany
Diseases > Tuberculosis cases	1,183 Ranked 92nd. 5 times more than Greece	257 Ranked 123th.
Infant mortality rate > Female	3.21 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 200th.	4.48 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 180th. 40% more than Germany
Health care funding > Private per capita	$685.00 per capita Ranked 5th. 10% more than Greece	$622.00 per capita Ranked 8th.
Births and maternity > Triplet births per million people	8.44 Ranked 15th.	22.48 Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Germany
Red Cross donations	13.79 million Ranked 9th. 39 times more than Greece	350,000 Ranked 19th.
Tobacco > Cigarrete imports per 1000	0.328 million of cigarettes Ranked 12th.	1.01 million of cigarettes Ranked 4th. 3 times more than Germany
Health care funding > Public per capita	$2,063.00 per capita Ranked 2nd. 3 times more than Greece	$777.00 per capita Ranked 22nd.
Tobacco > Male smoking rate	37.4 Ranked 53th.	63.6 Ranked 6th. 70% more than Germany
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Aged over 15	49000	9300
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Rape or incest	Legal	Legal
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Proportion of wages paid	100% Ranked 8th. Twice as much as Greece	50% Ranked 163th.
Life expectancy > Male healthy years	68.3 years Ranked 17th.	69 years Ranked 11th. 1% more than Germany
Deaths > Deaths of infant girls	1,061 Ranked 8th. 7 times more than Greece	160 Ranked 25th.
Births and maternity > Single births	639,463 Ranked 2nd. 6 times more than Greece	101,253 Ranked 15th.
Diseases > Measles cases	567 Ranked 26th. 284 times more than Greece	2 Ranked 101st.
Years lived in ill health > Male	6.8 years Ranked 19th. 5% more than Greece	6.5 years Ranked 24th.
Years lived in ill health > Female	8.9 years Ranked 22nd. The same as Greece	8.9 years Ranked 23th.
Life expectancy > Date of information	2006 est.	2006 est.
Transplants > Total	3,179 transplants Ranked 1st. 35 times more than Greece	91 transplants Ranked 31st.
Tobacco > Female smoking rate	25.8 Ranked 30th.	39.8 Ranked 4th. 54% more than Germany
Reproductive health > Maternal mortality ratio > Modeled estimate > Per 100,000 live births	7 Ranked 150th. 4 times more than Greece	2 Ranked 165th.
Red Cross donations per capita	0.168 Ranked 19th. 5 times more than Greece	0.0321 Ranked 24th.
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Females	74 Ranked 11th. 2% more than Greece	72.9 Ranked 19th.
Percentage of life lived in ill health > Males	9.1% Ranked 18th. 6% more than Greece	8.6% Ranked 24th.
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Males	55 Ranked 168th. 20% more than Greece	46 Ranked 184th.
Diseases > Tuberculosis cases per million people	14.38 Ranked 164th.	22.96 Ranked 155th. 60% more than Germany
Diseases > Obesity > Obesity rate (women)	21.1% Ranked 2nd. 16% more than Greece	18.2% Ranked 7th.
Diseases > Obesity > Male obesity rate	14% Ranked 6th.	26% Ranked 3rd. 86% more than Germany
Transplants > Kidney	1,873 kidney transplants Ranked 1st. 21 times more than Greece	91 kidney transplants Ranked 29th.
Healthy life expectancy at birth > Years > Males	69.6 Ranked 16th. 1% more than Greece	69.1 Ranked 21st.
Reproductive health > Lifetime risk of maternal death > 1 in > Rate varies by country	11,100 Ranked 10th.	31,800 Ranked 1st. 3 times more than Germany
HIV AIDS > Women living with aids 15-49	0.1 Ranked 97th.	0.17 Ranked 84th. 70% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Future births per million people	8.55 Ranked 189th.	10.02 Ranked 171st. 17% more than Germany
Daily smokers > 1990	31.2% Ranked 12th.	38.5% Ranked 4th. 23% more than Germany
Spending > Public	7.9% (1999)	4.7%
Disease prevention > Tuberculosis case detection rate > All forms	86.96% Ranked 36th. The same as Greece	86.96% Ranked 59th.
Life expectancy > Female healthy years	72.2 years Ranked 12th. About the same as Greece	71.9 years Ranked 14th.
Births and maternity > Maternity leave > Provider	Statutory health insurance scheme, employer	Social security/State
Total fertility rate	1.4 Ranked 151st. 8% more than Greece	1.3 Ranked 159th.
Infant mortality > Male babies	4.5 deaths per 1000 live births Ranked 185th.	7.7 deaths per 1000 live births Ranked 156th. 71% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To preserve mental health	Legal	Legal
Teen abortion rate > 1996	5.3 Ranked 17th. 4 times more than Greece	1.3 Ranked 21st.
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Females	82 Ranked 12th. 1% more than Greece	81 Ranked 25th.
Deaths > Early death rate (probability of dying beetween 15 and 60 years) > Females	55 Ranked 168th. 20% more than Greece	46 Ranked 184th.
Transplants > Total per million	38.54 transplants Ranked 12th. 5 times more than Greece	8.28 transplants Ranked 27th.
Respiratory disease child death rate	0.51	1.63
Diseases > HIV AIDS > Number living with HIV AIDS > Women > Aged above 14	15000	2000
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > On request	Legal	Legal
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Economic or social reasons	Legal	Legal
Probability of dying before 5 > Females	5 per 1,000 people Ranked 170th.	6 per 1,000 people Ranked 165th. 20% more than Germany
Per capita government expenditure on health in international dollars	2,212 Ranked 7th. 2 times more than Greece	960 Ranked 30th.
Transplants > Kidney per million	22.71 kidney transplants Ranked 16th. 3 times more than Greece	8.28 kidney transplants Ranked 25th.
Spending > Private	2.6% Ranked 50th.	3.6% Ranked 27th. 38% more than Germany
Stomach cancer deaths	9.3 Ranked 9th. 31% more than Greece	7.1 Ranked 16th.
Teen pregnancy rate > 1996	18.3 Ranked 16th. 36% more than Greece	13.5 Ranked 18th.
Public health spending > % of government spending	18.16% Ranked 11th. 38% more than Greece	13.17% Ranked 62nd.
Infant mortality rate > Male	3.84 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 203th.	5.49 deaths/1,000 live births Ranked 176th. 43% more than Germany
Nutrition > Low-birthweight babies > % of births	6.5% Ranked 31st.	8.1% Ranked 25th. 25% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > Foetal impairment	Legal	Legal
Life expectancy at birth > Years > Males	76 Ranked 15th. The same as Greece	76 Ranked 21st.
Births and maternity > Quadruplet and quintuplet births	24 Ranked 3rd. 3 times more than Greece	8 Ranked 8th.
Births and maternity > All births of girls	327,000 Ranked 4th. 6 times more than Greece	51,566 Ranked 33th.
Births and maternity > All births of girls per thousand people	3.99 Ranked 44th.	4.56 Ranked 69th. 14% more than Germany
Dead organ donors	15.3 Ranked 14th. 2 times more than Greece	7.1 Ranked 24th.
Diseases > Diabetes > Prevalence > % of population ages 20 to 79	5.52% Ranked 146th. 6% more than Greece	5.22% Ranked 150th.
Births and maternity > Abortion > When abortion is legal > To save the woman's life	Legal	Legal
Nutrition > Prevalence of undernourishment > % of population	5% Ranked 95th. The same as Greece	5% Ranked 135th.
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Urban > % of urban population with access	100% Ranked 2nd. 1% more than Greece	99% Ranked 47th.
Disease prevention > Improved water source > % of population with access	100% Ranked 3rd. The same as Greece	100% Ranked 23th.
Disease prevention > Improved water source > Urban > % of urban population with access	100% Ranked 3rd. The same as Greece	100% Ranked 28th.
Expenditure > Private > % of GDP	2.45% Ranked 82nd.	3.73% Ranked 30th. 52% more than Germany
HIVAIDS > Adult prevalence rate 15-49 years,	0.1 Ranked 97th.	0.2 Ranked 86th. Twice as much as Germany
Health expenditure, public > % of GDP	8.39% Ranked 9th. 27% more than Greece	6.63% Ranked 31st.
Immunization > DPT > % of children ages 12-23 months	90% Ranked 103th. 2% more than Greece	88% Ranked 116th.
Disease prevention > Immunisation against tetanus > % of children ages 12-23 months	93% Ranked 88th.	99% Ranked 16th. 6% more than Germany
Disease prevention > Immunisation > Measles > % of children ages 12-23 months	96% Ranked 50th.	99% Ranked 15th. 3% more than Germany
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > Rural > % of rural population with access	100% Ranked 1st. 3% more than Greece	97% Ranked 44th.
Risk factors > Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV	28.85% Ranked 81st. 6% more than Greece	27.27% Ranked 107th.
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Female > % ages 15-24	0.1% Ranked 92nd. The same as Greece	0.1% Ranked 110th.
Risk factors > Incidence of tuberculosis > Per 100,000 people	5.12 Ranked 176th.	5.52 Ranked 174th. 8% more than Germany
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Total > % of population ages 15-49	0.1% Ranked 110th.	0.2% Ranked 97th. Twice as much as Germany
Public health spending > % of GDP	8.02% Ranked 9th. 39% more than Greece	5.79% Ranked 39th.
Public spending as % of total	78.5% Ranked 9th. 48% more than Greece	52.9% Ranked 23th.
Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of private health expenditure	48.2% Ranked 169th.	66.9% Ranked 148th. 39% more than Germany
Smoking prevalence > Females > % of adults	28% Ranked 3rd.	29% Ranked 5th. 4% more than Germany
Expenditure > Total > % of GDP	10.6% Ranked 9th. 34% more than Greece	7.9% Ranked 40th.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of private expenditure on health	57.5% Ranked 156th.	95.7% Ranked 56th. 66% more than Germany
Births and maternity > Quadruplet and quintuplet births per million people	0.293 Ranked 13th.	0.708 Ranked 6th. 2 times more than Germany
Diseases > Measles cases per million people	6.89 Ranked 61st. 39 times more than Greece	0.179 Ranked 107th.
Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of total expenditure on health	12.41% Ranked 164th.	36.68% Ranked 76th. 3 times more than Germany
Female adults with HIV > % of population ages 15+ with HIV	30.61% Ranked 67th. 42% more than Greece	21.51% Ranked 102nd.
Health expenditure, private > % of GDP	2.67% Ranked 83th.	4.2% Ranked 30th. 57% more than Germany
Health expenditure, public > % of government expenditure	18.52% Ranked 17th. 40% more than Greece	13.2% Ranked 72nd.
Mortality > Completeness of infant death reporting > % of reported infant deaths to estimated infant deaths	96.02% Ranked 10th. 23% more than Greece	78.3% Ranked 26th.
Risk factors > Prevalence of HIV > Male > % ages 15-24	0.1% Ranked 110th.	0.2% Ranked 99th. Twice as much as Germany
Health services > Out-of-pocket health expenditure > % of private expenditure on health	56.63% Ranked 151st.	94.53% Ranked 43th. 67% more than Germany
Health spending > % of GDP	10.43% Ranked 11th. 9% more than Greece	9.59% Ranked 25th.
Prepaid plans as % of private expenditure on health	39.9% Ranked 13th. 10 times more than Greece	3.9% Ranked 71st.
Mortality > Completeness of total death reporting > % of reported total deaths to estimated total deaths	98.91% Ranked 16th. 4% more than Greece	95.11% Ranked 33th.
Public health spending > % of total health spending	76.88% Ranked 38th. 27% more than Greece	60.35% Ranked 92nd.
Private expenditure on health as % of total expenditure on health	21.5% Ranked 157th.	47.1% Ranked 80th. 2 times more than Germany
% immunized 1-year-old children > DPT3	97 Ranked 41st. 10% more than Greece	88 Ranked 106th.
Total expenditure as % of GDP	10.8% of GDP Ranked 3rd. 15% more than Greece	9.4% of GDP Ranked 5th.
Bird Flu > H5N1 > Recent animal cases	four swans (three Cygnus olor and one Cygnus cygnus) were found dead on 8 February 2006 in Wiek, in the northern part of the island of RÃ¼gen, in the Baltic Sea. On the same day a northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) was found dead in Dranske, also in the northern part of the island of RÃ¼gen. Avian influenza virus H5N1 has been diagnosed in two of the swans (Cygnus olor and Cygnus cygnus) and the goshawk.	On 3 February 2006, people informed the Veterinary Authorities about the presence of a swan found dead in the sea by a fisherman near Asprovalta village. On the same date, the coastguard authority informed the Veterinary Authorities about the presence of a dead swan found in the sea by a fisherman near Thessaloniki city. The Veterinary Authorities collected both swans and sent them immediately to the national reference laboratory (NRL). Since 9 February 2006, the Veterinary Authority of Thessaloniki has been conducting an epizootiological survey throughout the Prefecture. The survey has found no evidence of avian influenza in the area. Strict biocecurity measures have been applied to all poultry farms, establishments with captive birds, pet shops and especially to backyard flocks kept in villages throughout the Prefecture. The Veterinary Directorate of Thessaloniki is fully implementing the measures contained in European Commission Decision 2006/86/EC. These two new cases are located within the surveillance zone established following the case that occurred in the area of Stavros village. On 10 February 2006, the veterinary authorities were informed about the presence of a dead swan (Cygnus olor) on the coast at Polychrono village and immediately collected the bird and sent it to NRL. The veterinary authorities have been performing an epizootiological survey and applying the measures contained in 2006/115/EU Commission Decision since 17 February 2006 when the NRL notified positive for AI results.
Deaths > Deaths of infant girls per million people	12.97 Ranked 39th.	14.16 Ranked 36th. 9% more than Germany
Health expenditure, total > % of GDP	11.06% Ranked 13th. 2% more than Greece	10.83% Ranked 16th.
Private health spending > % of GDP	2.41% Ranked 81st.	3.8% Ranked 31st. 58% more than Germany
Smoking prevalence > Males > % of adults	37.3% Ranked 14th.	46.8% Ranked 9th. 25% more than Germany
Diseases > Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women > %	12.33% Ranked 123th.	18.6% Ranked 106th. 51% more than Germany
Prevalence of undernourishment > % of population	2.5% Ranked 133th. The same as Greece	2.5% Ranked 153th.
Cause of death, by injury > % of total	3.84% Ranked 181st.	3.87% Ranked 179th. 1% more than Germany
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP	10.9% Ranked 7th. 15% more than Greece	9.5% Ranked 18th.
% immunized 1-year-old children > Measles	89 Ranked 90th. 1% more than Greece	88 Ranked 96th.
% immunized 1-year-old children > Polio3	95 Ranked 63th. 9% more than Greece	87 Ranked 108th.
Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions > % of total	4.53% Ranked 167th.	5.6% Ranked 156th. 23% more than Germany
Percent of pregnancies aborted > 1996	28.9% Ranked 20th. 3 times more than Greece	9.6% Ranked 21st.
Teen mother birth rate > 1996	13 Ranked 12th. 7% more than Greece	12.2 Ranked 13th.
Health services > External resources for health > % of total expenditure on health	0.0 Ranked 132nd.	0.0 Ranked 162nd.
Disease prevention > Improved sanitation facilities > % of population with access	100% Ranked 2nd. 2% more than Greece	98% Ranked 43th.
% immunized 1-year-old children > HepB3	29 Ranked 110th.	88 Ranked 61st. 3 times more than Germany
Health expenditure, public > % of total health expenditure	75.85% Ranked 40th. 24% more than Greece	61.19% Ranked 91st.
Diseases > Overweight > Ratio of male to female BMI	1.16 Ranked 18th. 3% more than Greece	1.13 Ranked 42nd.
Expenditure > Public > % of GDP	8.15% Ranked 9th. 95% more than Greece	4.17% Ranked 66th.
Child injury death index	8.3 Ranked 16th. 9% more than Greece	7.6 Ranked 22nd.
Births and maternity > Percent of births registered	>90	>90

SOURCES: World Development Indicators database; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; Wikipedia: Human height (Average height around the world); CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; OECD Health Data 2005; calculated on the basis of survival data from UN (United Nations). 2001. World Population Prospects 1950-2050: The 2000 Revision. Database. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York; health care; British Broadcasting Corporation 2014; UN (United Nations). 2001. World Population Prospects 1950-2050: The 2000 Revision. Database. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York; World Health Organization. Source tables; Wikipedia: Years of potential life lost (By country); World Health Organization. Source tables; CIA World Factbook, 28 July 2005; World Health Organization; UNHDR; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009; World Health Organisation, OECD, supplemented by country data.; "Where are you on the global fat scale?". BBC. July 12, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-16. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-12-439.pdf. Walpole et al., BMC Public Health 2012, 12:4; UN (United Nations). 2001. World Population Prospects 1950-2050: The 2000 Revision. Database. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New York.; UNHDR. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Health Organization National Health Account database (see http://apps.who.int/nha/database/DataExplorerRegime.aspx for the most recent updates).; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre; OECD; World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report.; United Nations Population Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; UNICEF (United Nations Children?s Fund). 2002. Official Summary: The State of the World's Children 2002. New York: Oxford University Press.; Level & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2010. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA, UNPD).; (1) United Nations Population Division. 2009. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (advanced Excel tables). Available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp2008/index.htm, (2) University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Human Mortality Database. [ www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de] downloaded on Dec. 10, 2009.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; Food and Agriculture Organisation, Food Security Statistics (http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/food-security-statistics/en/).; World Health Organization2005; (1) United Nations Population Division. 2009. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (advanced Excel tables), (2) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (3) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (4) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (5) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Health Organization, Global Atlas of the Health Workforce. For latest updates and metadata, see http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/.; Wikipedia: List of countries by health insurance coverage; http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; USDA/FAS; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Health Organization; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002. CD-ROM. Washington, DC; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; annual figures:WHO databank, National Bureaus of Statistics. Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis Population Division (1995). World population prospects. The 1994 revision. New York: United Nations. Partly computations: Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychiatric Clinic, University of W?rzburg, Germany; Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy (Life expectancy at birth (years), Global Burden of Disease) (Das, Pamela; Samarasekera, Udani (2012). "The story of GBD 2010: a "super-human" effort" . The Lancet 380 (9859): 2067–2070. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62174-6 . Wang, Haidong; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura; Lofgren, Katherine T; Rajaratnam, Julie Knoll; Marcus, Jacob R; Levin-Rector, Alison; Levitz, Carly E; Lopez, Alan D; Murray, Christopher JL (2012). "Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". The Lancet 380 (9859): 2071–2094. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X ., ); World Health Organization. Source tables; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=GenderStat&f=inID%3a43, Prevalence of obesity among adults; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Health Organisation National Health Account database (www.who.int/nha/en) supplemented by country data.; WHO, World Health Statistics Annual, 1994, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1994; UNHDR; World Health Organization. Source tables; United Nations Population Division. 2009. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (advanced Excel tables). Available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp2008/index.htm.; WHO (World Health Organization). 2001. Correspondence on access to essential drugs. Department of Essential Drugs and Medecines Policy. February. Geneva; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Health Organization. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; "Where are you on the global fat scale?". BBC. July 12, 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-12-439.pdf. Walpole et al., BMC Public Health 2012, 12:4; World Health Organization2005. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; United Nations Population Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Health Organisation. 1997-1999 World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva: WHO, 2000; WHO, OECD and supplemented by country data.; World Health Organization. Source tables; United Nations Development Programme. Source tables; UNICEF; United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1994 Revision, 1994; World Health Organization. Source tables; World Health Organization. Source tables; WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.; World Health Organization. Source tables; International Committee of the Red Cross; USDA/FAS. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Wikipedia: Prevalence of tobacco consumption (Rates) (WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, pp.278–287. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.67. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.287. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.68. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008, p.268–287.); United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; World Health Organization. Source tables; Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy; Abstracted from center-specific counts (Worldwide Transplant Center Directory, 2002); Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990-2008. Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank.; International Committee of the Red Cross. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Health Organization. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Maternal Mortality: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank; United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, 1997; United Nations Population Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Health Organisation, Global Tuberculosis Control Report.; UNICEF: A league table of teenage births in rich nations July, 2001.; Abstracted from center-specific counts (Worldwide Transplant Center Directory, 2002). Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; The World Health Report 2001; UNICEF, State of the World's Children, Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International.; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; http://ec.europa.eu/danmark/documents/alle_emner/sociale/081208_organ-forslag-5.pdf, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers, p. 2.

http://www.ustransplant.org/annual_reports/current/Chapter_II_AR_CD.htm#5; International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas.; Food and Agriculture Organisation (http://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/index_en.htm).; World Health Organisation and United Nations Children's Fund, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP) (http://www.wssinfo.org/).; UNICEF; WHO and UNICEF (http://www.who.int/immunisation_monitoring/routine/en/).; UNAIDS and the WHO's Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic.; OECD Health Data 2004; World Health Organization. Source tables. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; The United Nations Statistics Division's Population and Vital Statistics Report and the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects.; World Organisation for Animal Health, Febuary 23 2006 Report; World Health Organization, Worldwide Prevalence of Anemia.; Derived based on the data from WHO's World Health Statistics.; UNICEF (1995-1998); World Health Organization. Source tables

SHOW ALL

LESS

Citation

Compare Germany and Greece in

Agriculture	Energy	Lifestyle
Background	Environment	Media
Conflict	Geography	Military
Cost of living	Government	People
Crime	Health	Religion
Culture	Import	Sports
Disasters	Industry	Terrorism
Economy	Labor	Transport
Education	Language	Weather

Health Stats: compare key data on Germany & Greece

Definitions

Citation

Compare Germany and Greece in

Factoid #104

Related Sectors

Stats

Country profiles

Compare

Adblocker detected! Please consider reading this notice.

Definitions

APA MLA MHRA CSE AMA Chicago Bluebook Bluebook/JOLT Citation

Compare Germany and Greece in

Factoid #104

Related Sectors

Stats

Country profiles

Compare

Embed content

Adblocker detected! Please consider reading this notice.

Citation