Energy Stats: compare key data on Austria & Germany
Definitions
- Commercial energy use: Commercial energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita). Commercial energy use refers to apparent consumption, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
- Crude oil > Production: This entry is the total amount of crude oil produced, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
- Electric power consumption > KWh: Electric power consumption (kWh). Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants.
- Electric power consumption > KWh per capita: Electric power consumption (kWh per capita). Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants.
- Electricity > Consumption: Total electricity consumed annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
- Electricity > Consumption > Per capita: Total electricity consumed annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Electricity > Consumption per capita: Total electricity consumed annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Installed generating capacity per thousand people: This entry is the total capacity of currently installed generators, expressed in kilowatts (kW), to produce electricity. A 10-kilowatt (kW) generator will produce 10 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity, if it runs continuously for one hour. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Electricity > Production: The annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
- Electricity production > KWh: Electricity production (kWh). Electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy, as well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production includes the output of electricity plants that are designed to produce electricity only as well as that of combined heat and power plants.
- Energy use > Kg of oil equivalent per capita: Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita). Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
- Gasoline > Pump price for gasoline > US$ per liter: Pump price for gasoline (US$ per liter). Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of gasoline. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars.
- Oil > Consumption: This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.
- Oil > Consumption > Per capita: This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Oil > Production > Per capita: This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Electricity > Consumption by households per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity production from renewable sources > KWh: Electricity production from renewable sources (kWh). Electricity production from renewable sources includes hydropower, geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels.
- Electricity > Production > Per capita: The annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Adjusted savings: energy depletion > Current US$: Adjusted savings: energy depletion (current US$). Energy depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of energy resources to the remaining reserve lifetime (capped at 25 years). It covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas.
- Electricity production from hydroelectric sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Oil > Production: This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.
- Electricity production from coal sources > KWh: Electricity production from coal sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category.
- Electricity production from hydroelectric sources > KWh: Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants.
- Oil > Reserves per capita: According to Web definitions the term refers to the total amount of petroleum (oil) discovered in any given oil field or nation. Thus it can be said that Kuwait has xxxx millions of barrels (mb) of oil in the ground. However, the exact amount can never be known, simply because of the difficulty in sensing or "seeing" beneath the surface of the Earth. The term Proven Reserve or PR refers to an amount of oil that is generally accepted by geologists to be the actual amount of petroleum in the ground. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Crude oil > Proved reserves: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil, in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
- Usage per person: Total primary energy supply TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent) per person (Year 2000).
- Oil > Reserves: According to Web definitions the term refers to the total amount of petroleum (oil) discovered in any given oil field or nation. Thus it can be said that Kuwait has xxxx millions of barrels (mb) of oil in the ground. However, the exact amount can never be known, simply because of the difficulty in sensing or "seeing" beneath the surface of the Earth. The term Proven Reserve or PR refers to an amount of oil that is generally accepted by geologists to be the actual amount of petroleum in the ground.
- Electricity production > KWh per capita: Electricity production (kWh). Electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy, as well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production includes the output of electricity plants that are designed to produce electricity only as well as that of combined heat and power plants. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Installed generating capacity: This entry is the total capacity of currently installed generators, expressed in kilowatts (kW), to produce electricity. A 10-kilowatt (kW) generator will produce 10 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity, if it runs continuously for one hour.
- Electricity production from nuclear sources > KWh: Electricity production from nuclear sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity produced by nuclear power plants.
- Electricity production from oil sources > KWh: Electricity production from oil sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products.
- Electricity production from renewable sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from renewable sources (kWh). Electricity production from renewable sources includes hydropower, geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric > KWh: Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh). Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels.
- Natural gas > Consumption per capita: This entry is the total natural gas consumed in cubic meters (cu m). The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes and other complicating factors. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
-
Gasoline prices:
Ratio of premium gasoline price to world average
Units: Ratio of Gasoline Price to World Average
Units: Pump price for super gasoline (US$ per liter): Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of gasoline. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars, and the ratio of the gas price to the world average in the same time period was used in order to normalize the data. For more information, see World Development Indicators, Table 3.12. - Natural gas > Consumption: This entry is the total natural gas consumed in cubic meters (cu m). The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes and other complicating factors.
- Gasoline > Road sector gasoline fuel consumption per capita > Kg of oil equivalent: Road sector gasoline fuel consumption per capita (kg of oil equivalent). Gasoline is light hydrocarbon oil use in internal combustion engine such as motor vehicles, excluding aircraft.
- Oil > Consumption per 1000: This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electric power > Consumption > KWh: Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants.
- Coal > Consumption by households > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Hydroelectricity > Consumption: Figures for year 2003 in billion kilowatthours
- Electricity production from natural gas sources > KWh: Electricity production from natural gas sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids.
- Alcohol > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Energy use > Kg of oil equivalent per $1,000 GDP > Constant 2005 PPP: Energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (constant 2005 PPP). Energy use per PPP GDP is the kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use per constant PPP GDP. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2005 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
- Electric power > Consumption > KWh per capita: Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Geothermal power use: Annual utilization of geothermal power from direct-use sources in GWh/yr as of 2000.
- Oil > Exports: This entry is the total oil exported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.
- Adjusted savings: energy depletion > Current US$ per capita: Adjusted savings: energy depletion (current US$). Energy depletion is the ratio of the value of the stock of energy resources to the remaining reserve lifetime (capped at 25 years). It covers coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Production > Kilotons of oil equivalent: Energy production refers to forms of primary energy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid fuels (coal, lignite, and other derived fuels), and combustible renewables and waste--and primary electricity, all converted into oil equivalents."
- Oil > Production per 1000: This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Industrial Waste > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per million population
- Natural gas > Proved reserves: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of natural gas in cubic meters (cu m). Proved reserves are those quantities of natural gas, which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
- Electricity > From other renewable sources: This entry measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity by using renewable energy sources other than hydroelectric (including, for example, wind, waves, solar, and geothermal), expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
- Wind power > Installed windpower capacity > Megawatts: Installed wind power capacity around the world.
-
Oil > Consumption > Million tonnes > Per capita:
Oil: Consumption, Million tonnes, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population. - Refined petroleum products > Consumption: This entry is the country's total consumption of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of refined petroleum products produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.
- Natural gas > Reserves per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Production per capita: The annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Coal > Consumption by energy sector > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Gasoline > Road sector gasoline fuel consumption > Kt of oil equivalent: Road sector gasoline fuel consumption (kt of oil equivalent). Gasoline is light hydrocarbon oil use in internal combustion engine such as motor vehicles, excluding aircraft.
- Hydroelectric power > Production > KWh: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants.
- Wind power > Wind power generated > Terawatt hours: Total electricity generated from wind.
- Electricity production from coal sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from coal sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric > KWh per capita: Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh). Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Crude oil > Proved reserves per capita: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil, in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Crude oil > Imports per thousand people: This entry is the total amount of crude oil imported, in barrels per day (bbl/day). Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Electricity > Consumption by petroleum refineries per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Oil > Proved > Reserves per capita: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
-
Primary Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent:
Primary Energy: Consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 - Refined petroleum products > Consumption per thousand people: This entry is the country's total consumption of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of refined petroleum products produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Electricity > Production > KWh: Electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy, as well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production includes the output of electricity plants that are designed to produce electricity only as well as that of combined heat and power plants."
- Oil > Imports: This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.
- Electricity production from natural gas sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from natural gas sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: This entry is the total amount of carbon dioxide, measured in metric tons, released by burning fossil fuels in the process of producing and consuming energy.
- Energy use > Equivalent in kilograms of oil per capita: Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport."
- Crude oil > Production per thousand people: This entry is the total amount of crude oil produced, in barrels per day (bbl/day). Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Electric power transmission and distribution losses > KWh: Electric power transmission and distribution losses (kWh). Electric power transmission and distribution losses include losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage.
- Electricity production from nuclear sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from nuclear sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity produced by nuclear power plants. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity production from oil sources > KWh per capita: Electricity production from oil sources (kWh). Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Energy production > Kt of oil equivalent per 1000: Energy production (kt of oil equivalent). Energy production refers to forms of primary energy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid fuels (coal, lignite, and other derived fuels), and combustible renewables and waste--and primary electricity, all converted into oil equivalents. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Consumption by households and other consumers per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Production by source > Nuclear: The percentage share of electricity generated from each energy source. These are fossil fuel, hydro, nuclear, and other (solar, geothermal, and wind).
- Electric power transmission and distribution losses > KWh per capita: Electric power transmission and distribution losses (kWh). Electric power transmission and distribution losses include losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electric power > Consumption > KWh > Per capita: Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Gas-diesel oils > Consumption in agriculture per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy per capita: This entry is the total amount of carbon dioxide, measured in metric tons, released by burning fossil fuels in the process of producing and consuming energy. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- CO2 intensity > Kg per kg of oil equivalent energy use: CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil equivalent energy use). Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.
- Wind power > Wind power generated > Terawatt hours per million: Total electricity generated from wind. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Crude oil > Exports: This entry is the total amount of crude oil exported, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
- Electricity > From nuclear fuels: This entry measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity through radioactive decay of nuclear fuel, expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
- Electricity > Consumption by households and other consumers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Electricity > Consumption in agriculture per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Natural gas > Imports: This entry is the total natural gas imported in cubic meters (cu m).
-
Oil > Consumption > Million tonnes:
Oil: Consumption, Million tonnes, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 - Electricity > Production > KWh > Per capita: Electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. In addition to hydropower, coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power generation, it covers generation by geothermal, solar, wind, and tide and wave energy, as well as that from combustible renewables and waste. Production includes the output of electricity plants that are designed to produce electricity only as well as that of combined heat and power plants." Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Hydroelectricity > Consumption per million: Figures for year 2003 in billion kilowatthours. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Geothermal power use per million: Annual utilization of geothermal power from direct-use sources in GWh/yr as of 2000. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- District heating > Market penetration of district heating: Percentage of houses supplied by district heating agencies in some European countries in 2000.
- Hydroelectricity > Consumption > Per capita: Figures for year 2003 in billion kilowatthours Per capita figures expressed per 10 million population.
- Power > Consumption > KWh: Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants."
- Power > Consumption > KWh per capita: Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants."
- Gas-diesel oils > Consumption in road transport per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Alcohol > Consumption by transportation industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Alcohol > Consumption in road transport > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Electricity > Thermal > Production per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Consumption by households > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Crude oil > Imports: This entry is the total amount of crude oil imported, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
- Electricity > From fossil fuels: This entry measures the capacity of plants that generate electricity by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum products, and natural gas), expressed as a share of the country's total generating capacity.
- GDP created per unit of energy use: GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2005 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
- GDP per unit of energy use > PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent: GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to current international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
- Oil > Proved > Reserves: This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
- Oil > Exports per 1000: This entry is the total oil exported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
-
Oil > Consumption > Thousand barrels daily:
Oil: Consumption, Thousand barrels daily, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 - Road sector diesel fuel consumption > Kt of oil equivalent per million: Road sector diesel fuel consumption (kt of oil equivalent). Diesel is heavy oils used as a fuel for internal combustion in diesel engines. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Electricity > Production by source > Fossil fuel: The percentage share of electricity generated from each energy source. These are fossil fuel, hydro, nuclear, and other (solar, geothermal, and wind).
- Traditional fuel > Consumption: Traditional fuel consumption as a % of total energy use.
- Motor Gasoline > Consumption by households and other consumers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Gas-diesel oils > Consumption by transportation industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Gas-diesel oils > Consumption in road transport > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Aviation Gasoline > Consumption in air transport > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Steam and hot water > Consumption by households and other consumers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coal > Changes in stocks > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Jet Fuel > Total > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Electricity > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Electricity > Consumption by industry and construction per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Refined petroleum products > Imports: This entry is the country's total imports of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day).
- Geothermal power use > Per capita: Annual utilization of geothermal power from direct-use sources in GWh/yr as of 2000. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Energy use per $1000 GDP: Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (Constant 2005 PPP $).
- Nuclear power > Production > KWh: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity produced by nuclear power plants.
- Refined petroleum products > Production per thousand people: This entry is the country's total output of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of refined petroleum products produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors. Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Production and prices > Oil prices > Crude oil import prices: Crude oil import prices come from the Crude Oil Import Register. Information is collected according to type of crude and average prices are obtained by dividing value by volume as recorded by customs administrations for each tariff position. Values are recorded at the time of import and include cost, insurance and freight (c.i.f.) but exclude import duties. The nominal crude oil spot price from 1985 to 2007 is for Dubai and from 1970 to 1984 for Arabian Light. The real price was calculated using the deflator for GDP at market prices and was rebased with base year 1970 = 100.
- Crude oil > Exports per thousand people: This entry is the total amount of crude oil exported, in barrels per day (bbl/day). Figures expressed per thousand people for the same year.
- Natural gas > Consumption > Per capita: This entry is the total natural gas consumed in cubic meters (cu m). The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes and other complicating factors. Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Electricity > Production from hydroelectric sources > Kwh per capita: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants. Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Production from hydroelectric sources > Kwh: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants.
- Oil > Imports per 1000: This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Wind power > Installed windpower capacity > Megawatts per million: Installed wind power capacity around the world. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Electric power transmission and distribution losses > Million kWh > Per capita: Electric power transmission and distribution losses include losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Imports > Kt of oil equivalent: Energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter.
- Imports > Kt of oil equivalent > Per capita: Energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
- Production > Kt of oil equivalent: Energy production refers to forms of primary energy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid fuels (coal, lignite, and other derived fuels), and combustible renewables and waste--and primary electricity, all converted into oil equivalents.
- Wind energy installation: Worldwide wind energy installation figures per country as at 31 December 2004
-
Primary Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent per million:
Primary Energy: Consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05. Figures expressed per million population for the same year. - Electricity > Consumption by petroleum refineries > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Coal > Consumption by chemical industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption in road transport per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Consumption by iron and steel industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Lubricants > Consumption for non-energy uses per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Net > Production per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Lignite-Brown Coal Briquettes > Consumption by households and other consumers per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Coal > Consumption by industry and construction > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Electricity > Consumption by industry and construction > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Alcohol > Gross inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coal > Consumption by households and other consumers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Motor Gasoline > Motor gasoline- energy balance requirement > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Gross inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by industry and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Gas-diesel oils > Consumption in rail transport per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Coal > Consumption by industry and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Industrial Waste > Production per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Coke Oven Gas > Consumption by industry and construction > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Conversion to other forms of energy per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Crude Petroleum > Exports per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Lignite-Brown Coal Briquettes > Energy balance requirement per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Alcohol > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Electricity > Hydro > Production per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Electricity > Gross inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Electricity > Solar > Production > Public per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Municipal Wastes > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by households per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Steam and hot water > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coal > Additional resources per capita: . Figures expressed per capita for the same year.
- Geothermal electricity > Utility-grade plants > Installed geothermal electric capacity > Megawatts: Total installed capacity of geothermal energy around the world. Figures are in megawatts.
-
Oil > Consumption > Million tonnes per million:
Oil: Consumption, Million tonnes, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05. Figures expressed per million population for the same year. - Energy supply > Renewable energy > Contribution of renewables to energy supply: The table refers to the contribution of renewables to total primary energy supply (TPES) in OECD countries. Renewables include the primary energy equivalent of hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave. It also includes solid biomass, biogasoline, biodiesel, other liquid biofuels, biogas, industrial waste and municipal waste. Biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuels (e.g. charcoal) or electricity and/or heat. Included here are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. The forecasts provided in the table refer to the Reference Scenario of the World Energy Outlook.
-
Electricity Generation > Terawatt-hours:
Electricity Generation, Terawatt-hours, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 -
Primary Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent > Per $ GDP:
Primary Energy: Consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 Per $ GDP figures expressed per $1 of Gross Domestic Product. -
Oil > Consumption > Thousand barrels daily > Share of total:
Oil: Consumption, Thousand barrels daily, share of total (%), as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05% -
Coal > Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent > Share of total:
Coal: consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, share of total (%), as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05% - Wind energy installation per million: Worldwide wind energy installation figures per country as at 31 December 2004. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
-
Hydroelectricity > Consumption > Terawatt-hours > Share of total:
Hydroelectricity: Consumption, Terawatt-hours, share of total (%), as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05% -
Hydroelectricity > Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent:
Hydroelectricity: Consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05 - Electricity > Production by source > Hydro: The percentage share of electricity generated from each energy source. These are fossil fuel, hydro, nuclear, and other (solar, geothermal, and wind).
- Coal > Additional resources > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by iron and steel industry per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Jet Fuel > Exports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Jet Fuel > Energy balance requirement > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1e+15 population
- Jet Fuel > Consumption in air transport > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Blast Furnace Gas > Conversion to other forms of energy > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Motor Gasoline > Motor gasoline- energy balance requirement per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Lubricants > Energy balance requirement per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Jet Fuel > Consumption by transportation industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Bitumen Asphalt > Exports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Jet Fuel > Changes in stocks at producers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Lignite/Brown Coal > Net inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Hard Coal Briquettes > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Motor Gasoline > Gross inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Gasworks Gas > Consumption by households > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per million population
- Gas-diesel oils > Total > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Hydroelectricity > Consumption in 1965 > Per capita: Hydroelectric consumption in terawatt-hours. Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
- Gas-diesel oils > Conversion to other forms of energy > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Electricity > Production from oil sources > Kwh > Per capita: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Bitumen Asphalt > Total > Production per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Gas-diesel oils > Energy balance requirement > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Coke Oven Coke > Consumption by other industries and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Other Petroleum Products > Net transfers per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Other Petroleum Products > Total > Production per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Other Petroleum Products > Transfers out per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Consumption by gasworks > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
-
Natural gas > Consumption > Million tonnes oil equivalent > Share of total:
Natural Gas: Consumption, Million tonnes oil equivalent, share of total (%), as of end of 2004
Notes: Others have less than 0.05% - Lignite-Brown Coal Briquettes > Consumption by other consumers per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Peat > For fuel use > Net inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Peat > For fuel use > Production per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Consumption by energy sector > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Petroleum Coke > Consumption by industry and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Pulp and Paper Waste > Production > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Refinery Gas > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Residual fuel oil > Consumption by other consumers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Lubricants > Imports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Pulp and Paper Waste > Energy balance requirement per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Refinery Gas > Net inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Production from hydroelectric sources > Kwh > Per capita: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity produced by hydroelectric power plants. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Alcohol > Energy balance requirement per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Electricity > Production from natural gas sources > Kwh > Per capita: Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but excludes natural gas liquids. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
- Fuel exports > % of merchandise exports: Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports). Fuels comprise SITC section 3 (mineral fuels).
- Gas-diesel oils > Imports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Energy balance requirement per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Coal > Exports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coal > Conversion in thermal power plants > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Net inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Coal > Conversion in other energy-producing plants > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coal > Consumption in rail transport > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Lubricants > Gross inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Bitumen Asphalt > Changes in stocks at producers > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Motor Gasoline > Consumption by households and other consumers per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Other Petroleum Products > Imports per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Gross inland availability per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Coal > Consumption by transportation industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Consumption by natural gas fields and plants per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Bitumen Asphalt > Consumption for non-energy uses > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Consumption by iron and steel industry per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Biogas > Consumption by other industries and construction > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1 million population.
- Other Petroleum Products > Consumption for non-energy uses per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Coke Oven Gas > Gross inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coke Oven Gas > Consumption by iron and steel industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by transportation industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coke Oven Coke > Net inland availability > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Consumption by industry and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by households > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Coke Oven Coke > Imports > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas > Consumption by chemical industry > Per capita: Per capita figures expressed per 1,000 population.
- Natural gas > Including LNG > Changes in stocks at producers per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Municipal Wastes > Production per million: . Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
- Steam and hot water > Consumption by industry and construction per 1000: . Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
SOURCES: CIA World Factbooks 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; International Energy Agency; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; CIA World Factbooks 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ).; Source: Energy Statistics Database | United Nations Statistics Division. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; IEA; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium; International Energy Agency. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; CIA World Factbook, 28 July 2005. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; lEA, Energy Balances of OECD Countries 1999-2000 (lEA, Paris, 2001); CIA World Factbook, 28 July 2005; Source: Energy Statistics Database | United Nations Statistics Division; IEA. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Fuel Prices and Taxation (1999) and the electronic update for2000. Available from World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002, WDI table 3.12. via ciesin.org; World Development Indicators database; Energy Information Administration; World Development Indicators database. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Lund and Freeston; Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000; The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics \xA9 OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp).; World Wind Energy Association, World Wind Energy Report 2008.; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005; International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics \xA9 OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, and Energy Balances of OECD Countries.; U.S Energy Information Administration: International Energy Statistics[18]; All CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 18 December 2008; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.; U.S Energy Information Administration: International Energy Statistics[18]. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Energy Information Administration. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Lund and Freeston; Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Various sources compiled into Wikipedia's District heating; International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics \xA9 OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries.; International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics \xA9 OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), and World Bank PPP data.; World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002. CD-ROM. Washington, DC; United Nations Statistics Division. Source tables; OECD Country statistical profiles 2009; World Wind Energy Association, World Wind Energy Report 2008. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; World Wind Energy Association; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Oregon Institute of Technology: World Geothermal Generation in 2007; World Wind Energy Association, World Wind Energy Report 2009, 10 January 2010.; Wikipedia: List of countries by electricity consumption; World Wind Energy Association. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; BP; World Bank staff estimates; Wikipedia: Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources